Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

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L_dklh\uc[ehd3.1 Wdheh]bq_kdh_jZaj_r_gb_

G_dhlhju_\b^uaZ]jyagyxsboij_^ijbylbcmklZgh\hdbeb\b^h\^_yl_evghklb

\g_k_ggu_\i_j_q_gv\b^h\^_yl_evghklbih^]hlh\e_gguc\hbkiheg_gb_kl(3$

g_fh]ml[ulvh[jZah\ZgubebgZqbgZlvjZ[hlm[_aij_^\Zjbl_evgh]hkh]eZkh\Zgbyk

ijbjh^hhojZggufbhj]ZgZfbHgbg_fh]ml[ulvlZd`_jZkrbj_gubeb\b^hbaf_g_gu

[_aij_^\Zjbl_evgh]hjZaj_r_gby_keblZdh_jZkrbj_gb_beb\b^hbaf_g_gb_ijb\_^ml

dm\_ebq_gbxaZ]jyag_gbyklIjbdZahlhdly[jy]kh^_j`bl

i_j_q_gv\b^h\^_yl_evghklb^eydhlhjuog_h[oh^bfhbf_lvwdheh]bq_kdh_

jZaj_r_gb_\u^Zggh_ijbjh^hhojZggufhj]Zghf<b^u^_yl_evghklbb

ijhfure_ggu_ij_^ijbylbyi_j_qbke_ggu_\i_j_qg_h[yaZguihemqblv

wdheh]bq_kdh_jZaj_r_gb_<i_j_q_gv\dexq_gu\b^u^_yl_evghklbi_j_qbke_ggu_\

^bj_dlb\_,33&hdhfie_dkghfdhgljhe_bij_^hl\jZs_gbbaZ]jyag_gbyZlZd`_jy^

^jm]bolZdgZau\Z_fuokbevghaZ]jyagyxsbo\b^h\^_yl_evghklb

Ijbjh^hhojZgguchj]Zghdjm]ZbebfmgbpbiZebl_lZdZdmdZaZgh\i_j_qg_\u^Z_l

jZaj_r_gb_^eyi_j_qbke_gguo\b^h\^_yl_evghklbbdhgljhebjm_lkh[ex^_gb_aZdhgZ

klb

<hbkiheg_gb_kl(3$ijbjh^hhojZgghfmhj]Zgm^Z_lkyijZ\hhij_^_eylv\

jZaj_r_gbbwdheh]bq_kdb_mkeh\by\dexqZyl_dhlhju_k\yaZgukha^hjh\v_fkl_f

qlh[uij_^hl\jZlblvaZ]jyag_gb_<g_dhlhjuoijbdZaZobbgkljmdpbyoijb\h^ylky

lj_[h\Zgbyij_^_evgu_\_ebqbgublidhlhju_^he`gumklZgZ\eb\Zlvky\

jZaj_r_gbyo^eyhl^_evguo\b^h\^_yl_evghklb

?keb^eyij_^ijbylby\b^Z^_yl_evghklbg_h[oh^bfhlZd`_ijh\_^_gb_hp_gdb

\ha^_ckl\bygZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mihfbfh\u^Zqbwdheh]bq_kdh]hjZaj_r_gby

ijbjh^hhojZggh]hhj]ZgZlhwdheh]bq_kdh_jZaj_r_gb_g_fh`_l\u^Z\Zlvky^h

ml\_j`^_gbyj_amevlZlh\hp_gdb\ha^_ckl\bygZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m

Kbkl_fZjZaj_r_gbcjZkijhkljZgy_lkyijbf_jghgZijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbc

JZaj_r_gb_gZg_dhlhju_\b^u^_yl_evghklbij_^hklZ\ey_lkyijb

ij_^\Zjbl_evghfm\_^hfe_gbbhgboLZdbfh[jZahfbfg_lj_[m_lky

ij_^\Zjbl_evgh_kh]eZkh\Zgb_dZdlZdh\h_IjZ\beZm\_^hfe_gbyg_

ij_^iheZ]ZxllZdhc`_]em[bguZ^fbgbkljZlb\gh]hbamq_gby

aZ]jyagyxs_c^_yl_evghklbdZdjZaj_r_gbybkh]eZkh\ZgbyIjZ\beZ

m\_^hfe_gbygZijZ\e_gugZbgnhjfbjh\Zgb_ijbjh^hhojZgguohj]Zgh\

mijZ\e_gbym`_gZjZgg_fwlZi_h^_yl_evghklbdhlhjZyfh`_l[ulv

k\yaZgZkhiZkghklvxhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_qlhh[_ki_qb\Z_l\hafh`ghklv

\f_rZl_evkl\Z^eyij_^hl\jZs_gby__aZ]jyag_gbybeb^ey

ij_^hl\jZs_gby\u[jhkh\k[jhkh\\j_^guo^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ

\_s_kl\

<ke_^mxsbogb`_l_dklh\uo[ehdZokh^_j`blky^hihegbl_evgZy

bgnhjfZpbyhijhp_^mj_m\_^hfe_gbc

L_dklh\uc[ehd3.2 M\_^hfe_gb_g_aZj_]bkljbjh\Zgguo\b^h\^_yl_evghklb

G_dhlhju_\b^uij_^ijbylbcmklZgh\hdbeb\b^h\^_yl_evghklb\g_k_ggu_\IjbdZa

hl]kihijZ\dZfb\IjbdZa_hl]hg_aZj_]bkljbjh\Zgguo

\b^Zo^_yl_evghklbh[yaZgum\_^hfeylvijbjh^hhojZgguchj]Zg_s_^hgZqZeZbo

h[jZah\ZgbygZqZeZjZ[hlubebjZkrbj_gby

Ijbjh^hhojZggufhj]Zghfy\ey_lkyfmgbpbiZebl_ldhlhjuclZd`_dhgljhebjm_l

kh[ex^_gb_aZdhgZ

Kbkl_fZm\_^hfe_gbc^eyg_aZj_]bkljbjh\Zgguo\b^h\^_yl_evghklbho\Zlu\Z_lhdheh

ijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbc



Ijbg_dhlhjuo\b^Zo^_yl_evghklbihevah\Zl_evbeb\eZ^_e_p

kh[kl\_gghklbeb[hijbjh^hhojZgguchj]Zgh[yaZg\uihegylv

ke_^mxsb_^_ckl\by

L_dklh\uc[ehd

3.3

Bgnhjfbjh\Zgb_haZ]jyag_gbbbebhiZkghklbaZ]jyag_gby

Ihevah\Zl_evbeb\eZ^_e_pkh[kl\_gghklbh[yaZg[_aijhf_^e_gbybgnhjfbjh\Zlv

ijbjh^hhojZgguchj]Zg\kemqZ__kebbf_c\ua\Zghbebh[gZjm`_ghaZ]jyag_gb_

ihq\ubebih^a_fghckj_^ukf(3$kl

L_dklh\uc[ehd

3.4

Ijbf_g_gb_f_j\ha^_ckl\byaZg_aZdhggmx^_yl_evghklv

Dhgljhebjmxsbchj]Zgh[yaZgijbf_gblvf_ju\ha^_ckl\byaZg_aZdhggmx

^_yl_evghklvaZbkdexq_gb_fkemqZ_\g_agZqbl_evguogZjmr_gbckf(3$klb

IeZgu

J_]mebjh\Zgb_kihfhsvxieZgh\y\ey_lkyh[uqghcijZdlbdhc\

ijbjh^hhojZgghckn_j_IeZguohjhrbl_fqlhfh]mlmqblu\Zlvb[he__

p_ehklgucih^oh^HgblZd`_kihkh[kl\mxlmqZklbxh[s_kl\_gghklb\

ijbgylbbj_r_gbcbmq_lmbgl_j_kh\k_dlhjh\

<ebygb_ieZgh\gZmijZ\e_gb_hojZghchdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub

a^jZ\hhojZg_gb_fy\ey_lky\i_j\mxhq_j_^vj_amevlZlhfbo

bkihevah\ZgbydZdbgkljmf_glZh[s_]hjmdh\h^kl\ZHgblZd`_b]jZxl

\Z`gmxjhev\dhhj^bgZpbb\hijhkh\a_fe_ihevah\ZgbybjZkihjy`_gby

a_fe_c

Wdheh]bq_kdb_kh]eZr_gby

KqblZ_lkyqlhij_bfms_kl\hwdheh]bq_kdbokh]eZr_gbcaZdexqZ_lky\

lhfqlhhlghr_gb_ij_^ijbylby[he__^jm`_kl\_gghbehyevghih

hlghr_gbxdkh]eZr_gbxq_fdghjfZflj_[h\ZgbyfbliDjhf_wlh]h

kqblZ_lkyqlhj_]mebjh\Zgb_kihfhsvxh[sboghjfZlb\guoijZ\be

bgh]^Zy\ey_lkyf_g__wnn_dlb\gufdh]^Zp_evkhklhbl\khdjZs_gbb

h[s_]hh[t_fZaZ]jyag_gbygZdhgdj_lghfh[t_dl_bhij_^_e_gghc

l_jjblhjbb

KlZlvy:dlZh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

^Z_lijZ\hhj]ZgZf

mijZ\e_gbyaZdexqZlvkij_^ijbylbyfbbebkhxaZfbij_^ijbylbc

xjb^bq_kdbh[yaZl_evgu_kh]eZr_gby;he__lh]hhj]ZgmijZ\e_gby

bf__lijZ\hmklZgZ\eb\Zlvh[yaZl_evgu_lj_[h\Zgby^eyij_^ijbylbc

dhlhju_g_ohlylaZdexqZlvlZdh_kh]eZr_gb_J_r_gb_h[mjh\g_

aZ]jyag_gbykgb`_gbbmjh\gyaZ]jyag_gbyijbgbfZ_lkyFbgbkljhf

Fh`ghh[km`^Zlvlhevdhkj_^kl\Z^hklb`_gbykhdjZs_gbyaZ]jyag_gby

DZdihdZau\Z_lijZdlbdZaZdexqblvlZdb_wdheh]bq_kdb_kh]eZr_gby

hq_gvljm^gh<uiheg_gb_kh]eZr_gbylj_[m_lkj_^bijhq_]hgZebqby

ki_pbZevgh]hkljmdlmjgh]hih^jZa^_e_gby<hbkiheg_gb_kl(3$

[uehaZdexq_ghlhevdhh^ghih^h[gh_kh]eZr_gb_

>h[jh\hevgu_

wdheh]bq_kdb_kh]eZr_gby±wlh_s_h^bgbgkljmf_glj_]mebjh\Zgby

Wlhiheh`_gb_[uehijbgylh\]







Hgbij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hck\h_]hjh^Z^`_glevf_gkdh_kh]eZr_gb_bg_

fh]mljZkkfZljb\ZlvkyZj[bljZ`gufkm^hfbebdhfbkkb_c<gZklhys__

\j_fyFbgbkl_jkl\hfhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbaZdexq_gh

^h[jh\hevguokh]eZr_gbckijhfure_ggufbZkkhpbZpbyfb

GZhdjm`ghfbfmgbpbiZevghfmjh\g_ih^h[gu_©^`_glevf_gkdb_ª

kh]eZr_gbyaZdexqZxlkylZd`_f_`^mijhfure_ggufbeblhj]h\uf

ij_^ijbylb_fb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufbhj]ZgZfb<^Zgghf^hdeZ^_g_

ijb\h^blkyh[s_]hh[ahjZlZdbokh]eZr_gbc

3.5.3

Wdhghfbq_kdb_bgkljmf_glu

<h[eZklbhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\>Zgbbrbjhdhbkihevamxlky

