DiMarco J. Digital Design for Print and Web: An Introduction to Theory, Principles, and Techniques

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ChaPter 5 Raster Graphics 143

technique Lesson 5.6: Layer opacity

The LAYERS palette gives you control over each layer’s opacity, which is the

capacity to see through an image (100 percent opacity is solid). You can manip-

ulate the opacity of each layer separately to lower percentages, which allow any

images below to show through to some degree.

QuiCk StepS (pS & FW):

Manipulating Opacity Lower Than 100 Percent

1. Open the LAYERS palette (WINDOW > LAYERS or hit F7).

2. Choose a layer in the LAYERS palette, then click on the OPACITY slider at

the top. Type in a percentage or drag the slider to reveal the lowered opacity.

technique Lesson 5.7: Scale, rotate, and Free transform

After importing an external image, dragging in an image selection, creat-

ing a shape, or painting a stroke in a digital imaging program, these elements

can then be transformed (manipulated) in a variety of ways, the most com-

mon being to scale or rotate them. While SCALE and ROTATE are two sepa-

rate commands, the FREE TRANSFORM command allows you to do both

simultaneously.

QuiCk StepS (pS & FW):

Transforming Using Menu Items

1. Choose the layer with the element you want to scale or rotate. If you have

each item placed on its own transparent layer, you will be able to manipulate

each layer without affecting the other layers.

2. Go to EDIT > TRANSFORM and choose what you would like to do (scale,

rotate, warp, etc.). Handles will appear around the object on the layer. To

scale height and width together, grab a corner and drag. Holding down the

SHIFT key while you do so will keep the image in proper proportion. (You’ll

want to use the SHIFT key in most cases; otherwise, your images will not

appear true to life.)

3. Press ENTER when the manipulation is complete.

5.6

Tip

Create softness as

well as tonal and

image effects with

overlaid images,

which yield beau-

tifully layered

compositions.

5.7

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PART TWO Techniques144

Free Transform

1. Choose the layer with the element you

want to scale or rotate.

2. PRESS CTRL + T (Windows) or CMD

+ T (Macintosh); manipulation handles

will appear. Grab a corner handle and

drag (remember to hold the SHIFT

key) to scale the object on the layer.

To rotate the object, place the cursor

directly outside of the handles, and

a curved rotation arrow will appear.

Rotate the element right or left.

3. Press ENTER to complete the

transformation.

Selections

Selections allow you to isolate parts of an image for deletion, masking, shape

creation, or for the creation of a transparent alpha channel. (Alpha channels add

transparency to a raster image so that backgrounds are eliminated for compos-

iting.) When you use selection tools, you place “marching ants,” called mar-

quees, around a section of pixels, or grab pixels by color. Once you have made

a selection, you can move it, manipulate it, or drag it into another document to

create a composite image.

technique Lesson 5.8: Cropping an Image

Cropping allows you to select the portion of an image that you want to keep and

discard the rest. Cropping affects the entire image. You can crop an image to

eliminate unwanted framing, giving the image a different look. Crop photos in

their original or copied image les and not in the nal composite document.

QuiCk StepS (pS & FW):

Cropping

1. Cropping can be performed most easily using the CROP tool in the TOOL

palette. Drag the CROP tool over the area you want to keep; the area to be

cropped is outside that area. You can also rotate the crop box, and it will

Figure5-6 Image with FREE TRANS-

FORM handles.

Tip

Scaling and rotat-

ing are common

techniques found

in all programs. Be

mindful when scal-

ing up an image;

doing so can dam-

age its quality.

For Web projects,

view images at 100

percent to see if

any aws appear.

Output a high-res-

olution or contact-

quality proof for

print jobs to ensure

image delity.

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ChaPter 5 Raster Graphics 145

rotate back the opposite way in the nal image. Meaning that if your image

is not straight, you can match the negative angle and the program will x the

image to the same positive value and straighten the image.

2a. Press ENTER to complete the crop.

or:

2b. Make a selection and go to IMAGE > CROP.

Figure5-7 Cropping an image allows you to change the image and

eliminate unwanted visual space.

technique Lesson 5.9: Manual Selection and Inverse

Image areas (pixels) can be manually selected using the marquee selection

tools. The most useful marquee tools are the ELLIPTICAL, RECTANGULAR, and

LASSO tools. These tools give you precise control while making selections.

