Byon A. Basic Korean: A Grammar and Workbook
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182 Unit 22: Prenouns
Exercise 22.3
Fill in the blank with the appropriate expression.
Example: _______ (this book) 㦖GῂGỆ㡞㣪f
= 㧊G㺛
1 __________ (that house over there) 㧊G㤆ⰂG㰧㧊㠦㣪.
2 __________ (this time) 㦚G₆┺⪎㠊㣪.
3 __________ (that coffee shop over three) 㠦㍲GⰢ⋮㣪.
4 __________ (this color) ⯒G㫡㞚䟊㣪.
5 __________ (that professor) 㦖G䞲ῃG㌂⧢㧊㠦㣪.
6 __________ (this thing)G㦖Gⶊ㠝㧛┞₢?
7 __________ (that thing) 㦖G㔶ⶎ㧊㠦㣪.
8 __________ (here) ⪲G 㡺㎎㣪.
9 __________ (there) 㠦G ṖἶG㕌㠊㣪.
10 __________ (over there) 㠦㍲GⰢ⋮㣪.
Exercise 22.4
Fill in the blank with the appropriate question prenoun (e.g., choose from
㠊ⓦ or ⶊ㓾).
Example: A: _______ 㦢㞛㦚G㫡㞚䞮㎎㣪f B: R&B ⯒G 㫡㞚䠺㣪
= ⶊ㓾
1 A: ____ 㡗䢪⯒G 㫡㞚䞮㎎㣪f B: 㞷㎮G㡗䢪⯒G㫡㞚䟊㣪.
2 A: ____ ⋮⧒G 㦢㔳㦚G㫡㞚䞮㎎㣪f B: 㭧ῃG㦢㔳㦚G㫡㞚䟊㣪.
3 A: ____ ᾦ䐋G 㑮┾㦚G㧊㣿䞮㎎㣪f B: 㰖䞮㻶㦚G㧊㣿䟊㣪.
4 A: ____ ㌳㧒G ㍶ⶒ㧊G㫡㦚₢㣪f B: 㔲ἚṖG㫡Ỷ㠊㣪.
5 A: ____ 㦢㞛㦚G 㧦㭒G✺㦒㎎㣪f B: 䋊⧮㔳㦚G㫡㞚䟊㣪.
6 A: ____ ⺇䢪㩦㠦G Ṗ㎎㣪f B: zG㠦GṖ㣪.
7 A: ____ ⋮⧒⯒G 㡂䟟䞮ἶG㕌㦒㎎㣪f B: 㓺㥚㓺⯒G㡂䟟䞮ἶG㕌㠊㣪.
8 A: ____ 㤊☯㦚G 㫡㞚䞮㎎㣪f B: ⏣ῂ⯒G㫡㞚䟊㣪.
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UNIT 23
Adverbs and adverbials
The primary function of adverbs is to modify verbs and/or adjectives.
Consider the following examples:
1 㧒㹣G㧒㠊⌂㠊㣪. “(I) got up early.”
2 㞚ⰞG㡺⓮G㠦G☚㹿䞶GỆ㡞㣪. “Maybe, (he) will arrive tonight.”
3 ⰺ㤆Gⰱ㧞㠊㣪U “(It) is very delicious.”
4 ῃ㧊G㟓ṚG㰲㣪. “The soup is a little salty.”
In 1, 㧒㹣 “early” modifies the verb 㧒㠊⌂㠊㣪 “got up,” and 㞚Ⱎ “maybe”
modifies the verb ☚㹿䞶G Ệ㡞㣪 “will arrive” in 2. In 3, ⰺ㤆 “very”
modifies the adjective ⰱ㧞㠊㣪 “delicious,” and 㟓Ṛ “little” modifies the
adjective 㰲㣪 “salty” in 4.
Three types of adverbs
Korean adverbs can be grouped into three types: sentential adverbs, con-
junctional adverbs, and componential adverbs. Sentential adverbs modify a
whole sentence. Conjunctional adverbs are those that connect two different
sentences. Componential adverbs modify a specific part of the sentence
such as verbs or adjectives. Consider the following sentences:
䞮㡂䔒G䄺䞒ṖG㞚㭒G⥾Ệ㤶㠊㣪UG⁎ⰂἶG ゚㌖㠊㣪
“Anyway, the coffee was very hot. And (it) was expensive”
䞮㡂䔒 “anyway” is a sentential adverb since it modifies the entire sen-
tence, 䄺䞒Ṗ 㞚㭒G ⥾Ệ㤶㠊㣪 “the coffee was very hot.” 㞚㭒 “very” is
a componential adverb since it specifically modifies the adjective ⥾Ệ㤶
㠊㣪 “was hot.” ⁎Ⰲἶ “and” is a conjunctional adverb since it connects
two sentences.
