Duiker W.J., Spielvogel J.J. The Essential World History. Volume 2: Since 1500
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x DETAILED CONTENTS
“Serve the People”: Chinese Society Under
Communism 686
Economics in Command 686
Social Problems 689
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Family and Society in an Era of Change 691
China’s Changing Culture 691
Suggested Reading 694
Discovery 696
28
EUROPE AND THE WESTERN
HEMISPHERE SINCE
1945 697
Recovery and Renewal in Europe 698
Western Europe: e Triumph of Democracy 698
Eastern Europe A er Communism 700
e New Russia: From Empire to Nation 702
e Uni cation of Europe 702
Emergence of the Superpower: e United States 703
American Politics and Society rough
the Vietnam Era 703
e Shi Rightward A er 1973 705
e Development of Canada 706
Latin America Since 1945 706
e reat of Marxist Revolutions: e Example
of Cuba 707
Nationalism and the Military: e Example of
Argentina 708
e Mexican Way 709
Society and Culture in the Western World 709
e Emergence of a New Society 710
e Permissive Society 710
Women in the Postwar World 711
e Growth of Terrorism 713
e Environment and the Green Movements 714
Western Culture Since 1945 715
Trends in Art 715
e World of Science and Technology 716
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
From the Industrial Age to the
Technological Age 717
e Explosion of Popular Culture 718
Suggested Reading 720
Discovery 721
29
CHALLENGES OF NATION
BUILDING IN AFRICA AND
THE MIDDLE EAST 722
Uhuru: e Struggle for Independence in Africa 723
e Colonial Legacy 723
e Rise of Nationalism 723
e Era of Independence 725
Pan-Africanism and Nationalism: e Destiny of Africa 725
Dream and Reality: Political and Economic Conditions in
Independent Africa 725
e Search for Solutions 727
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Religion and Society 730
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy 730
Continuity and Change in Modern African
Societies 731
Education 731
Rural Life 732
African Women 732
African Culture 733
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
An African Lament 735
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Africa: Dark Continent or Radiant
Land? 736
e Destiny of Africa 736
Crescent of Con ict 737
e Question of Palestine 737
Nasser and Pan-Arabism 738
e Arab-Israeli Dispute 738
Revolution in Iran 740
Crisis in the Gulf 741
FILM & HISTORY
Persepolis (2007) 742
Con icts in Afghanistan and Iraq 743
Society and Culture in the Contemporary
Middle East 744
Varieties of Government 744
e Economics of the Middle East: Oil and Other
Factors 745
e Islamic Revival 746
Women and Islam 747
Literature and Art 748
Suggested Reading 750
Discovery 751
30
TOWARD THE PACIFIC
CENTURY? 752
South Asia 753
e End of the British Raj 753
Independent India 753
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Two Visions for India 754
e Land of the Pure: Pakistan Since Independence 756
Poverty and Pluralism in South Asia 757
Detailed Contents xi
South Asian Art and Literature Since
Independence 759
Southeast Asia 761
In the Shadow of the Cold War 761
Recent Trends: On the Path to Development 762
FILM & HISTORY
The Year of Living Dangerously (1982) 763
Regional Con ict and Cooperation: e Rise of
ASEAN 765
Daily Life: Town and Country in Contemporary
Southeast Asia 765
A Region in Flux 766
Japan: Asian Giant 767
e Transformation of Modern Japan 767
A Society in Transition 769
e Little Tigers 771
South Korea: A Peninsula Divided 771
Taiwan: e Other China 772
Singapore and Hong Kong: e Littlest Tigers 773
e China Factor 775
On the Margins of Asia: Postwar Australia
and New Zealand 775
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
One World, One Environment 776
Suggested Reading 778
Discovery 779
EPILOGUE 780
THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING WORLD
HISTORY 787
A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGES AND THE
DATING OF TIME 788
GLOSSARY 789
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 801
MAP CREDITS 815
CHAPTER NOTES 817
INDEX 821
is page constitutes an extension of the copyright page. We have made
every e ort to trace the ownership of all copyrighted material and to
secure permission from copyright holders. In the event of any question
arising as to the use of any material, we will be pleased to make the
necessary corrections in future printings. anks are due to the follow-
ing authors, publishers, and agents for permission to use the material
indicated.
