Beasley E. Empire as the Triumph of Theory: Imperialism, Information and the Colonial Society of 1868 (British and Foreign and Colonial Policy)
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ultimate demise as The Colonial and Asiatic Review in 1852. One thing that is clear is
that The Anglo-Colonial itself was independent of and came rather after the Colonial
Society and Greater Britain alike. And neither of the two issues gave Dilke very
much space or attention. Thus there was not as yet any Dilke-inspired frenzy among
Londoners interested in the colonies. The first of the two issues that appeared did
review Greater Britain accurately enough, but in only a page and a half, and with
more than one suggestion of hurry (again, both issues seem to have appeared in
March). Anon., ‘Books of the Time’, The Anglo-Colonial, 1 (1 January 1869), p. 74.
47 Even London’s hundreds of business and residential directories would be unhelpful
in identifying such people, so prevalent were certain names and combinations of
initials, and so spotty was the coverage of the directories themselves. P.J.Atkins,
using the names of fifty randomly chosen individuals, found that the directories
raised more questions of identity than they answered. Many of the fifty disappeared
from The Post Office Directory after a short time. Did they die or did they move—or
did they join the vast majority of individuals who were omitted from each edition?
P.J.Atkins, The Directories of London, 1677–1977 (London and New York:
Mansell, 1990), pp. 121–3.
48 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. George Lawrence, ed. J.P.
Mayer (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), p. 412.
49 I have taken some data about careers, addresses, club membership, and of course
families and honours from Burke’s Peerage and Baronetage, 1868 edn, and Burke’s
Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 1900 edn. Both editions feature a surname
index, important for finding younger sons and sons-in-law. Supplementary data
come from the 1845, 1878, and 1881 editions. Burke’s is more useful than Debrett’s,
which periodically discarded data on collateral branches. Burke’s never did so, and
thus it became increasingly cumbersome as the nineteenth century went by. The
information that it retained or invented for periods before 1800 is less than reliable,
but for the lives of nineteenth-century people the book is quite good, and I have tried
to check personal details elsewhere—see the ‘Standard References’ and ‘Specialized
References’ sections in the Bibliography (this volume). Among the other places
used for checking identities are these: The British Library Catalogue; the British
Library Manuscript Catalogue; the indices and reports of the National Register of
Archives; and the personal name drawers maintained at the (British Library) India
Office Library and Records. Also of value were the indices in John Morley, The Life
of William Ewart Gladstone, 3 vols (New York: 1903); in Robert Blake, Disraeli
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 1967); and in W.F. Monypenny and G.E.Buckle, The
Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, 6 vols (New York: The Macmillan
Co, 1910–20). The nineteenth-century biographical references held in the (late and
lamented) Royal Commonwealth Society Library, Northumberland Avenue, were
invaluable for identifying people who had already come to the attention of harmless
prosopographical drudges like myself. So were the open-shelved back-number
journals held in the library of the University of California, San Diego, and at the
Institute of Historical Research, Malet Street.
50 Members had to be well established in their fields—Anthony Lejeune, The
Gentlemen’s Clubs of London (London: Bracken Books, 1979), p. 39.
Notes 144
51 R.C.Bridges, ‘Europeans and East Africans in the Age of Exploration’,
Geographical Journal, 139, 2 (June 1973), pp. 220–32. While Bridges correctly
notes the impossibility of exact figures, since many men moved back and forth
between categories over the course of their lives, he is able to show that the
proportion of writers in the Royal Geographical Society fell by two-thirds or more
from 1856 through. 1870. Meanwhile the proportion of military men held firm, and
the proportions of traders, Indian officials, surveyors, and non-publishing, not
apparently scholarly gentlemen-about-town all rose.
52 For a key statement of this social context for mid-Victorian article-writing, see
Walter E.Houghton, ‘Victorian Periodical Literature and the Articulate Classes’,
Victorian Studies, 22, 4 (summer 1979), pp. 389–412.
53 Quoted in Dallas Liddle, ‘Salesmen, Sportsmen, Mentors: Anonymity and Mid-
Victorian Theories of Journalism’, Victorian Studies, 41, 1 (autumn 1997), pp. 31–
68 at p. 40.