wdhghfbq_kdb_bgkljmf_gluHgb[uebgZijyfmx\\_^_gu\

wdheh]bq_kdmxiheblbdm>Zgbb\k_j_^bg_o]]Klh]h\j_f_gbhgb

bkihevamxlky\k_[he__rbjhdhKms_kl\m_lg_kdhevdh\b^h\

wdhghfbq_kdbobgkljmf_glh\gZijbf_jk[hjuieZl_`bgZeh]bbli

HgblZd`_\dexqZxl\k_[ybgkljmf_gluZdlb\gh]hklbfmebjh\Zgby

hij_^_e_ggh]h\b^Zih\_^_gby^hlZpbhggh_km[kb^bjh\Zgb_

ij_^hklZ\e_gb_aZcfh\

GZeh]bk[hjubij

Ohlya_e_gu_gZeh]bbgZeh]bgZwe_dljhwg_j]bxij_^gZagZq_gu^ey

lh]hqlh[u\ebylvgZih\_^_gb_ij_^ijbylbcbnbabq_kdboebp

g_dhlhju_bagboy\eyxlkylZd`_bbklhqgbdhfnbgZgkbjh\Zgby

h[s_kl\_gghcijbjh^hhojZgghc^_yl_evghklbIhwlhfmijbgylh

jZaebqZlv

•

Wdhghfbq_kdb_bgkljmf_glu

dhlhju_bagZqZevghg_bf_eb

g_ihkj_^kl\_gghijbjh^hhojZgghcgZijZ\e_gghklbgZijbf_jgZeh]b

gZljZgkihjlgu_kj_^kl\Zbwe_dljhwg_j]bxG_dhlhju_bagbo[ueb\

ihke_^gb_]h^ui_j_jZ[hlZgukp_evx[he__lhqgh]hhljZ`_gbybo

ijbjh^hhojZggh]h\ha^_ckl\by

•

A_e_gu_wdhghfbq_kdb_bgkljmf_glu[_jmlk\h_gZqZeh]eZ\guf

h[jZahfkh\j_f_glZdgZau\Z_fhcj_nhjfua_e_guogZeh]h\

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h[s_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguogZeh]h\uoihklmie_gbyokhklZ\beZH^gZdh

ihklmie_gbyhla_e_guowdhghfbq_kdbobgkljmf_glh\khklZ\bebebrv

h[s_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoihklmie_gbcLZdbfh[jZahfih^hoh^gu_

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hklZxlkyhkgh\gufbklhqgbdhfihklmie_gbc\]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc[x^`_l

Hl^_evgucwdheh]bq_kdbcgZeh]h[uqghhlghkblky[he__q_fdh^ghfm

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

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

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<ijbeh`_gbbH[ahjwdhghfbq_kdbobgkljmf_glh\\>Zgbb

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ms_j[Zg_aZ\bkbfhhlkl_i_gb_]h\bguKljh]Zyhl\_lkl\_gghklvkha^Z_l

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Z\lhfh[bevguf`_e_agh^hjh`gufb\ha^mrgufi_j_\hadZf

>hlZpbbkm[kb^bb

Bkihevah\Zgb_^hlZpbc\>Zgbbkem`blfgh]bfp_eyfbgZijZ\e_ghgZ

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xjb^bq_kdbfebpZfihk\h_cg_[j_`ghklb



m\yau\Zxlkykh[sbfbp_eyfbwdheh]bq_kdhciheblbdbb

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ijhba\h^kl\Zwe_dljhwg_j]bb

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h[sZykmffZ\feg^ZlkdbodjhgKZfufdjmigufihemqZl_e_f

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\k_o[x^`_lguoZkkb]gh\ZgbcgZ\uieZlm^hlZpbcHklZ\rZykyqZklv

jZkij_^_ey_lkyf_`^m\h^gufk_dlhjhfmlbebaZpb_chloh^h\k_evkdbf

ohayckl\hfqbklufbl_ogheh]byfbb^j

3.5.4

BgnhjfZpbhggu_b^jm]b_bgkljmf_glu

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bgnhjfZpbbihwdheh]bq_kdbfnZdlhjZfbbok\yabkijh[e_fhca^hjh\vy

gZk_e_gby

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h[s_kl\_gghklbih\hijhkZfkhklhygbyhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubf__l

\ukhdbcijbhjbl_lFbgbkl_jkl\hfhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdb

[ue\u^_e_g[x^`_lihjy^dZq_eh\_dhe_lgZh[_ki_q_gb_

gZk_e_gbywdheh]bq_kdhcbgnhjfZpb_cDZ`^uc]h^\uoh^bl\k\_l

g_kdhevdhim[ebdZpbcgZwlml_fmgZqbgZyhlgZmqguo^hdeZ^h\^h

h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evguofZl_jbZeh\

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aZdexqZ_lky\klbfmebjh\Zgbb[he__[eZ]hijbylghcb^jm`_kl\_gghc

ihhlghr_gbxdhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_kbkl_f_ihlj_[e_gbyiml_f

hjb_glZpbbbbgnhjfbjh\Zgbyihlj_[bl_e_cKh]eZkghklZlv_(3$

Fbgbkljbf__lijZ\hmklZgZ\eb\ZlvijZ\beZwdheh]bq_kdhc

fZjdbjh\dbijh^Z\Z_fhcijh^mdpbbbliFZjdbjh\Zlvkyfh`_l

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gZk_e_gb_>ZgbbgZqbgZxlihgbfZlv_]h\hafh`gu_g_]Zlb\gu_

ihke_^kl\by^eya^hjh\vyihwlhfmwdheh]bq_kdb_ijh[e_fu

\uy\eyxlkyh[km`^ZxlkybijbagZxlky<p_glj_\gbfZgby±lhevdh

f_klgu_ijh[e_fuaZ]jyag_gby<wlmwihomij_h[eZ^Z_l

h[_kihdh_gghklv\hlghr_gbbkhklhygbya^hjh\vy\_]hk\yabk

wdheh]bq_kdbfbijh[e_fZfb

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hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u]]

<h\lhjmxwihomh[jZam_lky

Fbgbkl_jkl\hhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

bijbgbfZ_lkyi_j\uc\

>Zgbb\k_klhjhggbc:dlaZdhgh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u<wlhl

i_jbh^jZajZ[Zlu\Z_lkybj_Zebam_lkyihegucdhfie_dk

j_]mebjh\Zgbyb\k_qZs_bkihevamxlkyh[sb_ieZgu^_ckl\bc]^_

baeZ]ZxlkyaZ^Zqb\h[eZklbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uGZoh^ylijbagZgb_

bf_`^mgZjh^gu_Zki_dluwdheh]bq_kdboijh[e_fIhf_j_mkdhj_gby

\o]]bgl_]jZpbhgguoijhp_kkh\\?\jhi_?\jhi_ckdbcKhxa

qe_ghfdhlhjh]h>ZgbyklZeZ\]klZgh\blky\k_[he__\Z`ghc

Zj_ghcijbgylbyiheblbq_kdboj_r_gbc\h[eZklbhojZgu

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uba^jZ\hhojZg_gby.

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Ij_^hl\jZs_gb_wdheh]bq_kdboijh[e_f]]

WlZwihoZ

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<h\j_fyk\h_]hh[jZah\Zgbyfbgbkl_jkl\hgZau\ZehkvFbgbkl_jkl\hfhojZgu

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u<]gZa\Zgb_baf_gbehkvbfbgbkl_jkl\hklZehgZau\Zlvky

Fbgbkl_jkl\hfhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uZ\]_fm^Zebkms_kl\mxs__gZa\Zgb_

Fbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdb



hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uHkgh\ghcmihj^_eZ_lkygZbg^b\b^mZevgmx

hl\_lkl\_gghklvDjhf_wlh]h^eywlh]hi_jbh^ZoZjZdl_jgh[hevrh_

\gbfZgb_dij_^hl\jZs_gbxijh[e_fk\yaZgguokhdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^hcba^hjh\v_fZlZd`_ih\ur_ggucbgl_j_kdj_]mebjh\Zgbx