CHAPTER 14
A CHINESE DESCRIPTION OF MALACCA 336
From Harry J. Banda and John A. Larkin, eds. e World of
Southeast Asia: Selected Historical Readings, Harper & Row,
1967.
A SLAVE MARKET IN AFRICA 349
From e Great Travelers, vol. I, Milton Rugo , ed. Copyright
© 1960 by Simon & Schuster. Used with permission of Milton
Rugo .
AN EXCHANGE OF ROYAL CORRESPONDENCE 354
From e World of Southeast Asia: Selected Historical Readings
by Harry J. Benda and John A. Larkin, eds. Copyright © 1967
by Harper & Row, Publishers.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE MARCH OF
CIVILIZATION 356
From e Age of Reconnaissance by J. H. Parry (International
omson Publishing, 1969), p. 233–234. “Journal of Captain
James Cook” from e Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion
of the South Paci c: 1767–1840, ed. by Alan Moorhead (New
York: Penguin, 1966), p. 70.
CHAPTER 15
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A REFORMATION DEBATE:
CONFLICT AT MARBURG 366
“ e Marburg Colloquy,” edited by Donald Ziegler, from Great
Debates of the Reformation edited by Donald Ziegler, copyright
© 1969 by Donald Ziegler. Used by permission of Modern
Library, a division of Random House, Inc.
A WITCHCRAFT TRIAL IN FRANCE 372
From Witchcra in Europe, 1100–1700: A Documentary History
by Alan Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1972), pp. 266–275. Used with permission
of the publisher.
THE FACE OF WAR IN THE SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY 375
Excerpt from e Adventure of Simplicius Simplissimus by Hans
Jacob Chisto el von Grimmelshausen, translated by George
Schulz-Behren, © 1993 Camden House/Boydell & Brewer,
Rochester, New York.
THE BILL OF RIGHTS 380
From e Statutes: Revised Edition (London: Eyre &
Spottiswoode, 1871), Vol. 2, pp. 10–12.
CHAPTER 16
A TURKISH DISCOURSE ON COFFEE 392
From e Balance of Truth by Katib Chelebi, translated by G. L.
Lewis, copyright 1927.
THE RELIGIOUS ZEAL OF SHAH ABBAS THE GREAT 396
From Eskander Beg Monshi in History of Shah Abbas the Great,
Vol. II by Roger M. Savory by Westview Press, 1978.
A RELIGION FIT FOR A KING 400
From Abu’l Fazl, A’in-i-Akbare, pp. ii–iv as cited in Sources of
Indian Tradition, ed. by Ainslee Embree (New York: Columbia
UP, 1988), pp. 425–427.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE CAPTURE OF PORT
HOOGLY 402
From King of the World: A Mughal manuscript from the Royal
Library, Windsor Castle, trans. by Wheeler ackston, text by
Milo Cleveland Beach and Ebba Koch (London: ames and
Hudson, 1997), p. 59.
CHAPTER 17
THE ART OF PRINTING 412
From China in the Sixteenth Century, by Matthew Ricci,
translated by Louis J. Gallagher. Copyright © 1942 and renewed
1970 by Louis J. Gallagher, S. J. Reprinted by permission of
Random House, Inc.
THE TRIBUTE SYSTEM IN ACTION 417
Reprinted by permission of the publisher from China’s
Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923, by
Ssu-yu Teng and John King Fairbank, pp. 24–27, Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, copyright © 1954, 1979
by the President and Fellows of Harvard College, copyright
renewed 1982 by Ssu-yu Teng and John King Fairbank.
