Cornwall M. The Undermining of Austria-Hungary: The Battle for Hearts and Minds

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

244 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

29. See Emanuel's

fairly optimistic report to Albertini about Orlando's desire to `cross

the Rubicon': Albertini, Epistolario, II, pp. 875ff.

30. AJA, JO

19/18, Trumbic

notes on meeting with Steed, 14 February 1918.

31. Albertini, Epistolario,

II, pp. 849±50; Tosi, `Giuseppe Antonio Borgese e la Prima

Guerra Mondiale (1914±1918)', Storia Contemporanea, IV/2 (1973) pp. 288±90.

32. S

epic

Italija, Saveznici i Jugoslavensko Pitanje, p. 265. The evidence suggests that the

Italians were spurred on to organize because the French wished to take the lead. But

Valiani is incorrect to suggest that the idea of a congress occurred simultaneously to

Benes

in Paris (see Valiani, The End of Austria-Hungary, p. 231; Benes

, Sve

tova

lka,

II, p. 42)

33. Salvemini, Carteggio

1914±1920, pp. 355±6: Salvemini complained that the nation-

alists planned

to use the Slavs against Austria and then `throw them away like a

squeezed lemon'.

34. Albertini, Venti

Anni di Vita Politica, III, pp. 266±7. Valiani's whole account of this

development (pp. 230±7 with excessive notes) is detailed and rather unreadable; for

refreshing clarity, see Seton-Watsons, The Making of a New Europe, pp. 247ff and

epic

, Italija, pp. 261±8, 285±91.

35. TTA, Steed

MSS, Steed to McClure, 20 February 1918.

36. Text in

Seton Correspondence, I, p. 384; Steed, Through Thirty Years, II, pp. 183±5;

epic

, Italija, pp. 292±6.

37. Jankovic

and Krizman (eds), Gradja, I, no. 90, pp. 114±16: Trumbic

to De Giulli,

5 March 1918; S

epic

, Italija, p. 295.

38. See Sanders

and Taylor, British Propaganda, pp. 70ff.

39. Quoted in

Reginald Pound and Geoffrey Harmsworth, Northcliffe (London, 1959)

p. 593.

40. TTA, Northcliff

e MSS, Memorandum by Northcliffe, 28 February 1918.

41. See especially

the reports from Sir Rennell Rodd in HLRO, Lloyd George MSS (F/56/1/

56 and /57) and those from Sir Edward Carson on 5 December about the `insidious'

network of German propaganda in Italy and elsewhere (F/6/2/50 and /51). German

propaganda was later to be blamed for Caporetto by The Times History of the War:

vol. XXI (London, 1920) p. 327.

42. Henry Wickham

Steed, The Fifth Arm (London, 1940) p. 14; Sanders and Taylor,

British Propaganda, p. 90.

43. After speaking

to Orlando, Steed, on Orlando's advice, had written a long letter to

Sonnino on 29 January recommending Italian agreement with the Yugoslavs and

setting out all the military and political arguments (Steed, Through Thirty Years, II,

pp. 182±3; the full text given to Trumbic

is in AJA, JO 9/8). See also Steed's remarks

about il primato morale in TTA, Steed MSS, letters to McClure of 8 and 19 February

1918.

44. British policy

towards the Habsburg Empire has been fully examined in K.J. Calder,

Britain and the Origins of the New Europe 1914±1918 (Cambridge, 1976); and (a less

satisfactory work) Wilfried Fest, Peace or Partition: The Habsburg Monarchy and British

Policy 1914±1918 (London, 1978).

45. For this

and what follows, see Steed, Through Thirty Years, II, pp. 186±91; Seton-

Watsons, The Making of a New Europe, pp. 259±60; Stuart, Secrets of Crewe House,

pp. 28±36. Seton-Watson's undated memorandum, `Austria-Hungary', is in SWP;

see also his views on policy and propaganda expressed in July and December

1917: May, The Passing of the Hapsburg Monarchy, II, p. 605; Seton Correspondence,

I, pp. 308±9.

Italy's Campaign against Austria-Hungary 245

46. PRO, FO

371/3133, Balfour to Rumbold, t.300, 2 March 1918.

47. PRO, CAB

23/5, War Cabinet meeting 359, 5 March.

48. For Gallenga

's new organization, see Tosi, La Propaganda Italiana, pp. 155ff; for his

visit to London in August 1917, pp. 134±6. Sanders and Taylor suggest (British

Propaganda, p. 230) that Gallenga had already approached the French in July 1917

with a plan for propaganda cooperation.

49. See PRO,

FO 170/1145, Algar Thorold to Buchan, 26 February 1918.

50. Tosi, La

Propaganda Italiana, pp. 177±9 for the Paris conference; BL, Northcliffe MSS,

vol. X, Add.Mss 62162, lst meeting of the Committee for Propaganda in Enemy

Countries, 14 May 1918.

51. Steed, Through

Thirty Years, II, pp. 191±6; PRO, FO 371/3474, C.J. Phillips to FO, 19

March 1918. Tosi's dating of this conference (La Propaganda, p. 182) is incorrect.

52. In early

March, Steed was already planning a visit to France, Italy and Switzerland:

TTA, Steed MSS, Steed to Sir Ronald Graham, 11 March.

