Cavalli-Sforza Luigi Luca. Genes, Peoples and Languages
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PENGUIN
BOOKS
GENES,
PEOPLES
AND
LANGUAGES
'There
may
be
no
contemporary
scholar
who
has a
more
detailed
understanding
of
human
diversity
or
a
more
compelling
vision
of
its ·unified
history
...
TI,is
project
is
an
immense
intellectual
achievement,
and
Genes, Peoples
and
Languages
is a fine
way
to
get
a
sense
of
its
scope'
Edward
Rothstein,
The
New
York Times
'It
challenges
us
to
define
what
we
understand
of
"race"
and
its
author
has
for
nearly
half
a
century
made
seminal
contributions
to
the
study
of
evolutionary
genetics,
in
addition
to
possesshlg a
most
wondelful
talent
for telling a
great
story'
Gear6id
Tuohy,
Irish Times
'Luigi
Luca
Cavalli-Sforza's
latest
book
summarizes
the
life
work
of
this
fascinating
polymath,
who
for
the
last fifty-five years has
been
developing
ingenious
methods
to
understand
the
history
of
everybody
...
Genes, Peoples
and
Languages is,
among
other
things,
an
intellectual
biography
- a
complex
portrait
of.
scientist
capable
of
mentally
juggling
the
particulars
about
everything
and
everybody,
while
remaining
continually
alert
to
grand
designs'
Jared
Diamond,
New
York Review
of
Books
'The
author
has
long
been
at
the
forefront
of
research
that
uses
human
genetics as a
way
of
unravelling
our
past.
In
this
short,
lucid
book
he
describes
the
insights
that
have
been
gained
about
the
way
our
species evolved
and
spread,
leading
to.different
races,
cultures
and
languages'
Andrew
Crumey,
Scotland
on
Sunday
ABOUT
THE
AUTHOR
The
world's leading expert
on
human
population genetics, Luigi
Luca Cavalli-Sforza
was born
in
Genoa
in
'1922
and
has taught at
the
universities
of
Cambridge,
Parma
and Pavia.
He
is currently
active Professor Emeritus
of
Genetics
at
Stanford University and is
the
author
of
The
Hi$tory
and
Geogro:phy
of
Hu11Ul1I
Genes.
He
is
a Foreign Member
of
the
Royal Society.
Genes,
Peoples
and
Languages
Luigi
Luca
Cavalli-Sforza
Translated
by
Mark
Seielstad
PENGUIN
BOOKS
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www.pengrun.com
Originally published
UIIder
the
title '
Genet,
peupla et langue:
First published
in
English
in
the
USA
as
Genes,
Peoples
and
Ltmguages
by North Point Press.
a divtsion
of
Farrar. Straus
and
Giroux 2000
Fint
published In
Creat
Britain by AlIen Lane
The
Penguin Press 2000
Published
in
Penguin Books 2001
9
Copyright to Luigtl..u£a Cavalli-Sforza. 2001
Allrigbts reserved
Th
e moral
Tight
of
the
author has
been
asserted
Printed
in
England
by
Clays
Ltd,
St
Ives
pIc
Except
in
the
United States
of
America. this book
Is
sold subject
to
the
condition that it shall not. by way
of
trade
or
otherwise.
be
lent.
re-sold,
hir
(!d
out.
or
otherwise Circulated without
the
publisher's
prior
conseDt
tn
any
fonn
ofblnding
OJ'
COYer
other
than
thatm
which
it
is
published
and
without a sl.tnilar condition tncluding
this
condition being imposed
on
the
·subsequent purchaser
ISBN-I3:
978-0--14-029602-0
IBllKENT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0304647
Preface
vii
Acknowledgments
ix
1.
Genes and History 3
2.
A Walk in
the
Woods 33
3.
Of
Adam
and
Eve 57
CONTENTS
4.
Technological Revolutions and
Gene
Geography 92
5. Genes and Languages 133
6.
Cultural Transmission
and
Evolution 173
Bibliography 209
Index 215
Preface
This book surveys
the
research
on
human
evolution from
the
many
different fields
of
study
that
contribute to
our
knowledge.
It
is a his-
tory
of
the
last
hundred
thousand years. relying
on
archeology,
genetics, and
Imguistics. Happily. these three diSciplines are now gen-
erating many new data and insights.
All
of
them
can
be
expected
to
converge toward a common story.
and
behind
them
must lie a single
history.
Singly, each approach has many lacunae.
but
hopefully their
synthesis can help
to
flll
the
gaps.
Other
sciences--cultural anthro-
pology. demography. economy, ecology.
SOciology-are joining in
the
effort.
and
are justly becoming pillars
of
interpretation.
It
would
be
impossible
to
communicate
the
conclusions about
human
history
and
the
causes
of
human
evolution
if
one
had
to rely
on
the
jargons
of
such diverse diSCiplines. Scientific terminology
insures precision and increases
the
speed
of
communication among
specialists.
but
it
creates a barrier
between
them
and
the
general
public. I have
tried
to
restrict my use
of
jargon
to
a minimum, and I
have also
attempted
to explain terms
and
methods unknown to
the
VII
general public. 'I1,e response to foreign editions
of
this book (in
French, Italian, Spanish,
and
German) indicates
that
most readers
have
no
difficulty
in
follOwing
the
science
presented
here,
and
can
appreciate multidisciplinarity.
To some,
history (including evolution) is
~ot
a science, because
its results cannot
be replicated
and
thus cannot
be
tested by
the
experimental method.
But
studying
the
same
phenomenon
from
many different angles, from many
diSciplines, each.
of
which sup-
plies
independent
facts, has
the
value oflargely
independent
repe-
tition. This makes
the
multidisciplinary approach indispensable.
An important conclusion
that
emerges from this work is
that
human
genetic evolution has
been
heavily affected
by
technolOgical
innovations
and
by
cultural change, in general. Culture, meaning
the
accumulation
of
knowledge over generations, is
the
main differ-
ence between humans
and
other
animals (the difference is
one
of
degree, because animals, too, learn during
their
lives
and
transmit
knowledge
to
future generations). Cultural transmission
"is
thus an
important object
of
study,
one
that has
been
dramatically neglected.
Chapter
6
is
devoted to it.
'I1,e subject
of
this book has significant implications for important
social problems.
It
explains, among other things, why racism is falla-
cious. Genetics is instrumental in shaping us,
but
so, too, are
the
cul-
tural, social,
and
physical environments in which
we
live.
The
main
genetic differences are between individuals
and
not between popula-
tions,
or
so-called "races.» Differences
of
genetic origin among
the
latter are
not
only small (rapidly becoming even smaller with the
recent acceleration
of
transportation, and both migratory and cul-
tural exchange)
but
"also
superficial, attributable mostly
to
responses
to
the
different climates in which we live. Moreover,
there
are serious
difficulties in distingnishing between genetic and cultural
differ-
ences, between nature
and
nurture.
My greatest
hope
is
that
the
reader
experiences
the
same intel-
lectual pleasure I have with each expected
and
unexpected finding,
uncovering so many points
of
agreement among diSciplines
that
have
been
kept
carefully separate for so long.
VIII