(continued on page 811)
DOCUMENTS
xii
DOCUMENTS
Continued from page xii
TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI EXPELS THE MISSIONARIES 425
From Sources of Japanese Tradition by William de Bary. Copyright © 1958
by Columbia University Press, New Yor k . Reprinted with permission of
the publisher.
SOME CONFUCIAN COMMANDMENTS 427
From Popular Culture in Late Imperial China by David Johnson et al.
Copyright © 1985 e Regents of the University of California. Used
with permission. From Chi Nakane and Oishi Shinsabura, Tokugawa
Japan: e Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan, (Japan,
University of Tokyo, 1990), pp. 51–52. Translated by Conrad Totman.
Copyright 1992 by Columbia University Press.
CHAPTER 18
THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN 441
From First Feminists: British Women Writers, 1578–1799 by Moira
Ferguson. Copyright © 1985 Indiana University Press.
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND
THE CITIZEN 453
From e French Revolution, edited by Paul H. Beik. Copyright
© 1971 by Paul Beik. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins
Publishers, Inc.
NAPOLEON AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE 456
Reprinted A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution by John
Hall Stewart, ed. Copyright © 1951 by Macmillan College Publishing
Company, renewed 1979 by John Hall Stewart.
CHAPTER 19
INDUSTRIAL ATTITUDES IN BRITAIN AND JAPAN 470
Samuel Smiles, Self-Help, London, 1859; Shibuzawa Eiichi, e
Autobiography of Shibusawa Eiichi: From Peasant to Entrepreneur,
1927 (Tokyo: University of Tok yo Press, 1994).
THE CLASSLESS SOCIETY 474
From e Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: RESPONSE TO REVOLUTION:
TWO PERSPECTIVES 478
omas Babington Macaulay, Speech of March 2, 1831. From Speeches,
Parliamentary and Miscellaneous by omas B. Macaulay (New York: Hurst
Co., 1853), vol. 1, pp. 20–21, 25–26. From e Reminiscences of Carl Schurz
by Carl Schurz (New York: e McClure Co., 1907), vol. 1, pp. 112–113.
EMANCIPATION: SERFS AND SLAVES 483
From Annual Register (New York: Longman, Green, 1861), p. 207. From
U. S. Statutes at Large (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing O ce,
1875), vol. 12, pp. 1268–1269.
CHAPTER 20
SIMÓN BOLÍVAR ON GOVERNMENT IN LATIN AMERICA 493
Simón Bolívar, Selected Writings, ed. H. A. Bierck, trans. L Berrand
(New York, 1951), pp. 106, 108, 112–114.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: ADVICE TO WOMEN: TWO VIEWS 503
Elizabeth Poole Sanford, Woman in Her Social and Domestic Character
(Boston: Otis, Broaders & Co., 1842), pp. 5–7, 15–16. From Henrik Ibsen,
A Doll’s House, Act III, 1879, as printed in Roots of Western Civilization by
Wesley D. Camp, John Wiley & Sons, 1983.
GOTHIC LITERATURE: EDGAR ALLAN POE 505
From Selected Prose and Poetry of Edgar Allan Poe, copyright © 1950 by
Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc.
FREUD AND THE CONCEPT OF REPRESSION 508
Reprinted from Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud.
Translated and edited by James Strachey. Copyright © 1961 by James
Strachey. Used by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
CHAPTER 21
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: WHITE MAN’S BURDEN, BLACK
MAN’S SORROW 518
From Rudyard Kipling, “ e White Man’s Burden,” McClure’s Magazine
12 (Feb. 1899). Edmund Morel, Black Man’s Burden, Metro Books, 1972.
INDIAN IN BLOOD, ENGLISH IN TASTE AND INTELLECT 519
From Speeches by Lord Macaulay, With His Minute on Indian Education
by omas B. Macaulay. AMS Press, 1935.