54 Heyck, Transformation of Intellectual Life, pp. 27, 33.
55 The remark about Harold Robbins comes from Jeff Torrington, Swing Hammer
Swing (London: Secker, 1992), quoted in the TLS, 1 January 1993, p. 18.
56 Marjorie Plant, The English Book Trade: An Economic History of the Making and
Sale of Books, 2nd edn (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1965), pp. 333–40, 432–
40.
57 Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, 4 vols (London: Griffin,
Bohn, & Co, 1861–62; reprint, New York: Dover Press, 1968), vol. I, p. 292.
58 See Anderson, Imagined Communities, pp. 37–46.
59 See Elizabeth Harris, The Boy and His Press, the catalogue from a 1992 exhibition
in the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
60 Andrew Wright, ‘Anthony Trollope as a Reader’, in George Guffey and Andrew
Wright, Two English Novelists: Papers Read at a Clark Library Seminar, May 11,
1974 (Los Angeles, CA: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, 1975), pp. 45–
68.
61 Delabree Pritchett Blaine, An Encyclopaedia of World Sports, 3rd edn (London:
Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, 1858).
62 For Louis, see the Richard Bentley Papers, vol. LXVII, BL Add. MS 46617, fo 253,
Contract of 6 February 1861; for Collins, fo 256, Contract of 11 March 1861.
63 Alfred Hyman Louis, England and Europe: A Discussion of National Policy
(London: Richard Bentley, 1861), pp. 6, 58, 393.
3
The usual suspects
1 Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil [3rd Marquess of Salisbury], Lord Robert
Cecil’s Gold Fields Diary, ed. Ernest Scott (1935; Melbourne: Melbourne
University Press, 1945), pp. 9, 19, 32.
Notes 145
2 R.H.Vetch, Life of Lieut.-Gen. the Hon. Sir Andrew Clarke, GCMG CB CIE,
Colonel-Commandant of Royal Engineers, Agent-General of Victoria, Australia
(London: John Murray, 1905), p. 33.
3 T.C.Barker, ‘Lord Salisbury: Chairman of the Great Eastern Railway, 1868–72’, in
Sheila Marriner (ed.), Business and Businessmen: Studies in Business, Economic,
and Accounting History (Liverpool University Press, 1978), pp. 81–103.
4 D.R.SarDesai, British Trade and Expansion in Southeast Asia, 1830–1914
(Columbus, MI: South Asia Books, 1977), pp. 131–5; Oliver B.Pollak, Empires in
Collision: Anglo-Burmese Relations in the Mid-nineteenth Century, Contributions in
Comparative Colonial Studies, 1 (Westport, CI: Greenwood Press, 1979), pp. 165–7.
5 E.D.Steele, ‘Salisbury at the India Office’, in Robert Blake and Hugh Cecil (eds),
Salisbury: The Man and his Policies (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987), pp. 116–47 at
p. 134.
6 Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne Cecil [3rd Marquess of Salisbury], ‘The Theories of
Parliamentary Reform’, Oxford Essays 1858 (London: John W.Parker, 1858), pp.
52–79; idem., ‘Canada’, Saturday Review, 11 (26 January 1861), pp. 100–1.
7 Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne Cecil [3rd Marquess of Salisbury], ‘The United
States as an Example’, Quarterly Review, 117 (January 1865), pp. 249–86 at p. 265.
8 Ibid., p., 249. Apparently since the first few months of the war, Cecil had believed
that the Northern conquest of the South was hopeless militarily, and so the
continuation of the war by the North was ‘objectless devastation’: [idem.], ‘The
Confederate Struggle and its Recognition’, Quarterly Review, 112 (October 1862),
pp. 535–70 at p. 537.
9 Cecil [Salisbury], ‘The United States as an Example’, pp. 252, 258, 270–85.
10 Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne Cecil [3rd Marquess of Salisbury], ‘Queensland’,
Saturday Review, 11 (29 June 1861), pp. 672–3; idem., ‘The Story of New Zealand’,
Saturday Review, 9 (7 January 1860), pp. 19–20.
