Stearns, S. C., Ackermann, M., Doebeli, M., & Kaiser, K. M. (2000). Experimental evolu-
tion of aging, growth, and reproduction in fruit flies. Proceedings of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, USA, 97, 3309–3313.
Strehler, B. L. (1986). Genetic instability as the primary cause of human aging. Experimen-
tal Gerontology, 21, 283–319.
Sugihara, M., Ohshima, K., Hakamura, H., Suzumiya, J., Nakayama, Y., Kanda, M., et al.
(1999). Decreased expression of telomerase-associated RNAs in the proliferation of
stem cells in comparison with continuous expression in malignant tumors. Interna-
tional Journal of Oncology, 15, 1075–1080.
Swim, H. E. (1959). Microbiological aspects of tissue culture. Annual Review of Microbiol-
ogy, 313, 141–176.
Swim, H. E., & Parker, R. F. (1957). Culture characteristics of human fibroblasts propa-
gated serially. American Journal of Hygiene, 66, 235–243.
Takeda, K., Gosiewska, A., & Peterkofsky, B. (1992). Similar, but not identical, modulation
of expression of extracellular matrix components during in vitro and in vivo aging of
human skin fibroblasts. Cell Physiology, 153, 450–459.
Tanhauser, S. M., & Laipis, P. J. (1995). Multiple deletions are detectable in mitochondrial
DNA of aging mice. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 24769–24775.
Tesco, G., Vergelli, M., Grassilli, E., Salomoni, P., Bellesia, E., Sikora, E., et al. (1998).
Growth properties and growth factor responsiveness in skin fibroblasts from cente-
narians. Biochemical and Biophysical Research, 244, 912–916.
Toole, V. K. (1986). Ancient seeds: Seed longevity. Journal of Seed Technology, 10, 1–23.
Toussaint, O., Dumont, P., Remacle, J., Dierick, J. F., Pascal, T., Frippiat, C., et al. (2002).
Stress-induced premature senescence or stress-induced senescence-like phenotype:
One in vivo reality, two possible definitions? Scientific World Journal, 2, 230–247.
Turker, M. (1996). Premature aging. In J. E. Birren (Ed.), Encyclopedia of gerontology: Age,
ageing and the aged (Vol. 2, pp. 342–354). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Uetz, G. W., McClintock, W. J., Miller D., Smith, E. I., & Cook, K. K. (1996). Limb regener-
ation and subsequent asymmetry in a male secondary sexual characteristic influences
sexual selection in wolf spider. Behavioral and Ecological Sociobiology, 38, 233–257.
Ugalis, B. (1996). Selected 16th century through 18th century philosophers. Retrieved January
23, 2007, from http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers.html.
van Loon, A. A., Sonneveld, E., Hoogerbrugge, J., van der Schans, G. P., Grootegoed, J. A.,
Lohman, P. H., et al. (1993). Induction and repair of DNA single-strand breaks and
DNA base damage at different cellular stages of spermatogenesis of the hamster upon
in vitro exposure to ionizing radiation. Mutation Research, 294, 139–148.
Vogel, E. W., & Ziljstra, J. A. (1987). Somatic cell mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster
in comparison with genetic damage in early germ-cell stages. Mutation Research, 180,
189–200.
Walford, R. L., Harris, S. B., & Weindruch, R. (1987). Dietary Restriction and Aging:
Historical Phases, Mechanisms, and Current Directions. Journal of Nutrition, 117,
1650–1654.
Walker, D. W., McColl, G., Jenkins, H. L., Harris, J., & Lithgow, G. J. (2000). Evolution of
lifespan in C. elegans. Nature, 405, 296–297.
Walter, C. A., Lu, J., Bhakta, M., Zhou, Z. Q., Thompson, L. H., & McCarrey, J. R. (1994).
Testis and somatic Xrec-1 DNA repair gene expression. Somatic Cell Molecular Genetics,
20, 451–461.
Walter, C. A., Walter, R. B., & McCarrey, J. R. (2003). Germline genomes: A biological
fountain of youth? Science of Aging Knowledge and Environment, 8, PE4.
Biological Aspects and Theories of Aging 55