THE CIVILIZING MISSION IN EGYPT 534
From Leila Ahmen, Women and Gender in Islam (New Haven, CT: Yal e
University Press, 1992), pp. 152–160.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: TO RESIST OR NOT TO RESIST 535
From Truong Buu Lam, Patterns of Vietnamese Response to Foreign
Intervention, Monograph Series No. 11. Southeast Asian Studies, Yal e
University, 1967. Dist. By Celler Book Shop, Detroit, MI.
CHAPTER 22
A LETTER OF ADVICE TO THE QUEEN 543
Reprinted by permission of the publisher from China’s Response to the
West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923, by Ssu-yu Teng and John K.
Fairbank, p. 19, 24–27, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Copyright © 1954, 1979 by the President and Fellows of Harvard
College, copyright © renewed 1982 by Ssu-yu Teng and John King
Fairbank.
PROGRAM FOR A NEW CHINA 548
Excerpt from Sources of Chinese Tradition by William eodore De Bary.
Copyright © 1960 by Columbia University Press, New Yor k . Reprinted
with permission of the publisher.
PROGRAM FOR REFORM IN JAPAN 555
Excerpt from Sources of Japanese Tradition by William de Bary. Copyright
© 1958 by Columbia University Press, New Yor k . Reprinted with
permission of the publisher.
THE RULES OF GOOD CITIZENSHIP IN JAPAN 558
From Sources of Japanese Tradition by William eodore de Bary, Vol. 2,
p. 139. Copyright © 1958 by Columbia University Press. Reprinted with
permission of the publisher.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: TWO VIEWS OF THE WORLD 559
From MacNair, Modern Chinese History, pp. 530–534, quoted in Franz
Schurmann and Orville Schell, eds., e China Reader: Imperial China
(New York: Vintage, 1967), pp. 251–259.
811
812 DOCUMENTS
CHAPTER 26
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: WHO STARTED
THE COLD WAR? AMERICAN AND SOVIET
PERSPECTIVES 648
From Origins of the Cold War: e Novikov, Kennan, and Roberts ‘Long’
Telegrams of 1946. (Kenneth M. Jensen, editor) Washington, DC:
Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, 1993. pp. 20–21,
28–31, 8, 16.
WHO LOST CHINA? 653
From United States Relations with China (Washington, D.C., Dept. of
State, 1949), pp. iii–xvi.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE OR
PEOPLE’S WAR? 661
From G. F. Hudson et al., eds. e Sino-Soviet Dispute (New York:
Frederick Praeger, 1961), pp. 61–63, cited in Peking Review, No. 40, 1959.
From Nationalism and Communism, Norman Grabner, ed. Copyright
© 1977 by D. C. Heath and Company. Lin Biao selection from Nationalism
and Communism, Norman Grabner, ed. Copyright © 1977 by D. C. Heath
and Company.
THE BREZHNEV DOCTRINE 664
From Moscow News, Supplement to No, 30 (917), 1968, pp. 3–6.
CHAPTER 27
KHRUSHCHEV DENOUNCES STALIN 674
From Congressional Record, 84th Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 102, Part 7,
pp. 9389–9402 (June 4, 1956).
“IT’S SO DIFFICULT TO BE A WOMAN HERE” 677
From Moscow Women: irteen Interviews by Carola Hansson and Karin
Liden, edited by Gerry Bothmer, George & Lone Blecher, Text copyright
© 1983 by Random House, Inc.
MAKE REVOLUTION! 683
From Life and Death in Shanghai by Nien Cheng (New York:
Penguin, 1986).
VIEWS ON MARRIAGE 689
From Communist China ( e China Reader) Vol. 3, by F. Schurmann and
O. Schell, eds. Copyright © 1967 by Franz Schurmann and Orville Schell.
Used by permission of Random House, Inc.
CHAPTER 28
MARGARET THATCHER: ENTERING A MAN’S WORLD 700
From e Path to Power by Margaret atcher. Copyright ©1995 by Margaret
atcher. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.
CASTRO’S REVOLUTIONARY IDEALS 708
Excerpt from Latin American Civilization by Benjamin Keen, ed. (Boston:
Houghton Mi in, 1974), pp. 369–373.