11 Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, The Political Thought of Lord Salisbury 1854–1868
(London: Constable, 1967), pp. 64, 88–93, 132–5; Robert Stewart, ‘“The
Conservative Reaction”: Lord Robert Cecil and Party Politics’, in Blake and Cecil
(eds), Salisbury: The Man and his Policies, pp. 90–115. Pinto-Duschinsky
catalogues several hundred of Salisbury’s articles, mostly short pieces in the liberal-
baiting Saturday Review, with more substantial pieces appearing in the Quarterly
Review or elsewhere—Pinto-Duschinsky, Political Thought, pp. 157–88.
12 See Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne Cecil [3rd Marquess of Salisbury], ‘Democracy
on its Trial’, Quarterly Review, 110 (October 1861), pp. 227–88—see pp. 266–8,
275 and 280. ‘Equality’, Saturday Review, 18 (29 October 1864), pp. 530–1.
13 Cecil [Salisbury], ‘Equality’.
14 Cecil [Salisbury], ‘Confederate Struggle and its Recognition’, p. 547.
15 Ibid., pp. 538–9.
16 Donovan Williams, The India Office, 1858–1869, Vishvesharanand Indological
Research Series, 76 (Hoshiarpur, India: Vishvesharanand Vedic Research Institute,
1983), pp. 40–1, 230–1, 235–6, 260–1; idem., ‘The Council of India and the
Relationship Between the Home and Supreme Governments, 1858–1970’, English
Historical Review, 81, 318 (January 1966), pp. 56–73 at pp. 70–1.
Notes 146
17 Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne Cecil [3rd Marquis of Salisbury], ‘Letters from
Canterbury, New Zealand’, Saturday Review, 3 (14 February 1857), pp. 156–7.
18 Marc Jason Gilbert, ‘Insurmountable Distinctions: Racism and the British Response
to the Emergence of Indian Nationalism’, in Roger D.Long (ed.), The Man on the
Spot: Essays on British Empire History, Contributions in Comparative Colonial
Studies, 31 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995), pp. 161–81.
19 The point about indirect rule in post-1857 India serving as a model for imperial
policies in Africa in later decades is made by Thomas R.Metcalf, The Aftermath of
Revolt: India, 1857–1870 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), pp.
236–7.
20 Cecil [Salisbury], ‘The United States as an Example’.
21 Henry Roseveare, The Treasury: The Evolution of a British Institution (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1969), pp. 183–5.
22 Corinne Comstock Weston, The House of Lords and Ideological Politics: Lord
Salisbury’s Referendal Theory and the Conservative Party, 1846–1922, Memoirs of
the American Philosophical Society, 215 (Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical
Society, 1995); David Steele, Lord Salisbury: A Political Biography (London:
Routledge, 1999).
23 See Judith M.Hughes, Emotion and High Politics: Personal Relations at the
Summit in Late Nineteenth-century Britain and Germany (Berkeley and Los
Angeles: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 78–98.
24 Figures for the size of British and Irish aristocracy are adapted from Tables A1, A2
and A5 in J.V.Beckett, The Aristocracy in England, 1660–1914 (Oxford: Blackwell,
1986), pp. 482–91.
25 Among them were William Monsell, MP (1st Lord Emly 1874), among whose
government jobs (all below Cabinet level) was that of Under-Secretary of State for
the Colonies in 1868–71; Arthur Haliburton (1st Lord 1898), who made a career in
the War Office, who never sat in Parliament, and who was Assistant Commissary
General when the Colonial Society was founded; and Henry Thurstan Holland, a
hereditary baronet who was Legal Adviser to the Colonial Office from 1867 to
1870, and after 1870 was Assistant Under-Secretary of State there—notably, he
would cross into the world of politics, entering Parliament in 1874 and serving as
Colonial Secretary from 1887 to 1892 (he was made 1st Lord Knutsford in 1888 and
1st Viscount in 1895). There was also Sir Frederic Rogers, a Colonial Office
Permanent Secretary with a seventeenth-century baronetcy.