53. Seton-Watsons, The

Making of a New Europe, p. 261. For the Sonnino±Gallenga

rivalry, see Tosi, La Propaganda Italiana, pp. 191ff.

54. See [B.

Granville Baker], The German Army from Within by a British Officer who has

Served in it (London, 1914) pp. 25, 27, 46, 173, 187.

55. B. Granville

Baker, The Danube with Pen and Pencil (London, 1913) pp. 88, 90; Baker,

The Passing of the Turkish Empire in Europe (London, 1913) p. 12; Baker, Old Cavalry

Stations (London, 1934) p. 39.

56. Baker, The

German Army from Within, p. 186.

57. Much of

the following draws on Steed's lengthy `Report on the British Mission for

Propaganda in Austria-Hungary', 30 April 1918 [hereafter Steed Report] in BL, North-

cliffe MSS,

vol. XI, Add.Mss 62163, Steed to Northcliffe, 30 April 1918; and Steed,

Through Thirty Years, II, pp. 198ff.

58. Steed, Through

Thirty Years, II, p. 190: Northcliffe's letter to Balfour, 28 March.

59. IWM, Wilson

MSS, File 28A/1A, Cavan to Wilson, 24 March 1918.

60. Marchetti, Ventotto

Anni nel Servizio Informazioni Militari, pp. 344±8; Alessi,

Dall'Isonzo al Piave, pp. 209±10, 225±8.

61. IWM, Wilson

MSS, File 16/4, Diaz to Wilson, 17 March; CCC, Rawlinson MSS,

RWLN 1/9.

62. BL, Northcliff

e MSS, vol. X, Add.Mss 62162, Minutes of the 6th EPD Committee

meeting, 9 July 1918; Stuart, Secrets of Crewe House, p. 40; Steed, Through Thirty Years,

p. 206; Lasswell,

Propaganda Technique, pp. 29, 215. Cf. the Austrian view: Glaise-

Horstenau, The Collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, p. 121; Ronge, Kriegs- und

Industriespionage, p. 361.

63. IWM, DRP,

Radcliffe diary, entries for 26 and 27 March 1918. Since Northcliffe had

been told at the cabinet meeting on 5 March to see Radcliffe, if the meeting occurred

it must have been on 7 or 8 March when the latter made no entries in his diary (he

left for Italy on the 9th).

64. IWM, Wilson

MSS, 22/3, Delme

-Radcliffe to Wilson, 17 March 1918; DRP diary,

entries for 21±3 March.

65. Finzi, Il

Sogno di Carzano, p. 39; IWM, Wilson MSS, 28A/16, Cavan to Wilson, 24 May

1918.

66. IWM, L.A.E.

Price-Davies MSS, 77/78/3, letter to wife, 1 May 1918. In similar vein, Sir

Samuel Hoare (head of British Intelligence in Rome, 1917±19) wrote to Radcliffe on

leaving Italy: `Upon many occasions your advice has been of the greatest value to me

whilst your unrivalled knowledge of modern Italy has time after time been the

246 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

means of

assisting my work' (DRP, File `Personal Letters In', Hoare to Radcliffe,

1 January 191[9]).

67. AJA, JO

28/63, Bogoljub Kujundz

to Ante Trumbic

, 4 June 1918.

68. TTA, W.K.

McClure MSS, McClure to Bonar Law, 10 August 1917. This opinion and

other details about Radcliffe's character and career were confirmed by Radcliffe's

nephew, the late Peter Delme

-Radcliffe (interview at Aldbourne, Wiltshire, 12 July

1982) to whom I owe a special debt for his help and hospitality.

69. Albertini, Epistolario,

II, pp. 924±5; Tosi, La Propaganda Italiana, pp. 186 and 234

note 110.

70. For the

following, see Steed Report, and Steed, Through Thirty Years, II, pp. 204±8.

71. Finzi, `I.T.O.',

pp. 248±9.

72. Cf. Z.A.B.

Zeman's ideas: The Break-Up of the Habsburg Empire 1914±1918, pp. 190±1

(repeated by Fest, Peace or Partition, p. 219 note 36).

73. DRP, diary

entries for 30 March and 6 April (by which time his leaflet had been

printed and distributed; it has not proved possible to identify the leaflet).

74. See Finzi,

`I.T.O.', p. 249.

75. Pivko, Zeleni

Odred (Maribor, 1925) p. 121.

76. Finzi, `I.T.O.',

p. 246.

77. CCC, Cavan

MSS, 1/3, Part I: `The Guards' Division, Lord Kitchener's intentions

regarding it', p. 18; `Italy', p. 9.

78. Ibid., `Some

Notes on the Battle of Vittorio Veneto and after', p. 37.

79. The division

s identified for Steed seem to have been the 6ID (25 per cent Slovene in

fact, while Steed thought it to be 40 per cent), the 38HID (50 per cent Romanian, but

85 per cent on Steed's information) and the predominantly Croat 42HID.

80. Norman Gladden

recalls how British troops inadvertently received Slav leaflets

meant for the enemy: Across the Piave: A Personal Account of the British Forces in

Italy, 1917±1919 (London, 1971) p. 107.

81. PRO, FO

371/3134, Delme

-Radcliffe to DMI, t.10266, 2 April; Northcliffe to Steed,

tel, 4 April 1918. Steed's memoirs exaggerate greatly not only the speed with which

he acted and secured Allied approval, but also the significance of such approval for

the campaign at the front.