QuiCk StepS (pS & FW):

Manual Selection Using the Primitive Marquee Tools

1. Choose the ELLIPTICAL MARQUEE tool and drag it over any part of an

image (make sure you are on the proper layer). Hold the SHIFT key while

dragging if you want to constrain the selection to a circle.

Tip

Cropping elimi-

nates unwanted

framing in an

image and cre-

ates a new image.

It can create a

stronger visual

by focusing more

closely on a single

subject. Keep your

uncropped photos

backed up with the

project in case you

need to reference

the original materi-

als in the future.

5.9

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PART TWO Techniques146

Manual Selection Using the Freeform Marquee Tools

1. Choose the LASSO MARQUEE tool and hold down the ALT key: doing so

allows you to click to make straight lines and drag to make curved lines.

Choose a part of an image or an image outline to cut out (a person or object

will work well). Using straight lines and curves, move the cursor around the

contour (outline) of the object until the marquee encompasses the entire

area you want to select. Clicking also binds the marquee in place.

2. Release the ALT key and the mouse button when you come to where you

started. There will be a marquee around the selected area.

Figure5-8 Image area with a marquee around it.

Deleting a Selection

Press DELETE. Whatever is inside the marquee will be deleted, and there will be

a hole in the image. The hole will show either a background color, the image on

the layer below, or the transparent checkerboard, depending on the contents

of the document. Drag the selection within the document to move the selected

pixels; this, too, will leave a hole in the image, through which either a back-

ground color or the transparent checkerboard will show.

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ChaPter 5 Raster Graphics 147

Inversing a Selection

You can also inverse the selection. This selects the masked area—the area of

the image you have not selected. This command is useful for eliminating back-

grounds around people and objects. Select what you want to keep, then go to

SELECT > INVERSE. Hit DELETE, and the pixels will be removed and the back-

ground color or transparent checkerboard will be visible.

or:

Select what you don’t want to keep (for example, the solid color background

behind an object or person), then use INVERSE to select what you want.

Moving a Selection

Select the MARQUEE tool and place the cursor inside the selected area. You will

now be able to move the marquee without moving the pixels inside it.

Scaling a Selection

Select the MARQUEE tool and place the

cursor inside the selected area, then go to

SELECT > TRANSFORM SELECTION. This

will allow you to scale the “marching ants”

and not the pixels inside them.

Adding to and Subtracting from a Selection

Holding the SHIFT key while using a selec-

tion tool allows you to add to a selection.

Holding the ALT key allows you to subtract

from a selection.

Once you make a selection, you can:

Inverse the selection to select the pixels •

in the masked area (described above).

Retouch the isolated image area. •

Drag and drop the selection into another •

document.

Copy and paste the selection. •

Tighten up the selection in • QUICK

MASK mode.

Figure5-9 Scale and reposition the

selection area without affecting the

pixels inside by using the TRANS-

FORM SELECTION command.

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PART TWO Techniques148

Feather the selection to soften its edges. •

Save the selection as an alpha channel and load the marquee into a saved •

Photoshop document.

technique Lesson 5.10: Magic wand Selections

The MAGIC WAND creates selections based on pixel color—the yellow in a

banana, for example—without requiring you to trace an outline, as you would

with a manual selection. You specify the color range, or tolerance, for the

MAGIC WAND tool’s selection, and all the pixels within that tolerance are

selected. You cannot use the MAGIC WAND tool on an image in bitmap (one

color) mode, or on 32-bits-per-channel images.

QuiCk StepS (pS & FW):

Magic Wand Selection

1. With the MAGIC WAND selected from the TOOL palette, choose NEW

(the solid square in OPTIONS menu at the top of the document).

In the options bar, specify any of the following:

2a. The TOLERANCE will set the similarity or difference of the pixels selected.

You can enter a value in pixels, ranging from 0 to 255. A low value selects

the few colors very similar to the pixel you have selected with the MAGIC

WAND. A higher value selects a broader range of colors. Be sure to select

the ANTI-ALIAS check box to generate a smooth edge for the selections

you create. Anti-alising blends pixels on screen to eliminate jagged lines in

connected colors.

2b. Check CONTIGUOUS to select only those areas of the specied color adja-

cent to the pixel you selected originally; otherwise, all pixels in the entire

image within the specied range will be selected.

2c. SAMPLE ALL LAYERS will select colors using data from all the visible layers;

otherwise, the MAGIC WAND selects colors only from the active layer.

3. In the image, click the color you want to select. The marquee will appear

around one or more areas of similar color.