26 The entries from Dod’s have been collated in Michael Stenton (ed.), Who’s Who of
British Members of Parliament, vol. 1, 1832–1885 (Hassocks, SX: Harvester Press,
and Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1976); and in Michael Stenton and
Stephen Lees (eds), Who’s Who of British Members of Parliament, vol. 2, 1886–
1918 (Hassocks, SX: Harvester Press, and Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities
Press, 1978). Dod’s listed MPs’ addresses, clubs, schools, constituencies, dates of
parliamentary service, offices held, and political inclinations.
27 The Carlton did not start out political, but by the 1860s the Whig and Liberal
members were no longer made to feel welcome. In 1855, Lord Monck (who would
join the Colonial Society, and whom I have not counted as a member of the Carlton)
Notes 147
resigned because other members objected to his politics, and to the fact that he
belonged to the liberal Brooks’ Club. Gladstone resigned from the Carlton in 1860.
Sir Charles Petrie, Bt, The Carlton Club (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1955),
pp. 83–7.
28 Daniel Duman, ‘Pathway to Professionalism: The English Bar in the Eighteenth and
Nineteenth Centuries’, Journal of Social History, 13, 4 (summer 1980), pp. 615–28.
29 The Colonial Society had no civil lawyers.
30 For the husband, see Gordon R.Elliott, ‘Henry P. Pellew Crease: Confederation or
No Confederation’, BC Studies, 12 (winter 1971–72), pp. 63–74; and for the wife,
John Sebastian Helmcken, The Reminiscences of Doctor John Sebastian Helmcken,
ed. Dorothy Blakey Smith (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1975),
p. 46 and n. 4. Barbara Powell, ‘The Diaries of the Crease Family Women’, BC
Studies, 105–6 (spring/summer 1995), pp. 45–58, focuses on appointment books,
and says nothing about Sarah Crease’s life on the public stage, or her art. More
helpful for the whole family is Christina B. Johnson-Dean, The Crease Family
Archives: A Record of Settlement and Service in British Columbia (Victoria:
Provincial Archives of British Columbia, 1981), which also reproduces some of
Sarah Crease’s paintings.
31 R.D.Gidney and W.P.J.Millar, Professional Gentlemen: The Professions in
Nineteenth-century Ontario, Ontario Historical Studies Series (Toronto: University
of Toronto Press, 1994), pp. 82–3.
32 J.A.Blyth, ‘The Development of the Paper Industry in Old Ontario, 1824–1867’,
Ontario History, 62, 2 (June 1970), pp. 119–33. Another man was Sir George
Frederick Verdon, an English vicar’s son who joined the Bar of Victoria, Australia,
who went into politics there, and who became Victoria’s Agent-General in Great
Britain in 1868—his main interest was the development of municipal government.
G.F.Verdon, The Present and Future of Municipal Government in Victoria
(Melbourne: W.Fairfax & Co, 1858).
33 C.E.Buckland, Dictionary of Indian Biography (London: Swan, Sonnenschein &
Co, 1906; reprint, New York: Greenwood Press, 1969), p. 118; Frank Broeze,
‘Private Enterprise and Public Policy: Merchant Shipping in Australia and New
Zealand, 1788–1992’, Australian Economic History Review, 23, 2 (1992), pp. 8–32
at p. 11.
34 Childers at Melbourne to his mother, 6 and 22 July 1851, quoted in Lt.-Col.
Spencer Childers, The Life and Correspondence of the Rt. Hon. Hugh C.E. Childers,
vol. 1 (London: John Murray, 1901), pp. 20, 39. On the unlikelihood of a boy from
the mid-middle class getting a good start in the English Bar, see Musgrove, ‘Middle-
class Education and Employment’.
35 Gidney and Millar, Professional Gentlemen, pp. 75–80.
36 Harry Kirk, Portrait of a Profession: A History of the Solicitor’s Profession, 1100
to the Present Day (London: Oyez Publishing, 1976), pp. 1, 48–9, 207–13. In
Canada the separate profession of solicitor never did establish itself, since most
barristers there were also solicitors. ‘Attorneys’ no longer existed in Ontario after a
professionalizing act in 1881, leaving only the heavily overlapping categories of
barrister and solicitor—Gidney and Millar, Professional Gentlemen, pp. 32, 82.