82. AHZ, Dobrovoljac

Arhiv II/2, Vidmar to Pivko, 4 April 1918. The texts in English of

many of these leaflets are in the Steed Report.

83. Leaflets [all

in German, Hungarian, Czech, Croat]: `O

sterreichisch-

ungarische Solda-

ten! In

eurem Lande und in Deutschland . . . ' (OHM sz.5661); `Oesterreichisch-

ungarische Soldaten!

Russland empo

sich gegen den ihm aufgedrungenden

Frieden . . . ' (KA, EvB 1918, 5744/4538); `O

sterreichisc

h-ungarische Soldaten! Die

deutsche Offensive . . . ' (ibid.; OHM sz.1467); `O

sterreichisc

h-ungarische Soldaten!

Ganze Truppen-Divisionen . . . ' (OHM sz.1474/1).

84. Leaflet [Slovene/Po

lish and Czech/Croat]: `Slovani! C

ehi

in Jugoslovani vstajajo...'

(KA, EvB 5754/21352: confiscated from a soldier in Bosnia; KA, 11AK, Fasz.449,

Pr.2195). The various themes of despair were also all combined in one leaflet [in

five languages]: `An alle Soldaten des oesterreichischen Heeres. Die grosse oesterrei-

chisch-deustche Offensive . . . ' (KA EvB 5752/17003; 5753/18306; OHM sz.1472).

85. For Tresic

-Pavic

see above Chapter 5 note 193 and the leaflet in Croat, `Okrutnost

Austrije-Ugarske protiv hrvata' which seems to have been printed in Milan through

Albertini's influence (KA, EvB 5758/26661); for Czernin, the leaflet in Croat/Polish/

Czech: `Slavenski vojnici! Koji vjerujete u autonomiju vas

ih naroda . . . '(OHM

sz.1330, 1416).

Italy's Campaign against Austria-Hungary 247

86. For example,

see leaflets: `Vs

em vojõ

esko-slova

cke

rodnosti!' [Czech/Croat/

Polish] (KA, EvB 5750/13431); `Vojnici Slaveni! Iza c

estitog sporazuma talijanskog

naroda . . . ' [Croat/Czech] (OHM sz.1632; KA EvB 5751/14886); `Soldati Roma

ni!

Voi sunteti totdeauna considerati ca fratinostri . . . ' (KA, HGK Conrad, Fasz.66 Na

Nr 400a/307; HIL, Fasz.4517); `Vs

em Slovanu

Arma

da c

eskoslova

cka

. . . ' [Czech,

Croat, Slovene, Polish: different print types] (KA, 11AK, Fasz.451, Files I & II; OHM

sz.1413/2, 1420/1, 82.13.2; VHA, Fond C

SNR-Par

z).

87. Leaflet: `Jugosloven

ski vojnici! Jugoslavenska drz

ava c

e biti!' [Croat, Czech,

Slovene: separate issues] (KA, EvB 5758/26661; 11AK 1918, Fasz.451, File I; OHM

sz.1245, 79.84.1).

88. The Austrian

records confirm this. Cf. Sanders and Taylor, British Propaganda,

p. 227; Zeman,

The Break-Up, pp. 191±2; and Melograni, Storia Politica, p. 524.

89. KA, 11AK

Gstbs Abt 1918, Fasz.448, Pr. 2043, translation of Hungarian leaflet found

by the 27ID (which was in line next to the 26SchD and contained two predomin-

antly Magyar

regiments).

90. Jankovic

and Krizman (eds), Gradja, I, no. 145, pp. 188±9: Hristic

to Serbian High

Command, 25 April 1918.

91. Concerning the

reasons for Hlava

ek's transfer to Paris, Benes

undoubtedly con-

sidered him

to have been effective but too independent in his behaviour in Italy. It

was also the case that his relations with S

tefa

nik

had been very tense since the

latter's arrival in Italy. But, perhaps crucially, Benes

soon discovered that Hlava

had accepted payment from the Italian military for his work for them in the

summer of 1917. This was felt to be inexcusable (see Hlava

ek's attempt to explain

his behaviour to Benes

and S

tefa

nik in Paris on 16 June 1918: ANM, Hlava

ek MSS,

Karton IV/c).

92. Borgese, Goliath:

The March of Fascism, p. 138.

93. See Seton-Wat

sons, The Making of a New Europe, pp. 265ff.

94. AJA, JO

19/19, `Discours de M.Trumbic

au Congre

s des Nationalite

s opprime

es tenu

Rome'; PRO, FO 371/3135, Rodd to Balfour, d.128, 10 April 1918.

95. The New

Europe, no. 81, 2 May 1918: `The Roman Congress of Oppressed National-

ities'; Steed

Report.

96. For the

following, the most detailed account is Benes

, Sve

tova

lka, II, pp. 107±10.

Paulova

, Jugoslavenski Odbor, pp. 440±1 is useful but slightly inaccurate. The resolu-

tions of

the three committees are preserved in AJA, JO 19/40.

97. AJA, JO

76/9, typed statement by Trumbic

in 1919.

98. SWP, Draft

`Report on the work of the Department of Propaganda in Enemy

Countries', compiled by C.S. Kent, Crewe House's financial officer [hereafter Draft

EPD Report], p. 34; Steed Report.

