Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

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\h^hkgZ[`_gbyIh^jmdh\h^kl\hfhdjm`guokh\_lh\[ueb^hklb]gmlu

\Z`gu_j_amevlZluihhij_^_e_gbxf_klhgZoh`^_gbyh[t_fh\b

dZq_kl\Z\h^guoj_kmjkh\ZlZd`_ieZgbjh\Zgbxbkihevah\Zgby\h^u\

[m^ms_fWlZjZ[hlZ\dexqZeZ\k_[yhij_^_e_gb_l_jjblhjbcbf_xsbo

j_rZxs__agZq_gby^ey[m^ms_]h\h^hkgZ[`_gbybdhk\_ggufh[jZahf

±mqZkldh\g_ij_^klZ\eyxsbobgl_j_kZ\wlhfhlghr_gbb

Hdjm]kihfhsvxfmgbpbiZebl_lh\]hlh\blkt_fdm\h^guoj_kmjkh\gZ

l_jjblhjbbhdjm]Zf_klhgZoh`^_gbybh[t_fh\bklhqgbdh\dZq_kl\Z

\h^u_kl_kl\_gghcaZsblu\h^guoj_kmjkh\bhibkZgb_ex[uo

bklhqgbdh\aZ]jyag_gbyGZhkgh\_ZgZebaZkhklZ\ey_lkyh[ahjbhp_gdZ

\h^guoj_kmjkh\dhlhju_fh]mlwdkiemZlbjh\Zlvky

GZhkgh\_h[ahjZb

ZgZebaZhdjm]]hlh\blieZgbkihevah\ZgbybhojZgu\h^guoj_kmjkh\

IeZgbjh\Zgb_\h[eZklb\h^guoj_kmjkh\^he`ghkhq_lZlvkykmkbebyfb

k\yaZggufbkij_^hl\jZs_gb_faZ]jyag_gbyihq\uaZsblu__hl

aZ]jyag_gbybj_Z[beblZpb_c

FmgbpbiZebl_lhf]hlh\blkyieZg\h^hkgZ[`_gby\dexqZyhij_^_e_gb_

mqZkldh\jZaf_s_gbyij_^ijbylbcih\h^hkgZ[`_gbxbj_kmjkh\

bf_xsboky^eywlboij_^ijbylbc

Kha^Zgb_ij_^ijbylbcih\h^hkgZ[`_gbxbwdkiemZlZpby\h^guo

j_kmjkh\^he`guml\_j`^Zlvkyhdjm]hfbebfmgbpbiZebl_lhf

3.4

IjZ\Z]jZ`^Zg\h[eZklbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

IjZ\Z\h[eZklbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uij_^hklZ\eyxlky]jZ`^ZgZf

qZklbqghh[sbfaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hfdhlhjh_j_]mebjm_l\k_kn_ju

mijZ\e_gbybqZklbqgh±ki_pbZevgufbijbjh^hhojZggufbaZdhgZfb

3.4.1

>hklmidbgnhjfZpbb

:dlh^hklmi_dbgnhjfZpbhggufnZceZf]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h

Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gby\>Zgbb

kh^_j`blh[sb_ijZ\beZ\

hlghr_gbbijZ\Z^hklmiZd^hdmf_glZfnZceZfaZdhlhju_hl\_qZ_lbeb

dhlhju_khklZ\beZ^fbgbkljZlb\guchj]Zg\dZq_kl\_\uiheg_gbyh^ghc

baZ^fbgbkljZlb\guonmgdpbc\k\yabkhk\h_c^_yl_evghklvxWlhl

aZdhgij_^hklZ\ey_lijZ\h^hklmiZex[hfmq_eh\_dmdhlhjucih`_eZ_l

hagZdhfblvkykdhgdj_lgufb^hdmf_glZfbbeb^hdmf_glZfb

hlghkysbokyddhgdj_lgufkemqZyf\dexqZyl_oebpbebklhjhgu

dhlhju_fh]eb[ulvaZ^_ckl\h\Zgu\wlbodhgdj_lguo^_eZo

:dlh]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfZ^fbgbkljZlb\ghfmijZ\e_gbb\>Zgbb

kh^_j`bljy^h[sboZ^fbgbkljZlb\guoijhp_^mjguokm^_[guoijZ\be

dhlhju_ij_^hklZ\eyxlh[s_kl\_gghklbiheghfhqby\k\yabk

jZa[bjZl_evkl\hf^_eZ<aZdhg_]h\hjblkykj_^bijhq_]hhijZ\_ebpZ

KfklAZdhgZ

KfklAZdhgZ

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AZdhg

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h[hldjulhfmijZ\e_gbb

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g_^Z\gh

bkijZ\e_gguc

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AZdhghl^_dZ[jy]g_^Z\ghbkijZ\e_gguc

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AZdhghfhl

bxgy]