f_`^mgZjh^guowdheh]bq_kdboijh[e_f

H[ahjwlbolj_obklhjbq_kdbowlZih\ijb\h^blky\lZ[ebp_jZa^_eZ

I_jbh^ij_^r_kl\mxsbc]y\ey_lkyjZggbfwlZihf\bklhjbb

dhgljheyaZ]jyag_gby\>Zgbbbihwlhfm_fmg_hl\h^blky

ihke_^h\Zl_evgh]hhibkZgby\wlhc]eZ\_H^gZdh_]hdjZldh_hibkZgb_

ijb\h^blkygb`_\l_dklh\hf[ehd_

L_dklh\uc[ehd

4.1

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Ih^\i_qZle_gb_fhlwib^_fbbohe_ju]gZpbhgZevguciZjeZf_glijbgyej_r_gb_h[

hj]ZgbaZpbb\]hjh^ZobgZk_e_gguoimgdlZodhfbl_lh\a^jZ\hhojZg_gbyHgb^he`gu[ueb

hkms_kl\eylvihklhyggucdhgljhevgZ^\k_fb\hijhkZfbhlghkysbfbkyda^jZ\hhojZg_gbxb

kZgblZjbbWlhaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hk\g_k_ggufbiha`_ihijZ\dZfbnZdlbq_kdby\behkv

hkgh\hcagZqbl_evghcqZklbkbkl_fudhgljheyaZ]jyag_gbygZi_jbh^ihdZ\]g_[ue

ijbgylgZpbhgZevguc:dlh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uLZdbfh[jZahflhevdh\o]]

gZklmibeh\j_fy^eyk_jv_agh]hi_j_kfhljZaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z]hdhfbl_lZo

a^jZ\hhojZg_gby

<h\lhjhciheh\bg_;,;\_dZ\qZklghklb]hjh^Dhi_g]Z]_g[uekbevghaZ]jyag_gb

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ihklZgh\e_gbyiha^jZ\hhojZg_gbxHgbkh^_j`Zeblj_[h\Zgbyhlghkysb_ky\qZklghklbd

ijh_dlbjh\ZgbxbjZaf_s_gbxdheh^p_\iblv_\hc\h^ubdZgZebaZpbhgguodhee_dlhjh\

ijh_dlbjh\Zgbxbhqbkld_mebpm^Ze_gbx[ulh\uohloh^h\ijh_dlbjh\Zgbxm[hjguo

h]jZgbq_gbxij_^ijbylbckqblZ\rbokyhiZkgufb^eyh[s_kl\_ggh]ha^hjh\vybebjZ[hqbo

gZijbf_jaZ\h^h\ihba]hlh\e_gbxdhklyghcfmdbbde_ykdhlh[h_gbobfbq_kdbo

ij_^ijbylbc

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ih`Zemckljhbl_evkl\hdZgZebaZpbhgguokbkl_f

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Kbkl_fZlbq_kdh_ijbf_g_gb_obfbq_kdboij_iZjZlh\\k_evkdhfohayckl\_>ZgbbgZqZehkv\

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hobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\ZogZijZ\e_ggucgZ[hjv[mk[he_agyfbjZkl_gbc?]hhkgh\gZyaZ^ZqZ

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k_evkdh]hohayckl\Zqlhwlb\_s_kl\Zfh]mlhdZaZlv\j_^gh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZghwlhl

nZdlg_ijhba\_e\i_qZle_gbygbgZ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguokem`ZsbogbgZiheblbdh\

AZ]jyag_gb_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uihdZ_s_g_\hkijbgbfZehkvdZdh[s_kl\_ggZyijh[e_fZ

BklhqgbdbgnhjfZpbbC_gk?g[_j]-HQV(QJEHUJE

For The Common Weal. The story of

pollution control in Denmark from the 1850s to 1974 /GZ[eZ]hh[s_kl\Z

Bklhjbykbkl_fu

dhgljheyaZ]jyag_gby\>Zgbb\i_jbh^]]Dhi_g]Z]_g&LW\RI&RSHQKDJHQ

Miljøkontrollen.

4.1

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bhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

]]

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ijhfure_gghklvbbg^b\b^mZevgh_^hfZrg__ohayckl\hklj_fbl_evgh

\hajZklZehGZqbgZyk]ijhfure_gghklvbfZkkh\h_ijhba\h^kl\h