99. Tosi, La

Propaganda Italiana, pp. 234±5, notes 110 and 114; Ojetti, Lettere alla Moglie,

p. 506.

100.

Umberto Zanotti-Bianco, Carteggio 1906±1918, ed. V.Carinci (Rome and Bari, 1987)

pp. 614±17: Ojetti to Zanotti-Bianco, 16 April 1918.

101. PRO,

FO 170/1145, Steed to Gallenga Stuart, 15 April; AJA, JO 9/2(2), Steed to

Trumbic

15 April 1918. (Both sent by Delme

-Radcliffe via the British embassy in

Rome.)

102.

AJA, JO 9/1(2), Steed to Trumbic

, 17 April 1918.

103. IWM,

Price-Davies MSS, 77/78/3, letter to wife, 20 April. Major-General L.A.E.

Price-Davies had been appointed liaison officer between the War Office and British

forces in Italy.

248 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

104. Two

memoranda drawn up by Lt-Colonel Stanhope after meeting Steed and Benes

PRO, CAB 24/50, GT 4414, `The Czecho-Slovak movement'; PRO, AIR 1/2296/209/

77/20, SWC 184, `Notes on Propaganda in time of war', 28 April 1918 (copy also in

HLRO, Beaverbrook MSS, BBK E/3/33).

105. Sidney

Sonnino, Diario 1916±1922, 3 vols (Bari, 1972), III, pp. 265±6.

106. AJA,

JO 27/188, De Giulli to Trumbic

, 24 April 1918.

107. The

minutes of the 14 meetings are in BL, Northcliffe MSS, vol.X, Add.Mss 62162 ±

all except the seventh meeting on 23 July.

108. The

propaganda campaign on the Western Front remains to be fully researched and

analyzed; from August 1918 at least, the British manifestos were numbered in a

similar way to those of the Padua Commission. For the present, apart from the

older assessments by Thimme and Bruntz, see Sanders and Taylor, British Propa-

ganda,

pp. 208ff, 235ff, and Cockerill (What Fools We Were) who claims that the

success of propaganda against Germany was largely due to MI7(b). The Northcliffe

papers contain Fyfe's reports to the advisory committee and detailed memoranda

by Wells.

109. Docume

nts in PRO, FO 371/3474.

110. See

HLRO, Beaverbrook MSS, BBK E/3/11, E/3/34, E/3/44.

111. Stuart,

Secrets of Crewe House, pp. 48±9. It is an idea repeated since: for example,

Sanders and Taylor, British Propaganda, pp. 229, 245.

112. PRO,

FO 383/359 (69566/2162), Dorothy Cocking to Owen Monk, 19 April 1918.

After the war she translated Gheorghe Mironescu's Le Proble

me du Banat (Paris,

1919) from French into English.

113. Alessi,

Dall'Isonzo al Piave, p. 236.

114. PRO,

WO 106/852, Cavan to CIGS, 10 June 1918. On 10 May Cavan had written

(ibid.) that the CS expected `great results from the Czech propaganda'.

115. SWP,

Draft EPD Report, pp. 34±5.

116. Ojetti,

Lettere alla Moglie, pp. 505±6.

117. Leaflet

in Croat and Czech, `Vojnici Slaveni i Rumunji' which detailed the Congress

resolutions (KA, HGK Conrad, Fasz.66, Na Nr 400a/290).

118. There

is no record of what they did discuss on 18 April, but Austrian Intelligence

imagined quite plausibly that it concerned the use of Yugoslav volunteers in the

Italian lines: see KA, EvB 1918, Fasz.5754/19617.

119. Leaflet

in Croat only: `Jugosloveni: Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! Izaslanstvo ...' (KA, EvB

1918, Fasz.5754/20417, 5758/26661; OHM sz.1431). The draft of this and other

leaflets composed by Trumbic

are in AJA, JO 35/155±6.

120. KA,

11AK Op. Abt 1918, Fasz.445, Na Nr 725, Conrad to 11AK, Na Nr 1414/I, 5 May

1918 (enclosing translations of some of Italy's April leaflets).

121. See

Tosi, `Giuseppe Antonio Borgese', pp. 293±4; Tosi, `Romeo A. Gallenga Stuart',

p. 533. Arca

had been a member of the executive committee planning the Rome

Congress. Granello had helped to improve links to the Serb e

migre

community in

Switzerland in late 1917, from which had emerged an Italian `Committee for

Propaganda for Italo-Yugoslav Understanding', of which Salvemini was the most

prominent member (see Paulova

, Jugoslavenski Odbor, pp. 437±9).

122. SWP,

`Report on work in Switzerland', p. 7. For fuller details of the mission, see

Seton-Watsons, The Making of a New Europe, pp. 284±7.

123. KA,

EvB 1918, Fasz.5754, Nr 21247, Military attache

in Berne to EvB, V.Nr 3262/18,

11 July, Beilage 3 and 9; KA, Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle 1918, Fasz.5994,

Res.163, AOK Na Nr 13094, 11 June 1918: one source suggested that Borgese's

Italy's Campaign against Austria-Hungary 249

bureau would

be modelled on that of the French organized by Emil Haguenin in

Berne.