“THE TIMES THEY ARE A-CHANGIN’”: THE MUSIC OF
YOUTHFUL PROTEST 712
Copyright © 1963, 1964 by Warner Bros. Music, Copyright renewed
1991 by Special Rider Music. All rights reserved. International copyright
secured. Reprinted by permission.
SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL: THE LIMITS OF MODERN
TECHNOLOGY 718
Excerpts from Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered by
E. F. Schumacher. Copyright © 1973 by E. F. Schumacher. Reprinted by
permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.
CHAPTER 23
THE EXCITEMENT OF WAR 569
From e World of Yesterday by Stefan Zweig, translated by Helmut
Ripperger. Translation copyright 1943 by the Viking Press, Inc. Used by
permission of Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Books USA Inc.
THE REALITY OF WAR: TRENCH WARFARE 571
From All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque. “Im
Westen Nichts Neues,” copyright 1928 by Ullstein A.G.; copyright
renewed © 1956 by Erich Maria Remarque. All Quiet on the Western
Front, copyright 1929, 1930 by Little, Brown and Company; Copyright
renewed © 1957 1958 by Erich Maria Remarque. All Rights Reserved.
WOMEN IN THE FACTORIES 575
From “Munition Work” by Naomi Loughnan in Gilbert Stone, ed.,
Women War Workers (London: George Harrap and Company, 1971),
pp. 25, 35–38.
THE GREAT DEPRESSION: UNEMPLOYED AND HOMELESS
IN GERMANY 582
From Living Age, Vol. 344, no. 4398 (March 1933), pp. 27–31, 34–38.
CHAPTER 24
THE DILEMMA OF THE INTELLECTUAL 592
From e World of Southeast Asia: Selected Historical Readings, Harry
J. Benda and John A. Larkin, eds. Copyright © 1967 by Harper & Row,
Publishers.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: ISLAM IN THE MODERN WORLD:
TWO VIEWS 597
From Ataturk’s Speech to the Assembly, pp. 432–433. A speech delivered by
Ghazi Mustafa Kemal, President of the Turkish Republic, October 1927.
Excerpt from e Sources of Indian Tradition, pp. 218–222 by Stephen
Hay, ed. Copyright © 1988 by Columbia University Press, New York.
Reprinted with permission of the publisher.
A CALL FOR REVOLT 603
From Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung (London: Lawrence and Wishart,
Ltd., 1954), Vol. 1, pp. 21–23.
AN ARRANGED MARRIAGE 606
Excerpt from “Family” by Ba Jin. Copyright © 1964 Foreign Languages
Press, 24 Baiwanzhuang Rd., Beijing 10037, P.R. China. Used with
permission.
CHAPTER 25
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE MUNICH CONFERENCE 621
From Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons (London: His
Majesty’s Stationery O ce, 1938), vol. 339, pp. 361–369. From
Neville Chamberlain, In Search of Peace (New York: Putnam, 1939),
pp. 215, 217.
JAPAN’S JUSTIFICATION FOR EXPANSION 623
From Sources of Japanese Tradition by William eodore de Bary.
Copyright © 1958 by Columbia University Press. Reprinted with
permission of the publisher.
A GERMAN SOLDIER AT STALINGRAD 628
From Vasili Chuikov, e Battle of Stalingrad (Gra on Books).
THE HOLOCAUST: THE CAMP COMMANDANT AND THE CAMP
VICTIMS 633
From Commandant of Auschwitz: e Autobiography of Rudolph Hoess,
Cleveland World Publishing Co. From Nazism, Vol. II by J. Noakes and
G. Pridham. © 1988 by Dept. of History and Archaeology, University of
Exeter. Pantheon Books.
Documents 813
CHAPTER 29
TOWARD AFRICAN UNITY 726
From Organizing African Unity by J. Worono , pp. 642–649.