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ChaPter 5 Raster Graphics 149

Figure5-10 Areas of solid color can be selected most easily using the MAGIC WAND. Hold-

ing the SHIFT key while using selection tools allows you to add range to the selected pixels.

When you do this to add to a selection, you will see a small plus sign (+) next to the marquee.

Holding the ALT key allows you to subtract range from the selected pixels. When you do this to

subtract from a selection, you will see a small minus sign (–) next to the marquee.

technique Lesson 5.11: Quick Mask Mode

QUICK MASK MODE allows you to precisely select pixels (or even a single

pixel), using the PENCIL or PAINTBRUSH to “paint in” or “paint out” areas you

want to select or deselect.

QuiCk StepS (pS & FW):

Cleaning a Selection Using Quick Mask Mode

1. Make a manual selection around the outline (contour) of an object using a

marquee tool.

2. Go to the bottom of the TOOL palette and double-click on the QUICK

MASK MODE icon directly under the COLOR PICKER. The icon next to the

QUICK MASK MODE icon is the SELECTION MODE icon; clicking it will

display the selection.

Once you open the QUICK MASK MODE dialog box, you can set the color

to represent the selected area or the masked area. The masked area is the

Tip

Use the MAGIC

WAND for select-

ing large areas of

color quickly or

small areas of color

precisely.

5.11

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PART TWO Techniques150

area outside of the selected area (also known as the inverse). Keep the set-

ting COLOR INDICATES > SELECTED AREA.

3. Upon clicking the QUICK MASK MODE icon, you will see a color overlay

(red by default) covering the area that you selected with the MARQUEE

tool. This does not add color to the image; it simply acts as a guide to show

you the precise selected area. Notice that there are areas of the image that

have been underselected and areas that have been overselected. Underse-

lected means that you didn’t select enough of the pixels you need; overse-

lected means that you selected more pixels that you need. You will use the

pencil tool to “paint in” or “paint out” the offending areas.

Figure5-11 QUICK MASK MODE is used for cleaning up selections pixel by pixel. You can

“paint in” or erase selected areas. Click back to SELECTION MODE to see the marquee. Color

represents the selected or masked (unselected) areas.

4. Click on the PENCIL tool and set the BRUSH SIZE to 5 pixels in the options at

the top of the application window.

5. Notice that the COLOR PICKER has turned to black and white. In quick

mask mode, when the black square is the foreground (top) color you can

use the paint and pencil tools to add to the selection area. When white is

Tip

The best way to

use QUICK MASK

MODE is to create

a manual selection

rst using a MAR-

QUEE tool or the

MAGIC WAND.

Then use QUICK

MASK MODE

to ne-tune the

selection to t the

desired selection

area exactly.

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ChaPter 5 Raster Graphics 151

the foreground color, you can use the paint and pencil tools to taking away

selection area. This is known as painting in or painting out pixels.

6. Paint in areas that were missed in the manual selection and paint out areas

that were added erroneously. Toggle back to SELECTION MODE to see the

selection marquee on the image.

technique Lesson 5.12: Drag-and-Drop Selections

You can make selections and then use the MOVE tool to drag and drop them

into another open document.

QuiCk StepS (pS & FW):

Dragging and Dropping a Selection Area with the Move Tool

1. Use a marquee tool around the contour of an object to create a selection.

Open a receptacle document to drag the selection into.

2. Go to the top of the TOOL palette and choose the MOVE tool.

3. Click on the selected area (make sure you are on the correct layer) and drag

the selection into your nal design document (receptacle).

5.12

Figure5-12a

Drag and

drop selected areas and

layers from one docu-

ment to another. In this

sequence, a selected

image was dragged into

another document (Fig-

ure 512B, next page),

then scaled using FREE

TRANSFORM. Finally,

the opacity of its layer

was lowered.

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PART TWO Techniques152

Figure5-12b

technique Lesson 5.13: Deleting Selections and Deselecting

QuiCk StepS

Deleting Image Areas

You can delete areas of an image by making a selection and hitting the DELETE

key. (This deletes pixels from the active layer, not the entire image.) You can also

delete pixels by using the ERASER tool on a selected layer.

Tip

Drag-and-drop

selections are

used quite often

when creating a

composite image

in a digital imaging

program such as

Adobe Photoshop

or Fireworks. You

can select an area

from one image

window and drag-

and-drop it into

another image

window. The

dragged selection

is added to a new

layer in the recep-

tacle document.

5.13

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