Notes 148
Solicitors as such were common enough in New Zealand, where legal training was at
best variable in quality; most New Zealand solicitors occupied themselves with
conveyancing and the other day-to-day affairs of the business community—
R.C.J.Stone, ‘An Anatomy of the Practice of Law in Nineteenth-century Auckland’,
New Zealand Journal of History, 22, 2 (October 1988), pp. 91–104.
37 Coun. Min., vol. 1, pp. 15–17, RCSA.
38 Cell, British Colonial Administration, pp. 48–9.
39 William Marcus Coghlan does not seem to have been related to William Mant
Coghlan, an Indian judge who joined the Colonial Society on 25 February 1869, and
who was author of An Epitome of Hindu Law Cases (London: Stevens & Haynes,
1876).
40 Vetch, Life of Clarke, pp. 7–14. Clarke provided Earl de Grey (later 1st Marquess
of Ripon), Secretary of War, with assurances about the general adequacy of British
barracks and garrisons on the West African coast. De Grey needed these assurances
to stave off the total withdrawal from West Africa then being examined; Parliament
would not pay for a single new barracks in the area. See Ripon to Cardwell (with an
apparently incomplete enclosure from Clarke to Ripon in Ripon’s hand), 20 August
1864, Ripon Papers, vol. LXI, BL Add. MS 43551, fos 63–6. In the same year,
Clarke also advised against the formal extension of British Colonial control, ‘a
costly and profitless experiment’ of forcing ‘our opinions and laws upon a people to
whom they are neither suited nor applicable’: McIntyre, Imperial Frontier in the
Tropics, p. 97.
41 For the municipal aspects of Clarke’s career, see W.H.Newnham, Melbourne: The
Biography of a City (Melbourne: F.W.Cheshire, 1956), p. 182. For Clarke and the
Philosophic Institute, see Geoffrey Serle, The Golden Age: A History of the Colony
of Victoria, 1851–1861 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1963), p. 367.
42 Serle, The Golden Age, pp. 142–3.
43 Clarke’s railway plan is outlined in Peter J.Rimmer, ‘Politicians, Public Servants
and Petitioners: Aspects of Transport in Australia 1851–1901’, in J.M. Powell and
M.Williams (eds), Australian Space Australian Time: Geographical Perspectives
(Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 182–225; and Powell and
Williams, ‘The British Expert Cometh: The Imprint of the Indi-vidual on Australia’s
Economic Landscape’, in J.N.Jennings and G.J.R.Linge (eds), Of Time and Place:
Essays in Honour of O.H.K.Spate (Canberra: Australian National University Press,
1980), pp. 48–71; Serle, The Golden Age, pp. 237–8.
44 David Dunstan, Governing the Metropolis: Politics, Technology and Social Change
in a Victorian City: Melbourne 1850–1891 (Melbourne: Melbourne University
Press, 1984), pp. 56–9, 67; Serle, The Golden Age, pp. 192–3.
45 C.Northcote Parkinson, British Intervention in Malaya, 1867–1877 (Kuala Lumpur:
University of Malaya Press, 1964). Parkinson’s book (but not his law) begins in the
year that responsibility for the colony of the Straits Settlements was transferred from
India to London; Britain’s main push into the area came somewhat later, and Clarke
arrived there as Governor in 1873.
46 Vetch, Clarke, pp. 9–12.
47 Buchanan, The Engineers, pp. 70–3; and idem., ‘Institutional Proliferation in the
Notes 149
British Engineering Profession, 1847–1914’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 38
(February 1985), pp. 42–60.
48 C.H.Gregory, Address of Charles Hutton Gregory, Esq., on his Election as
President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Session 1867–68 (London: William
Clowes & Sons, 1868), pp. 6–30.
49 Phyllis Deane and W.A.Cole, British Economic Growth, 1688–1959: Trends and
Structure, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), pp. 230–2;
Landes, Unbound Prometheus, pp. 259–60.
50 Charles Hutton Gregory, Rules for the Management of a Locomotive Engine
(London: John Weale, 1841), pp. 4, 43.