Copyright © 1980 by Scarecrow Press, Inc. Used with permission
of the publisher.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: AN AFRICAN LAMENT 735
From Okot p’Bitek, I Do Not Know the Dances of White People (Nairobi:
East African Publishing House, 1974), pp. 48, 204–205.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: DARK CONTINENT OR RADIANT
LAND? 736
From Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. Penguin Books, 1991. From
e Radiance of the King by Camara Laye, translated from the French by
James Kirkup. New York: Vintage, 1989.
ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY 746
From M. J. Akbar, “Linking Islam to Dictatorship,” in World Press Review,
May 2004. Reprinted with permission.
CHAPTER 30
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: TWO VISIONS FOR INDIA 754
From Sources of Indian Tradition by William Theodore de Bary.
Copyright © 1988 by Columbia University Press, New York.
Excerpt from Gandhi “Letter to Jawaharlal Nehru” pp. 328–331
from Gandhi in India: In His Own Words, Martin Green, ed.
Copyright © 1987 by Navajivan Trust. Lebanon, NH: University
Press of New England.
SAY NO TO MCDONALD’S AND KFC! 759
From World Press Review (September 1995), p. 47
GROWING UP IN JAPAN 771
Adapted with permission of e Free Press, a Division of Simon
& Schuster, Inc. from e Material Child: Coming of Age in Japan
by Merry White. Copyright © 1993 by Merry White. All rights
reserved.
TO THOSE LIVING IN GLASS HOUSES 774
From Far Eastern Economic Review (May 19, 1994), p. 32.
EPILOGUE
A WARNING TO HUMANITY 783
“World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity,” 1992. Union of Concerned
Scientists. 1992. World Scientists Warning to Humanity. Excerpt.
Cambridge, MA: UCS. Online at www.ucsusa.org. “Findings of the IPCC
Fourth Assessment Report,” 2007. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2007.
Findings of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Excerpt. Cambridge,
MA: UCS. Online at www.ucsusa.org.
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MAPS
SPOT MAP e Strait of Malacca 335
MAP 14.1 e Songhai Empire 337
SPOT MAP e Spice Islands 339
MAP 14.2 E
uropean Voyages and Possessions in the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries 340
SPOT MAP e Arrival of Hernán Cortés in Mexico 341
SPOT MAP Cape Horn and the Strait of Magellan 343
MAP 14.3 European Possessions in the West Indies 345
MAP 14.4 e Slave Trade 347
MAP 14.5 e Pattern of World Trade from the Sixteenth to the
Eig
hteenth Centuries 357
MAP 15.1 Europe in the Seventeenth Century 374
MAP 16.1 e Ottoman Empire 389
MAP 16.2 e Ottoman and Safavid Empires, c. 1683 395
MAP 16.3 e Mughal Empire 398
MAP 16.4 India in 1805 404
MAP 17.1 China and Its Enemies During the Late Ming Era 413
MAP 17.2 e Qing Empire in the Eighteenth Century 416
SPOT MAP C
anton in the Eighteenth Century 417
SPOT MAP Beijing Under the Ming and the Manchus,
1400–1911 421
MAP 17.3 Tokugawa Japan 422
SPOT MAP Nagasaki and Hirado Island 424
MAP 18.1 Latin America in the Eighteenth Century 444
MAP 18.2 Europe in 1763 449
SPOT MAP Revolt in Saint-Domingue 454
MAP 18.3 Napoleon’s Grand Empire 458
MAP 19.1 e Industrial Regions of Europe at the End of the
N
ineteenth Century 472
MAP 19.2 Europe A er the Congress of Vienna, 1815 476
SPOT MAP e Uni cation of Italy 480
SPOT MAP e Uni cation of Germany 480
MAP 19.3 Europe in 1871 485
SPOT MAP e Balkans in 1913 486
MAP 20.1 L
atin America in the First Half of the Nineteenth
Century 494
SPOT MAP Canada, 1914 499
SPOT MAP Palestine 509
MAP 21.1 India Under British Rule, 1805–1931 520
SPOT MAP Singapore and Malaya 521