124. KA, EvB 1918, Fasz.5756, Nr 23481, Military attache

in Berne to EvB, V.Nr 3870,

2 August 1918.

125. KA, Zensurstelle Feldkirch, Fasz.5952, E-Stelle tschechische Gruppe (Res.Nr 5663N),

`Wahrnehmungen u

ber

tschechische Spionage- und Nachrichtenorganisation in

der Schweiz

bezw. im feindlichen Auslande', [late] July 1918.

126. Ojetti, Lettere alla Moglie, p. 507.

127. SWP, Draft EPD Report, p. 34.

128. Antoni Szuber, Walka o PrzewageÎ DuchowaÎ . Kampanja Propagandowa Koalicji 1914±

1918 (Warsaw,

1933), p. 155; Ojetti, Lettere, p. 512; AJA, JO 19/109.

129. KA,

Milita

rkanzlei Seiner Majesta

t 1918 [MKSM], 59±1/7, AOK to MKSM, EvB Nr

3881, 26 February 1918, enclosing captured report of Italian Intelligence about an

interrogation of Zamorski in November 1916. (Copies also in KA, EvB, Fasz.5743/

3881, and HHStA, PA I/1069, Nr 2571.) See also Zanotti-Bianco, Carteggio, p. 617

note 3.

130. Only

one letter by Rybka to the National Council has been discovered (on the

subject of Czech prisoners of war): VHA, Fond C

SNR-S

tefa

nik,

Karton 1, 34/2/14,

Rybka to S

tefa

nik, 12 July 1918. But see KA, 11AK 1918, Fasz.442/1674, for a scrap

of information discovered by Austrian Intelligence about him; Antonõ

n Papõ

rnõ

ady

v RUNa

rodnõ

ime

,in Nas

e Revoluce XII (Prague, 1936) p. 396; and Josef Logaj,

eskosloven

ske

Legie v Italii (Prague, 1922) p. 32.

131. Ante Mandic

, Fragmenti za Historiju Ujedinjenja (Zagreb, 1956) p. 48.

132. AJA, JO 35/250, Jambris

ak to Trumbic

, 18 March 1918.

133. AJA, JO 19/121, Trumbic

to Siciliani, 26 April [draft]; JO 19/119, Kujundz

Trumbic

7 June 1918.

134. AJA,

JO 19/117, De Giulli to Trumbic

, 6 June; JO 19/117, Trumbic

to Jambris

ak,

21 June 1918. Trumbic

's almost indecipherable notes in JO 46/14 mention that

Lasic

had a brother in Cleveland, Ohio.

135. Finzi,

`I.T.O.', p. 260.

136. AJA, JO 19/109, Jambris

ak to Trumbic

, 22 May 1918.

137. Zanotti-Bianco, Carteggio, pp. 617±18; Ojetti, Lettere, pp. 510, 515, 537.

138. Ibid., pp. 513, 519±21, 524, 536; Zanotti-Bianco, Carteggio, p. 620.

139. AJA, JO 28/48(1), `Pregled rada, manifesti sul nemico'; JO 28/48(2), `Giornali sul

nemico'. Szuber

gives 73 million as the final total produced: Walka o PrzewageÎ

DuchowaÎ , p. 156. Ojetti's own figures do not seem to be accurate; particularly his

claim that 112 newspapers were produced does not correspond to the number

found in the archives in Vienna and elsewhere: see Ojetti, La Propaganda sul

Nemico, in G. Amendola et al., Il Patto di Roma (Rome, 1919) p. 134.

140. Stuart,

Secrets of Crewe House, p. 93. It might also be estimated to be twice the

amount which the French were distributing in the West: from December 1917 to

August 1918, the French had distributed 25 million leaflets (see PRO, CAB 24/61,

G.T.5492, p. 10).

141. Manifest

o 492: `Das Ende!' (in VHA, Fond C

SNR-Pa

ÏÂ

õz

). Ojetti's total of 723 leaflets

must either result from counting separately those leaflets which bore the same text

and number but in different languages, or must include those leaflets without

number which continued to be issued at times by the Intelligence offices.

142. AJA,

JO 28/48(3), (4) and (5). This was almost exactly the same as the amount

directed at Poles: Szuber, Walka o PrzewageÎ DuchowaÎ , p. 147.

250 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

143. AJA,

JO 19/123, Kujundz

to Trumbic

, 1 May 1918.

144. Ibid.;

Ojetti, Lettere, pp. 509, 521; Zanotti-Bianco, Carteggio, pp. 618, 624. Ojetti's

idea of symbols to head each leaflet did not materialize, but for his use of Hussite

imagery see manifesto 131: `Necht' Va

s posõ

lõ

pohled na velke

ho muc

ednika ±

M.JANA HUSA!' (KA, Flugzettel Sammlung). See below, pp. 355±6.

145. Manifest

o 33, Jugoslavia no. 2, 6 June 1918 (copies in AJA, JO 19/66; KA, EvB,

Fasz.5758/26661). This item was also discussed in Padua's Czech, Polish

and Romanian newssheets. For an example of the Germans' weakness, including

their abandonment of submarine warfare, versus American strength, see manifesto

18, `Bitka na zapadnom frontu!' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5752/16897; AJA, JO 19/110b).

146. First

in manifesto 135 ( Jugoslavija no. 6) although Cyrillic types were available

earlier since they were used in Ukrainian leaflets.

147. AJA,

JO 19/109, Jambris

ak to Trumbic

, 22 May 1918.