Examples of sentential adverbs include the following:
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184 Unit 23: Adverbs and adverbials
Ṗ⪏ if/supposing Ⱒ㧒 if
㍺⪏ even if ㍺Ⱎ surely (not)
㞚Ⱎ perhaps 䞮㡂䔒 anyway
✲㔲 certainly
Examples of conjunctional adverbs include:
⁎⩂⋮ but ⁎Ⰲἶ and
⁎⩂┞₢ therefore ⁎⧮㍲ so
⁎⩂⸖⪲ since it is so ⁎⩆◆ by the way
⁎⩝㰖Ⱒ however ⁎⩒ if so
⡦ also ⡦䞲 moreover
⡦⓪ or 䢏㦖 or
➆⧒㍲ accordingly 㯟 in other words
▪ῆ┺⋮ besides ▪㤆₆ moreover
There are three groups of componential adverbs depending on what kind
of relation they modify, such as manner, temporal relations, and degree.
First, manner adverbs express some relation of manner, for example:
ゾⰂ fast/early/soon 㻲㻲䧞 slowly
ⲖⰂ far Ṗ₢㧊 shortly/nearly
ⰺ㤆 very/exceedingly 㩲㧒 the first
Ṗ㧻 most 㞚㭒 quite/very (much)
⍞ⶊ too much 㧮 well/often
䢒㧦㍲ alone 䞾℮ together
Ⱔ㧊 much 㡊㕂䧞 diligently
㞞⎫䧞 at peace
Time adverbs that concern temporal relations include the following:
Ⱏ just at the moment ⁞ right now
⻢㖾 long ago 㞚₢ some time ago
㞚㰗 yet/still 㧊⹎ already
㣪㯞㦢 recently 㰖⁞ now
䡚㨂 present 㧊➆ later
⌊㧒
tomorrow ⳾⧮ the day after tomorrow
ṧ㧦₆ suddenly ⌟䋒 immediately
╏Ṛ for a while ⌄ night and day
㭚Ἵ all the time ✲❪㠊 finally
Ⱎ䂾⌊ at last Ⲓ㩖 ahead
㠎㩲⋮ all the time 㧒㹣 early
⓮ always 䟃㌗ at all times
⽊䐋 usually Ṗ⊪ sometimes
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Unit 23: Adverbs and adverbials 185
Degree adverbs include the following:
㺎 really 㫆⁞ a bit
㭒⪲ mainly ⍞ⶊ so much
㞚㭒 very
However, when there is more than one componential adverb in a sentence,
the adverbs tend to occur in the following sequence: time, degree, and
manner, as shown below.
㓺䕆ぢṖG 䟃㌗G 䄺䞒⯒G 㞚㭒G Ⱔ㧊G Ⱎ㎪㣪 “Steve always drinks coffee
very much”
Notice that the first adverb is time adverb 䟃㌗ “always,” followed by the
degree adverb 㞚㭒 “very,” and the manner adverb Ⱔ㧊 “much.”
Adverbials
In Korean, adverbs do not take any morphological variation. Those adverbs
that take morphological variations are called “adverbial.” Consider the
following examples:
1 㩦㕂㦚Gⰱ㧞ỢGⲏ㠞㠊㣪. “(I) ate lunch deliciously.”
2 ↙㧊G㞚⯚╋ỢG䞒㠊㣪. “Flowers blossom beautifully.”
In 1, notice that ⰱ㧞Ợ “deliciously” modifies the verb ⲏ㠞㠊㣪 “ate,”
and 㞚⯚╋Ợ “beautifully” modifies 䞒㠊㣪 “blossom” in 2. However,
ⰱ㧞Ợ or 㞚⯚╋Ợ are not adverbs but adverbials in Korean, since they
are the results of the morphological variations:
ⰱ㧞┺ “delicious” : ⰱ㧞Ợ “deliciously” = ⰱ㧞 + Ợ
㞚⯚╋┺ “beautiful” : 㞚⯚╋Ợ “beautifully” = 㞚⯚╋ + Ợ
Notice above that the adverbial form -Ợ is attached to the adjective stems.