MAP 21.2 Colonial Southeast Asia 522
MAP 21.3 Africa in 1914 526
SPOT MAP e Suez Canal 526
MAP 21.4 e Struggle for Southern Africa 529
MAP 22.1 e Qing Empire 542
MAP 22.2 Canton and Hong Kong 544
SPOT MAP e Taiping Rebellion 544
MAP 22.3 Foreign Possessions and Spheres of In uence
Ab
out 1900 546
SPOT MAP e International Expeditionary Force Advances to
Beijing to Suppress the Boxers 546
MAP 22.4 Japanese Overseas Expansion During the
Meiji Era 558
MAP 23.1 Europe in 1914 567
SPOT MAP e Schlie
en Plan 568
MAP 23.2 World War I, 1914–1918 570
MAP 23.3 Territorial Changes in Europe and the Middle East A er
W
o
rld War I 579
SPOT MAP e Middle East in 1919 580
SPOT MAP British India Between the Wars 592
SPOT MAP Iran Under the Pahlavi Dynasty 596
MAP 24.1
e Northern Expedition and the Long March 602
MAP 24.2 L
atin America in the First Half of the Twentieth
Ce
ntury 610
MAP 25.1 World War II in Europe and North Africa 625
MAP 25.2 World War II in Asia and the Paci c 627
MAP 25.3 T
erritorial Changes in Europe A er W
orld
War II 637
SPOT MAP Eastern Europe in 1948 646
SPOT MAP Berlin at the Start of the Cold War 647
MAP 26.1
e New European Alliance Systems During the Cold
War 650
MAP 26.2 e Chinese Civil War 652
MAP 26.3 e Korean Peninsula 655
SPOT MAP I
ndochina A er
1954 656
SPOT MAP Northern Central America 666
MAP 27.1 Eastern Europe Under Soviet Rule 673
MAP 27.2 Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet
U
n
ion 680
MAP 27.3 e People’s Republic of China 685
MAP 28.1 European Union, 2009 704
SPOT MAP South America 707
MAP 29.1 Modern Africa 724
MAP 29.2 Israel and Its Neighbors 739
SPOT MAP Iran 741
SPOT MAP Iraq 743
SPOT MAP Afghanistan 743
MAP 29.3
e Modern Middle East 744
MAP 30.1 Modern South Asia 755
MAP 30.2 Modern Southeast Asia 762
MAP 30.3 Modern Japan 768
SPOT MAP
e Korean Peninsula Since 1953 771
SPOT MAP Modern Taiwan 772
SPOT MAP
e Republic of Singapore 773
SPOT MAP Hong Kong 774
xiii
FEATURES
e March of Civilization 356
A Reformation Debate: Con ict at Marburg 366
e Capture of Port Hoogly 402
Response to Revolution: Two Perspectives 478
Advice to Women: Two Views 503
White Man’s Burden, Black Man’s Sorrow 518
To Resist or Not to Resist 535
Two Views of the World 559
Islam in the Modern World: Two Views 597
e Munich Conference 621
Who Started the Cold War? American and Soviet
Perspectives 648
Peaceful Coexistence or People’s War? 661
An African Lament 735
Africa: Dark Continent or Radiant Land? 736
Two Visions for India 754
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
e Columbian Exchange 344
Marriage in the Early Modern World 368
e Changing Face of War 387
e Population Explosion 419
e Scienti c Revolution 438
e Industrial Revolution 468
e Rise of Nationalism 504
Imperialism: e Balance Sheet 536
Imperialism and the Global Environment 552
A Revolution in the Arts 585
Out of the Doll’s House 607
Paths to Modernization 634
Global Village or Clash of Civilizations? 667
Family and Society in an Era of Change 691
From the Industrial Age to the Technological Age 717
Religion and Society 730
One World, One Environment 776
FILM & HISTORY
Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) 352
e Mission (1986) 446
Khartoum (1966) 528
e Last Emperor (1987) 549
Gandhi (1982) 593
Europa, Europa (1990) 632
e Missiles of October (1973) 659
Persepolis (2007) 742
e Year of Living Dangerously (1982) 763
xiv
PREFACE
FOR SEVERAL MILLION YEARS a er primates rst
appeared on the surface of the earth, human beings lived
in small communities, seeking to survive by hunting, sh-
ing, and foraging in a frequently hostile environment.