51 He was generally impressed with the speed of construction and with certain other
features of American railway development (including a high standard of comfort for
all passengers without distinctions of class). Captain Douglas Galton, ‘Railways of
the United States’, reprint, 2 parts, Sydney Magazine of Science and Art, 1 (1858),
pp. 91–3 and 114–15.
52 Capt. Douglas Galton, ‘Ocean Telegraphy’, Edinburgh Review, 113 (January 1861),
pp. 113–43.
53 DNB.
54 Cromwell F.Varley, Esq., MICE, MRI, ‘On the Atlantic Telegraph’, Proceedings o
f
the Royal Institution (1867), pp. 45–59.
55 Edward Charles Frome, ‘Account of the Causes which Led to the Construction of
the Rideau Canal’, given in Royal Engineers, Papers Connected with the Duties of
the Corps of Royal Engineers, 2nd edn (1837; London: John Weale, 1844), vol. I,
pp. 69–98; Secretary of State for War Edward Cardwell to Colonial Secretary the
2nd Earl Granville, 18 February 1869, Cardwell Papers, PRO 30/48/28, fos 20–3.
56 Charles Harvey and Jon Press, ‘Overseas Investment and the Professional Advance
of British Metal Mining Engineers, 1851–1914’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser.,
42, 1 (1989), pp. 64–86.
57 London: Longmans, Green & Co, 1870, vol. I, p. v.
58 Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas,
1797–1860 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1978), pp 31–46; Stuart Piggin,
Making Evangelical Missionaries 1789–1858: The Social Background, Motives, and
Training of British Protestant Missionaries to India, Evangelicals and Society from
1750, 2 (Abingdon, Oxfordshire: The Sutton Courtney Press, 1984), pp. 28–47.
59 The British had committed crimes, and it was their duty to remake the world the
best way they could: ‘Our idea should be to act as public teachers, making a good
principle extend. It could not be the will of heaven that the Natives of divers lands
should melt away before their fellow man’s aggressive arms. Europeans
exterminated the Aborigines in more ways than by fire and sword. Our countrymen
emulated Apollyon the Destroyer. We introduced poisonous liquors to peoples
unaccustomed to the effects of ardent spirits…. We had introduced new diseases
too: therefore it was the more our duty to supply the means of alleviating them. But
above all, we must not forget moral inculcation, and to propagate the truths of
Christianity’—The Rev. C.Gribble addressing the Aborigines Protection Society,
Aborigines Protection Society, Annual Report of the Aborigines Protection Society
Notes 150
(London: W.Watts, 1849), p. 13.
60 Evidence comes from the general biographical sources for this book, plus the
exhaustive rolls or indices in C.F.Pascoe, Two Hundred Years of the SPG: An
Historical Account of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
Parts, 1701–1900 (Based on a Digest of the Society’s Records) (London: SPG,
1901); W.O.B.Allen and Edmund McClure, Two Hundred Years: The History of the
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1698–1898 (London: SPCK, 1898);
Eugene Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its
Men, and Its Work, 3 vols (London: CMS, 1899); John Owen Whitehouse, A
Register of Missionaries, Deputations, etc., from 1796 to 1877 (London: London
Missionary Society, 1877); Richard Lovett, The History of the London Missionary
Society 1795–1895, 2 vols (London: Henry Froude, 1899); G.G.Findlay and
W.W.Holdsworth, The History of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, 5
vols (London: The Epworth Press, 1921–25); and John Brown Myers, ed., The
Centenary Volume of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792–1892, 2nd edn (London:
BMS, 1892). Nor were the members of the CS involved with another group of
missionary organizations, the handful that came into existence in the mid-nineteenth
century—see A.E.M.Anderson-Morshead, The History of the Universities’ Mission
to Central Africa, vol. 1, 1859–1909 (1897; London: UMCA, 1955); and Marshall
Broomhall, The Jubilee Story of the China Inland Mission (London: Morgan &
Scott, 1915; reprint, San Francisco, CA: China Materials Centre, 1977).
61 He receives no mention in J.Du Plessis, A History of Christian Missions in South
Africa (London: Longmans Green, & Co, 1911; reprint, Cape Town: C. Struik,
1965).
62 Bruce Curtis, True Government by Choice Men?: Inspection, Education, and State
Formation in Canada West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992), pp. 65,
128–9, 143–4.