148. AJA,

JO 19/123, Kujundz

to Trumbic

, 1 May 1918. It was significant that when

Pivko recruited `Yugoslavs' for his units, there were only five Moslems among the

943 volunteers (Pivko, Nas

i Dobrovoljci u Italiji, p. 41).

149. Manifest

o [unnumbered but probably no. 1]: `Hrvati, Srbi i Slovenci!' (KA, FAst,

Fasz.5996, Res.486/28). It was the first leaflet composed by the Yugoslav delegates

(see AJA, JO 19/123).

150. Glas

Slovenaca Hrvata i Srba, broj 90, 11 May 1918. For the events in Zagreb, see the

military commander's report in KA, EvB, Fasz.5750/13281, Beilage 4.

151. Manifest

o 16, `Hrvati, Srbi i Slovenci!' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5754/21105) which publicized

the names of Trinajstic

, Gazzari, Jambris

ak and Kujundz

. See below, p. 266.

152. Manifest

o 33, Jugoslavia no. 2. Trumbic

's words were paraphrased from an inter-

view to

The Times (24 May, p. 5).

153. For

a recent detailed study of this movement, see Mark Cornwall, `The Experience

of Yugoslav Agitation in Austria-Hungary 1917±1918', in Hugh Cecil and Peter

Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon: The First World War Experienced (London, 1996)

pp. 656±76.

154. Manifest

o 4, `Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci' (AJA, JO 19/110a). Emperor Karl's speech was

mentioned in manifesto 74, Jugoslavija no. 4 (AJA, JO 19/66; KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/

26661). For the context of the speeches, see Lojze Ude, `Deklaracijsko gibanje na

Slovenskem', in Nauc

ni Skup u Povodu 50-Godis

njice Raspada Austro-Ugarske Monar-

hije i

Stvaranja Jugoslavenske Drz

ave (Zagreb, 1969) p. 155.

155. Manifest

o 50, `Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!' (OHM sz.1333). The economic benefits of

Yugoslav unity were also the subject of manifesto 38 [Slovene], `Gospodarska

vaz

nost jugoslovanske deklaracije', with manifesto 39 being a summary in Serbo-

Croat on the reverse (AJA, JO 19/100; IWM, leaflet collection, 3(45)/39; KA, 11AK

Gstbs Abt 1918, Fasz.448, Pr.2000).

156. Manifest

o 57, `Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci' (OHM sz.1448) about a rally at Sveti Vid on

31 May; manifesto 19, Jugoslavia no. 1 (KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661; AJA, JO 35/160);

manifesto 33; and especially, manifesto 85, `Jugoslovenski pokret' (VHA), which

detailed a number of plebiscites in Carinthia.

157. Manifest

o 29, `Hrvati, Srbi i Slovenci!' (AJA, JO 111/4, 19/78, 19/79: coupled with

manifestos 32, 30 and 31 respectively on the reverse; no. 29 is also in OHM sz.1243,

1259; IWM, 3(45)/39).

158. Manifest

o 21, C

eskoslovenska

Samostatnost no. 1 (KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661; AJA,

JO 35/160; IWM, 3(45)/39).

C159. Manifest

o 11, `Krajane

echoslova

ci!' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5744/4538), dated 12 May 1918.

Italy's Campaign against Austria-Hungary 251

160. See

manifesto 33, Jugoslavia no. 2.

161. For example, manifesto 9, `Drazi bratr

echoslova

ci!'

(KA, EvB, Fasz.5744/4538;

IWM, 3(45)/39); manifesto 30, `C

echove

a Slova

ci!' (OHM sz.1243, 1244; AJA, JO

19/76); manifesto 48, `Bratr

i! C

Slova

ci!' (AJA, JO 19/84).

162. Manifesto 67, `Z 13. c

ÏÂ

õsla C

eskoslo

venske

Samostatnosti' (OHM sz.1460). Hlava

ek's article was reproduced from the Paris edition of C

eskoslo

venska

Samostatnost.

163. Manifesto 34, C

eskosloven

ska

Samostatnost no. 2 (KA, EvB, 5758/26661; AJA, JO

19/66). See also the pictorial leaflet showing the presentation of the flag to

Graziani: `C

echoslova

ci'

(KA, FAst, Fasz.5995/432).

164. Manifest

o 61, `Polacy!' (KA, 11AK, Fasz.451, File `Flugzettel I'; AJA, JO 111/4; IWM,

3(45)/39). The declaration was also discussed by Zamorski in manifesto 76, Polak

no. 4, issued from late June (KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661; OHM sz.3507; AJA,

JO 19/66).

165. Manifest

o 62, `Bracia z

oønierze!' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5744/4538).

166. Manifest

o 43, `Zoønierze-Polacy, Legionis

ci!' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5744/4538; AJA,

JO 111/4); manifesto 51, `Polacy!' (KA, Flugzettel Sammlung).

167. Manifesto 65, `Polacy!' (OHM, sz.1449: copies on blue and bright pink paper).

See Ojetti,

Lettere alla Moglie, p. 535.

168. Benes

, Sve

tova

lka, II, p. 109.

169. Manifesto 2, `Polacy!' (KA, Flugzettel Sammlung).

170. See manifestos 43 and 51; manifesto 44, Polak no. 3 (KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661)

which comment

ed on events in Palestine; manifesto 10, `Polacy!' (KA, EvB,

Fasz.5744/4538) which told of Polish socialists complaining to Seidler about fam-

ine in

Galicia.