In Korean, one can change an adjective into an adverbial form by attaching
Ợ to an adjective stem. Here are some more examples:
Adjectives Adverbials
㓓┺ easy 㓓Ợ easily
㕎┺ cheap 㕎Ợ at a low price
䋂┺ big 䋂Ợ hugely
㧧┺ small 㧧Ợ tinily
⍩┺ wide ⍩Ợ widely
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186 Unit 23: Adverbs and adverbials
㕇ỗ┺ mild (taste) 㕇ỗỢ insipidly
䟟⽋䞮┺ happy 䟟⽋䞮Ợ happily
Ṛ┾䞮┺ simple Ṛ┾䞮Ợ simply
Exercises
Key vocabulary for Unit 23 exercises
Ṩ price
ἓ䂮 scenery
Ὃ䞮┺ to study
ῗ⁞䞮┺ to be curious
› tangerine
₎ road
⌊㧒 tomorrow
ⓦⰂ┺ to be slow
☚㍲ὖ library
Ⱔ㧊 much/a lot
ⰱ㠜┺ to be tasteless
ⱋ┺ to be spicy
ⲎⰂ head
ⲏ┺ to eat
⺆㤆┺ to learn
⽋㧷䞮┺ to be complex
✲⩓┺ to be soft/to be tender
㓓┺ to be easy
㔲Ṛ time
㔲㤦䞮┺ to be cool/to be refreshing
㔲䠮 test
㕎┺ to be cheap
㝿㝿䞮┺ to be manly
㞚⯚╋┺ to be beautiful
㞚䝚┺ to be painful
㡆⧓ contact
㡺⓮ today
㣎⫃┺ to be lonely
㤆㔋┺ to be funny/to be laughable
㥚䠮䞮┺ to be dangerous
㥶ⳛ䞮┺ to be famous
㦢㔳 food
㧦┺ to sleep
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Unit 23: Adverbs and adverbials 187
㧧┺ to be small
㩚䢪 telephone
㰖䞮㻶 subway
㭒┺ to give
䌖┺ to ride
䞒Ἲ䞮┺ to be tired
Exercise 23.1
Fill in the blank with an appropriate manner adverb from the list below:
ゾⰂSG㻲㻲䧞SGṖ₢㧊SGⰺ㤆SGṖ㧻SG ⍞ⶊSG㧮GSG䢒㧦㍲SG䞾℮SGⰤ㧊SG
㡊㕂䧞
Example: ₆㌂G㞚㩖㝾, _____ ṖG㭒㎎㣪 “Driver, please go quickly”
= ゾⰂ
1 _______ ⲏ㠊㣪U “Eat slowly.”
2 㦢㔳㧊 ______ ⰱ㧞㠊㣪. “The food is very delicious.”
3 㧊GṖỢ㠦㍲G㧊G㢍㧊 _____ ゚㕎㣪 “This dress is the most expensive
in this store.”
4 _______ Ⱔ㧊G Ⱎ㔲㰖GⰞ㎎㣪. “Don’t drink too much.”
5 _______ Ὃ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) studied diligently.”
6 㤆Ⰲ ______ Ṗ㣪. “Let us go together.”
7 ______ ㌂㎎㣪. “Buy much.”
8 㩲┞䗒Ṗ _______ Ⱒ✺㠞㠊㣪. “Jennifer made (it) by herself.”
9 㤊☯㦚 _______ 䟊㣪f “(Do you) play sports well?”
10 㺓ⶎG㡜㠦 _______ 㞟㦒㎎㣪. “Sit closely to the window side.”
Exercise 23.2
Fill in the blank with an appropriate time adverb from the list below:
⌊㧒SGⰟSG⻢㖾SG㞚₢GSG 㞚㰗SG㧊⹎SG㣪㯞㦢SG㧊➆SGṧ㧦₆SG╏ṚSG
⌄SG✲❪㠊SG⽊䐋
Example: _____ 䞒䎆⯒GⰢ⋶GỆ㡞㣪 “(I) will meet Peter tomorrow”
= ⌊㧒
1 㰖⁞ _____ 㧷㞮㠊㣪. “(We) just caught (it) just at the moment.”
2 ______ 㩖⎗㦚G 㰧㠦㍲Gⲏ㠊㣪. “(I) usually eat dinner at home.”
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188 Unit 23: Adverbs and adverbials
3 㫊㧊 ______ 㰧㦚G㌖㠊㣪. “John bought the house long ago.”
4 _____ 㡗䢪ṖG ⊳⌂㠊㣪. “The movie ended already.”
5 ______ ㍲㤎㠦G☚㹿䟞㠊㣪. “(We) finally arrived in Seoul.”
6 ______ 䅊䜾䎆G Ợ㧚ⰢG 䟊㣪. “(I) play computer games night and
day.”
7 ⁎⩒ _____ Ⱒ⋮㣪. “Then see (you) later.”
8 _______ 㰧㠦G 㧞㦚GỆ㡞㣪. “(I) will be home for a while.”
9 _______ ゚ṖG 㢖㣪. “The rain falls suddenly.”
10 _______ 㠊⠑ỢG㰖⌊㎎㣪? “How are (you) recently?”
11 䘎㰖Ṗ ______ 㞞G㢪㠊㣪. “The letter did not come yet.”