63 Adam Crooks, Correspondence Arising out of the Pastoral Letter of the Right
Reverend Francis Fulford, Lord Bishop of Montreal (Toronto: W.C.Chewett & Co,
1862); idem., A Letter to the Right Reverend Francis Fulford, D.D., Lord Bishop of
Montreal and Metropolitan (Toronto: The Globe Office, 1862).
64 Pascoe, Two Hundred Years of the SPG, pp. 762b–3, 870–1; DCB XIII, pp. 461–4;
DNB.
65 Findlay and Holdsworth, Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, vol. III, pp. 131
n., 141 n.; H.L. Malchow, Gentlemen Capitalists: The Social And Political World of
Victorian Businessmen (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), pp. 78, 82,
186, 247, n. 104; on his later activities, see Eldridge, England’s Mission, pp. 152–5.
66 Perhaps John Clark Marshman’s first interest in formal British expansion in India
was prompted by the EIC acquisition of Serampore from the Danes, which only took
place in 1845. R.C.Majumdar, A.K.Majumdar and D.K.Ghose, eds, British
Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance, Part 1, The History and Culture of the Indian
People (Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1963), p. 46.
67 John Clark Marshman, Guide to the Civil Law of the Presidency of Ft. William
(1842; 2nd edn, Serampore: The Press, 1848); M.A.Laird, Missionaries and
Education in Bengal, 1793–1837 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), pp. 84, 149, 231;
Notes 151
E.Daniel Potts, British Baptist Missionaries in India, 1793–1837: The History of
Serampore and its Missions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), pp.
116–19, 133, 198–9.
68 David Kopf, British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of
Indian Modernization, 1773–1835 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of
California Press, 1969), pp. 155–60; idem., The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of
the Modern Indian Mind (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 11–
12; S.Cromwell Crawford, Ram Mohan Roy: Social, Political and Religious Reform
in 19th Century India (India: Gulab Varizani for Arnold Heineman Publishers,
1984; reprint, New York: Paragon House, 1987), pp. xi, 48–64; Penelope Carson,
‘Missionaries, Bureaucrats, and the People of India, 1793–1833’, in Nancy Cassels
(ed.), Orientalism, Evangelicalism, and the Military Cantonment in Early
Nineteenth-Century India: A Historiographical Overview, 125–55 (Lewiston,
Maine; Kingston, Ontario, and Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1991), pp. 127–
9, 150–2; Lynn Zastoupil, ‘Defining Christians: Ram Mohun Roy and the
Unitarians’, Victorian Studies, 44, 2 (winter 2002), pp. 215–43; Raymond Schwab,
The Oriental Renaissance: Europe’s Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680–1880
[1950], trans. Gene Patterson-Black and Victor Reinking (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1984), pp. 41–3, 92, 246–7.
69 Potts, British Baptist Missionaries, pp. 89–92.
70 J.C.Marshman, Reply of Mr. J.C.Marshman to the Attack of Mr. Buckingham on the
Serampore Missionaries. To which is prefixed, Reply of the Serampore Missionaries
to the Attack Made on Them in No. III of the Oriental Magazine, 2nd edn (London:
Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen, 1826); idem., Review of Two Pamphlets, by the Rev.
John Dyer, and the Rev. E.Carey and W.Yates. In Twelve Letters to the Rev. John
Foster. Together with an Appeal, by the Serampore Missionaries, on Behalf of the
Labours in which they are Engaged; and a Communication on the same subject, by
the Rev. William Robinson, of Calcutta (London: Parbury, Allen & Co, and
Hamilton, Adams & Co [1830]).
71 Laird, Missionaries and Education in Bengal, p. 148. Joshua Marshman had
suffered under the same charge of worldliness back in his English days, when he
was one of the first students at the new Bristol Baptist Academy in the 1790s. He
was thought to be trying to learn his way towards ordination, rather than accepting it
as the free gift of God. Thus for seven years he was refused not only ordination but
also baptism—Piggin, Making Evangelical Missionaries, pp. 169, 171, 255.