en suddenly, in the space of a few thousand years, there
was an abrupt change of direction as human beings in
a few widely scattered areas of the globe began to mas-
ter the art of cultivating food crops. As food production
increased, the population in those areas rose correspond-
ingly, and people began to congregate in larger commu-
nities. Governments were formed to provide protection
and other needed services to the local population. Cities
appeared and became the focal point of cultural and reli-
gious development. Historians refer to this process as the
beginnings of civilization.
For generations, historians in Europe and the United
States pointed to the rise of such civilizations as mark-
ing the origins of the modern world. Courses on Western
civilization conventionally began with a chapter or two
on the emergence of advanced societies in Egypt and
Mesopotamia and then proceeded to ancient Greece and
the Roman Empire. From Greece and Rome, the road led
directly to the rise of modern civilization in the West.
ere is nothing inherently wrong with this approach.
Important aspects of our world today can indeed be traced
back to these early civilizations, and all human beings the
world over owe a considerable debt to their achievements.
But all too o en this interpretation has been used to imply
that the course of civilization has been linear in nature,
leading directly from the emergence of agricultural soci-
eties in ancient Mesopotamia to the rise of advanced in-
dustrial societies in Europe and North America. Until re-
cently, most courses on world history taught in the United
States routinely focused almost exclusively on the rise of
the West, with only a passing glance at other parts of the
world, such as Africa, India, and East Asia. e contribu-
tions made by those societies to the culture and technol-
ogy of our own time were o en passed over in silence.
Two major reasons have been advanced to justify this
approach. Some have argued that it is more important that
young minds understand the roots of their own heritage
than that of peoples elsewhere in the world. In many cases,
however, the motivation for this Eurocentric approach has
been the belief that since the time of Socrates and Aristotle
Western civilization has been the sole driving force in the
evolution of human society.
Such an interpretation, however, represents a serious dis-
tortion of the process. During most of the course of human
history, the most advanced civilizations have been not in the
West, but in East Asia or the Middle East. A relatively brief
period of European dominance culminated with the era of
imperialism in the late nineteenth century, when the politi-
cal, military, and economic power of the advanced nations of
the West spanned the globe. During recent generations, how-
ever, that dominance has gradually eroded, partly as a result
of changes taking place within Western societies and partly
because new centers of development are emerging elsewhere
on the globe—notably in Asia, with the growing economic
strength of China and India and many of their neighbors.
World history, then, has been a complex process in
which many branches of the human community have
taken an active part, and the dominance of any one area of
the world has been a temporary rather than a permanent
phenomenon. It will be our purpose in this book to pre-
sent a balanced picture of this story, with all respect for the
richness and diversity of the tapestry of the human experi-
ence. Due attention must be paid to the rise of the West,
of course, since that has been the most dominant aspect
of world history in recent centuries. But the contributions
made by other peoples must be given adequate consider-
ation as well, not only in the period prior to 1500 when the
major centers of civilization were located in Asia, but also
in our own day, when a multipolar picture of development
is clearly beginning to emerge.
Anyone who wishes to teach or write about world his-
tory must decide whether to present the topic as an inte-
grated whole or as a collection of di erent cultures. e
world that we live in today, of course, is in many respects
an interdependent one in terms of economics as well as
culture and communications, a reality that is o en ex-
pressed by the phrase “global village.” e convergence of
peoples across the surface of the earth into an integrated
world system began in early times and intensied a er
the rise of capitalism in the early modern era. In growing
recognition of this trend, historians trained in global his-
tory, as well as instructors in the growing number of world
history courses, have now begun to speak and write of a
“global approach” that turns attention away from the study
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