171. Manifest

o 12, `Legionis

ci polscy!' (AJA, JO 111/4); manifesto 42, `Legionis

ci polscy!'

(IWM, 3(45)/39; KA, EvB, Fasz.5744/4538).

172. Manifest

o 23, Polak no. 1 (KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661; AJA, JO 35/160); manifesto

82, `Polacy z pod zaboru austryackiego w opozycyi . . . ' (KA, 11AK, Fasz.451, File

`Flugzettel I').

173. Manifest

o 58, `Polacy!' (KA, EvB, 5761/31651).

174. Manifesto 22, Neamul Roma

nesc

no. 1 (KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661; AJA, JO 35/160;

IWM 3(45)/39). For the work of Romanian e

migre

s in 1918, see I. Gheorghiu and

C. Nutu,

`The Activity for the Union carried out abroad', in Miron Constantinescu

and

stefan Pascu (eds), Unification of the Romanian National State: The Union of

Transylvania with Old Romania (Bucharest, 1971) chapter 5.

175. Manifest

o 6, `Ma

ne!' (AJA, JO 19/70).

ndre

catane Roma

176. Manifesto 54, `Ma

ne!' (OHM sz.7926, 1265; KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/

ndre

catane roma

16661, 5744/4538).

177. Manifest

o 17, `Jugosloveni! Draga brac

o Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!' (KA, EvB,

Fasz.5756/22782 and 5752/16897/6). The Waffenbund also featured in manifesto

45, Jugoslavia no. 3 (AJA, JO 19/66; KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661); manifesto 49,

eskoslovenska

Samostatnost no. 3 (ibid.); manifesto 46, Neamul RomaC

nesc

no. 3

(ibid.); manifesto 35, Polak no. 2 (ibid.); manifesto 51, `Polacy!'. The Polish leaflets

dated the Spa agreement incorrectly as 10 May.

178. Manifest

o 55, `Oesterrichische Soldaten!' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661; IWM File

3(45)/39). The imminent arrival of Hoffmann was also a subject in manifesto 56,

`Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!' (AJA, JO 19/99); manifesto 52, `Bratr

a Slova

ci!' (AJA,

JO 19/87); manifesto 54 in Romanian; and manifesto 53, `Polacy!' (OHM, sz.7926,

AJA 19/87).

252 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

179. Manifest

o 41, `Magyar Katona

k!' (OHM sz.802491, 3389; HIL, Fasz.4517 `Propa-

ganda Anyag';

also partly reproduced in Stuart, Secrets of Crewe House, between

pp. 176±7). The intrigues of German Intelligence are discussed at length in Ka

olyi's Gegen eine ganze Welt. Mein Kampf um den Frieden (Munich, 1924). For Ojetti's

problems: Lettere alla Moglie, p. 522.

180. `Me

gis

hunczut a ne

met, hogy a fene enne

meg!'. See manifesto 89, `Mie

rt harcol-

tok ti?'

(OHM sz.5663) for the historical references.

181. S

epic

Italija, Saveznici i Jugoslavensko Pitanje, pp. 313ff. As in Rome, Ruthene

delegates were not present because of Polish opposition. And it is worth noting,

as another similarity, that the Prague meeting also had some specific practical and

military repercussions in that it was agreed in Prague to set up a revolutionary

committee whose first task would be to organize a revolt among the naval forces in

ibenik.

182. Manifesto 26, `Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!' (OHM sz.1447; AJA, JO 19/80).

183. Manifesto 68, `O

sterreichische

r Begriff von Hochverrat' (quoting a lengthy article

from Die Freie Zeitung of 29 May: KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661; IWM 3(45/39)). For

various interpretations of the events, see, for example, manifesto 35, Polak no. 2;

manifesto 57, `Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!' (OHM sz.1448); and manifesto 36, Neamul

Roma

nesc

no. 2 (AJA, JO 19/66) which was significantly unable to quote any speech

by the Romanian delegate, Professor Juraj Stacu of Charles University.

184. Marchetti, Ventotto Anni, p. 337. Manifesto 66, `Na

rodnõ

Listy rakouskou vla

dou

zastaveny' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661).

185. See manifestos 26 and 28 (Croat and Polish respectively); and the blunt tone of

manifesto 27, `Bratr

echoslova

ci!'

(KA, EvB 5758/26661; AJA, JO 111/4): `our

people are beginning to revolt in their own motherland too . . . they know that

they have to pay for freedom with blood'.

186. See

De Giulli's impatient letters to Trumbic

in AJA, JO 27/188 (24 April), 27/77

(4 May), 27/71 (29 May).

187. PRO,

FO 371/3135, Radcliffe to CIGS, t.10318, 24 April; Baker to Northcliffe,

no. 452/8, 30 April 1918, p. 2. Radcliffe was already fully aware of S

tefa

nik's

views after meeting him twice in Rome on 19 April: DRP, Radcliffe diary.

188. Papers

relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States 1918. [FRUS] Supplement 1.

The World War, I (Washington, 1933) pp. 799±802.