72 John Clark Marshman, The History of India, from Remote Antiquity to the
Accession of the Mogul Dynasty, Compiled for Use in Schools, 3rd edn (Serampore:
The Press, 1842). See also idem., The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and
Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission (London: Longman, Brown,
Green, Longmans & Roberts, 1859).
73 Stephen Neill, A History of Christianity in India, 1707–1858 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 210.
74 John Clark Marshman, How Wars Arise in India: Observations on Mr. Cobden’s
Pamphlet, entitled, ‘Origin of the Burmese War’ (London: William H. Allen, 1853),
pp. 54–5. For the context of Richard Cobden’s pamphlet, which was an expose on
Notes 152
the British role in starting hostilities, see Oliver B.Pollak, ‘A Mid-Victorian Cover-up:
The Case of the “Combustible Commodore” and the Second Anglo-Burmese War,
1851–1852’, Albion, 10, 2 (summer 1978), pp. 171–84 at p. 181. Cobden argued that
an empire of conquest in Asia would be Great Britain’s ruin just as an empire of
conquest in the Americas had been the ruin of Spain. Pollak points out that the
pamphlet was aimed at Radicals on the eve of the East India Company’s charter
review debate.
75 Marshman, How Wars Arise in India, p. 59.
76 John Clark Marshman, Letter to John Bright, Esq., MP, Relative to the Recent
Debates in Parliament on the India Question (London, William A.Allen, 1853), p.
37.
77 John Clark Marshman, The History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close o
f
Lord Dalhousie’s Administration, 3 vols (London: Longmans, Green, Reader &
Dyer, 1867), vol. I, p. 20, and vol. III, p. 457.
78 R.J.Moore, ‘The Composition of “Wood’s Education Despatch”’, English
Historical Review, 114 (January 1965), pp. 70–85; Prashanto K.Chatterjee,
‘Authorship of the Education Despatch of 1854’, Australian Journal of Politics and
History, 29, 2 (August 1973), pp. 188–93.
79 PP, Report of the Select Committee on Indian Territories, No. 426 (1853), pp. 341–
2ff.; for Marshman, see The Friend of India; for Dalhousie, see Arthur Kinnaird to
Gladstone, 8 June 1870, GP vol. CCCXXXIX, BL Add. MS 44424, fos 30–3.
80 Cell, British Colonial Administration, pp. 228–33.
81 Their father left England in 1838 (when George Waterhouse was 14) to be made a
bishop of his church, and to become the ‘General Superintendent of the Wesleyan
Missions in Australia and Polynesia’. Findlay and Holdsworth, Wesleyan Methodist
Missionary Society, vol. III, pp. 76–7, 78, n. 1, 217, 318–19, 402, 444, 458–61;
ADB.
82 Douglas Pike, Paradise of Dissent: South Australia 1829–1857, 2nd edn
(Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1967), pp. 381–2, 430.
83 Findlay and Holdsworth, Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, vol. IV, p. 255
and passim.
84 See extracts from PP of 1836, 1847 and 1848, given in Kenneth, N.Bell and
W.P.Morrell (eds), Select Documents in British Colonial Policy, 1831–1860 [1928]
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 477, 511, n. 1, 515–18; see also R.E.
Gordon, Shepstone: The Role of the Family in the History of South Africa (Cape
Town: A.A.Balkema, 1968), pp. 86–91.
85 Lord Stanley in his diary, 8 November 1862, given in John Vincent (ed.), Disraeli,
Derby, and the Conservative Party: Journals and Memoirs of Edward Henry, Lord
Stanley, 1849–1869 (Hassocks, SX: Harvester Press, 1978), p. 192.
86 Joseph Wolff, Narrative of a Mission to Bokhara in the Years 1843–1845, to
Ascertain the Fate of Colonel Stoddart and Captain Conolly, 7th edn [1852] (ed.
and abridged by Guy Wint) (New York: Frederick A.Praeger, 1969); Denis Wright,
The English Amongst the Persians During the Qajar Period, 1787–1921 (London:
Heinemann, 1977), pp. 116–17; John Keay, When Men and Mountains Meet: The
Explorers of the Western Himalayas, 1820–75 (1977; Hamden, CT: Archon Books,
Notes 153