12 㺆㓺⯒ ______ 䞯ᾦ㠦㍲GⰢ⌂㠊㣪. “(I) met Charles some time ago at
school.”
Exercise 23.3
Choose an appropriate conjunctional adverb from the list below:
⁎⩂⋮SG⁎ⰂἶSG⁎⧮㍲SG⁎⩂┞₢SG⁎⩆◆SG ⁎⩝㰖ⰢSG⁎⩒
Example: ⋮⓪G㞚䂾㦚G㞞Gⲏ㠊㣪. _______(however) 㩦㕂㦚G㧒㹣G
G ⲏ㠊㣪
= ⁎⩝㰖Ⱒ
1 ⌊㧒G㔲䠮㧊G㧞㠊㣪. ______ (so) 㡺⓮㦖G☚㍲ὖ㠦㍲GὋ䞶GỆ㡞㣪.
2 䞲ῃ㠦GṖἶG㕌㠊㣪. ______ (however) 㔲Ṛ㧊G㠜㠊㍲GⴑGṖ㣪.
3 㓺䎢㧊䋂⯒Gⲏ㠊㣪. _______(by the way) 㠊❪㍲Gⲏ㦚GỆ㡞㣪?
4 㩚䢪⪲G㡆⧓G㭒㎎㣪.______ (then) 㞞⎫䧞GἚ㎎㣪.
5 ⲎⰂṖG㞚䕢㣪. _______ (so) 㞚㓺䞒Ⰶ㦚Gⲏ㠞㠊㣪.
6 㠊㩲GⰤ㧊GⴑG㧺㠊㣪. _______ (however) 㞞G䞒Ἲ䟊㣪.
7 㩲㭒☚⓪Gἓ䂮ṖG㞚⯚┺㤢㣪._______ (and) ›⪲G㥶ⳛ䟊㣪.
8 䞲ῃ㠊⯒G⺆㤆ἶG㕌㠊㣪._______ (so) ㍲㤎㠦GṖ㣪.
9 㦢㔳GṨ㧊G㕎㣪. ________ (but) ⰱ㠜㠊㣪.
10 ₎㧊G⽋㧷䟊㣪.________ (therefore) 㰖䞮㻶㦚G䌖㎎㣪.
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Unit 23: Adverbs and adverbials 189
Exercise 23.4
Change the following adjectives into adverbials. Then translate the
adverbials.
Example: 㞚⯚╋┺
= 㞚⯚╋Ợ “beautifully”
1 㣎⫃┺
2 㥚䠮䞮┺
3 㤆㔋┺
4 㓓┺
5 㔲㤦䞮┺
6 㝿㝿䞮┺
7 ✲⩓┺
8 ⓦⰂ┺
9 ῗ⁞䞮┺
10 ⱋ┺
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UNIT 24
The endings -O㦒Pඥ⧮㣪 -(0)l laeyo
and -O㦒PඥỢ㣪G-(0)lgeyo
The -O㦒Pඥ⧮㣪 ending “intention”
The -O㦒Pඥ⧮㣪 ending indicates the speaker’s intention or immediate
desire, and it corresponds to “will” or “intend to” in English. The ending
is used only with the verbs not with the adjectives, and it is normally used
in colloquial settings.
The -O㦒Pඥ⧮㣪 ending is a three-form ending: -㦚⧮㣪 is used after
a stem that ends in a consonant, as in ⲏ㦚⧮㣪; -ඥ⧮㣪 is used after a
stem that ends in a vowel, as in Ṟ⧮㣪; -⧮㣪 is used for a ඥ-irregular,
as in Ⱒ✺⧮㣪.
The -O㦒Pඥ⧮㣪 ending is only used for the first person and the second
person subjects. Consider the following conversation:
A: ⶦG㔲䌂⧮㣪f “What will (you) order?”
B: 㓺䎢㧊䋂Gⲏ㦚⧮㣪. “(I) will (intend to) eat steak.”
As seen above, the -O㦒Pඥ⧮㣪 ending is used in the second person ques-
tion (for the first sentence) and the first person statement (in the second
sentence). Here are some more examples:
A: ⶦGⰞ㔺⧮㣪f “What will (you) drink?”
B: 䄺䞒G㭒㎎㣪. “Coffee please.”
A: 㠊❪⪲GṞ⧮㣪f “Where will (you) go?”
B: ☚㍲ὖ㠦GṞ⧮㣪. “(I) will go to the library.”
The -O㦒Pඥ⧮㣪 ending cannot be used for the third person subject, since
one cannot speak for the third person’s intention. Consequently, a sentence
like 㑮㧪㧊G䄺䞒GⰞ㔺⧮㣪 is ungrammatical in Korean.
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