189. Padua did not, as Dragan Z

ivojinovic

suggests, `play the declaration for all it was

worth' (America, Italy and the Birth of Yugoslavia 1917±1919 (New York, 1972)

p. 147). The

speech was only mentioned in manifestos 45 and 74 ( Jugoslavia,

nos. 3 and 4), and in July for the Czechs in manifesto 113, C

eskoslovenska

Samostatnost

no. 5

(KA, 11AK, Fasz.451, File `Flugzettel I').

190. Benes

, Sve

tova

lka, II, pp. 111±12.

191. PRO, FO 371/3135, Benes

to Balfour, 10 and 11 May 1918; Benes

discusses the talks

in Sve

tova

lka, II, pp. 205±11.

192. Manifesto 80, `C

eskoslo

venske

vojsko uzna

no anglickou vla

dou' (KA, 11AK,

Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I'), issued after the June offensive, and manifesto 113.

193. PRO,

FO 371/3135, Delme

-Radcliffe to Cecil, 19 May 1918, enclosing `Notes on the

possible effects of the Czecho-Slovak and Yugo-Slav movement on the military

situation ...'

194. IWM,

Wilson MSS, 32A/8, Price-Davies to Wilson, 30 April 1918. On 10 May at

Versailles, Radcliffe had given British military representatives `a surprising impres-

sion of

the rocky state of the Austrian army' (PRO, WO 106/593).

Italy's Campaign against Austria-Hungary 253

195. PRO,

FO 371/3135, Cecil to Derby, t.1012, 21 May 1918. Seton-Watsons,

The Making of a New Europe, p. 278.

196. `Lord

Robert Cecil and the Rome Congress', The New Europe, 30 May 1918.

197. BL,

Northcliffe MSS, vol. X, Add.Mss 62162, minutes of the 2nd EPD Committee

meeting, 27 May; The Times, 23 May 1918, p. 7.

198. IWM,

Wilson MSS, Delme

-Radcliffe to Wilson, 26 May 1918.

199. AJA,

JO 19/119, Kujundz

to Trumbic

, 7 June 1918 (discussing a talk on 28 May

with Radcliffe, who was at this time continuing to sound out all parties about the

chances of a joint Allied statement).

200. AJA,

JO 27/71, De Giulli to Trumbic

, 29 May 1918.

201. Quoted

in S

epic

, Italija, Saveznici i Jugoslavensko Pitanje, p. 318.

202. Manifest

o 45, Jugoslavia no. 3. Significantly, the Italian press left out the mention

of Zagreb, an omission pounced on by Kujundz

(AJA, JO 28/63, JO 19/119), but

manifesto 45 included it. Orlando's speech was also used in the equivalent Czech,

Polish and Romanian newssheets.

203. The

Times, 29 May 1918, p. 5. The full speech is printed in Bissolati, Diario di Guerra

(Turin, 1935) pp. 114±20.

204. AJA,

JO 19/118, Kujundz

to Trumbic

, 9 June 1918. See also the report of the

Questore Padova in: Archivio Stato di Padova, Gabinetto Prefettura, 242, Cat

XVI/1, Questore to Prefetto Padova, N.1154, 3 June 1918.

205. FRUS

1918, Supplement 1, I, p. 802.

206. Ibid.,

pp. 805±6; Sonnino, Diario 1916±1922, III, pp. 265±6. See also Paulova

Jugoslavenski Odbor, pp. 458±9; and BL, Northcliffe MSS, vol. X, Add.Mss 62162,

Minutes of the 4th EPD Committee meeting, 11 June 1918.

207. PRO,

FO 800/212, Northcliffe to Balfour, 6 June (drafted by Steed); FO 800/329,

Balfour to Northcliffe, 8 June 1918.

208. PRO,

FO 371/3474, DMI to Radcliffe, t.59793, 8 June (from Northcliffe); Radcliffe

to DMI (for Northcliffe), t.10443, 10 June. The Czechs were to be compensated

by additional statements, including the publication of Balfour's letter to Benes

(of

3 June); the Romanians gained nothing.

209. See,

for example, manifesto 81, `Unutras

nje prilike u Austriji' (KA, 11AK, Fasz.451,

File `Flugzettel I').

210. AJA,

JO 28/42, Kujundz

to Trumbic

, 20 May 1918.

211. PRO,

WO 106/817, Delme

-Radcliffe to DMO, no. SBM 249, `Very Confidential',

2 August 1918.

212. Ojetti,

La Propaganda sul Nemico, p. 125.

213. AJA,

JO 19/109, Jambris

ak to Trumbic

, 22 May 1918.

214. S

epic

Italija, Saveznici, pp. 304±6. Salvemini's record of these talks is in Seton

Correspondence, I, pp. 321±7.

215. AJA,

JO 19/109, Jambris

ak to Trumbic

, 22 May; JO 28/42, Kujundz

to Trumbic

20 May 1918. Ojetti's views were very much those expressed by Salvemini and De

Viti de Marco.

216. AJA,

JO 28/42, Kujundz

to Trumbic

, 20 May 1918.

217. PRO,

FO 371/3474, Rumbold to FO, t.860, 30 May 1918. Note Seton-Watson's

attack on the Caburi article in The New Europe, no. 88, 20 June 1918.

218. On

Siciliani, see Ojetti, Lettere alla Moglie, pp. 523ff; on Badoglio, see Albertini,

Epistolario, II, p. 936.

219. AJA,

JO 19/116, Jambris

ak to Trumbic

, 18 June 1918.