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bebklhjhgugZ^hklmid^hdmf_glZfIjZ\beZdhlhju_baeh`_gu\wlhf

aZdhg_bhij_^_eyxlijZ\hklhjhgugZ^hklmid^hdmf_glZf[he__

^_lZevguq_fijZ\beZ\AZdhg_h^hklmi_dnZceZf]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h

mijZ\e_gby\>Zgbb?kebdhfmeb[hhldZaZgh\^hklmi_d^hdmf_glZf

ld_]hg_kqblZxlaZbgl_j_kh\Zgghcklhjhghchj]ZgmijZ\e_gby^he`_g

^h[jh\hevgh^ZlvjZaj_r_gb_gZ^hklmid^hdmf_glZf\khhl\_lkl\bbk

:dlhfh^hklmi_dbgnhjfZpbhggufnZceZf]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h

mijZ\e_gby\>Zgbb

WlbaZdhgubf_xlh[sbcoZjZdl_jbj_]mebjmxl\k_kn_ju

Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gby

Ke_^mxsbcaZdhgki_pbZevghihk\ys_gijbjh^hhojZgghcl_fZlbd_

:dlh^hklmi_dnZceZfwdheh]bq_kdhcbgnhjfZpbb\>Zgbb

y\ey_lky

j_ZebaZpb_c>bj_dlb\u?WKhlbxgy]hk\h[h^ghf

^hklmi_dwdheh]bq_kdhcbgnhjfZpbbWlhlZdl[ueh[gh\e_g:dlhf

\khhl\_lkl\bbkj_ZebaZpb_cDhg\_gpbbh^hklmi_dbgnhjfZpbb

mqZklbbh[s_kl\_gghklb\ijbgylbbj_r_gbcb^hklmi_dijZ\hkm^bxih

wdheh]bq_kdbf\hijhkZfHjomkkdZydhg\_gpbyAZdhgm\_ebqb\Z_l

\hafh`ghklv^hklmiZdwdheh]bq_kdhcbgnhjfZpbbaZkq_ljZkrbj_gby

hij_^_e_gby³hj]ZgZ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmijZ\e_gby´bmf_gvr_gbyqbkeZ

\hafh`guobkdexq_gbc:dl\p_ehfkkueZ_lkygZj_]eZf_glbjmxsb_

ijZ\beZkh^_j`Zsb_ky\:dl_h]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfZ^fbgbkljZlb\ghf

mijZ\e_gbb\>Zgbbb:dl_h^hklmi_dnZceZf]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h

Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gby\>ZgbbKh]eZkghwlhfmaZdhgmex[hc

q_eh\_dfh`_lihlj_[h\Zgbxihemqblv^hklmidbgnhjfZpbb

G_kms_kl\m_lklZg^Zjlgh]hnhjfZlZ^eyaZijhkZgZ^hklmid

bgnhjfZpbbAZijhkfh`_l[ulvmklgufbebibkvf_ggufAZy\bl_evg_

^he`_gh[tykgylvijbqbgmk\h_]haZijhkZ

3.4.2

>hklmih[s_kl\_gghklbdmqZklbx\ijbgylbbijbjh^hhojZgguo

j_r_gbc

<g_dhlhjuoaZdhgZoj_]mebjmxsbo\hijhkuhojZguhdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^uieZgbjh\Zgb_jZa\blbyl_jjblhjbcbhojZgmijbjh^ukh^_j`blky

jy^ijZ\beghjfmqZklbyh[s_kl\_gghklb\ijbgylbbj_r_gbc

=jZ`^Zg_hj]ZgumijZ\e_gbybhj]ZgbaZpbbbf_xl\hafh`ghklvdZd

qZklvijhp_kkZhldjulh]hkemrZgby^_eZ\ujZ`Zlvk\hxlhqdmaj_gby^h

ijbgylbyhdhgqZl_evgh]hj_r_gbyHj]ZgijbgbfZxsbcj_r_gb_

^he`_gjZkkfhlj_lvwlmlhqdmaj_gbyZlZd`_ex[mxbgnhjfZpbx

ihemq_ggmx\h\j_fykemrZgbcHj]ZgijbgbfZxsbcj_r_gb_g_

h[yaZgmqblu\Zlv\uihegylv\ujZ`_ggu_fg_gby

<dhg_qghfkq_l_mqZklb_h[s_kl\_gghklbh[_ki_qb\Z_l\ujZ[hldm

lZdh]hj_r_gbydhlhjh_hkgh\ZghgZfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`ghfh[t_f_

bgnhjfZpbbbkmq_lhfjZaghh[jZaguolhq_daj_gby<wlhfb

aZdexqZ_lkykfukemqZklbyh[s_kl\_gghklbijbgylvgZbemqr__j_r_gb_

hlbf_gbh[s_kl\Zbkmq_lhfbgl_j_kh\aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguoklhjhg

AZdhghlZij_ey]g_^Z\ghbkijZ\e_ggucAZdhghfhlfZy

]



Ijbf_jZfbh[eZkl_c]^_kms_kl\mxlijZ\beZmqZklbyh[s_kl\_gghklb

y\eyxlky

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IeZgbjh\Zgb_j_]bhgZevgu_ieZgufmgbpbiZevgu_ieZgubieZgu

kh\_lh\

•

HnbpbZevgZyqZklvijhp_kkZijh\_^_gbyhp_gdb\ha^_ckl\bygZ

hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mij_^ijbylbcy\eyxsbokybklhqgbdhfkbevgh]h

aZ]jyag_gbyjZkrbj_gb_kms_kl\mxsbo]Z\Zg_c^h[uqZkujvykh

^gZfhjyijb[j_`gu_khhjm`_gbyg_dhlhju_\ukhdhkdhjhklgu_

ijhfukeubiZjhfgu_i_j_ijZ\u

•

FmgbpbiZevgh_ieZgbjh\Zgb_ihdZgZebah\Zgby

•

FmgbpbiZevgh_ieZgbjh\Zgb_h[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

•

KhojZg_gb_ijbjh^uiZfylgbdh\bl_jjblhjbc

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>hklmidh[ke_^h\Zgbx\uihegy_fhfmkem`[Zfbhdjm]ZaZ]jyag_gby

]jmglZbihq\uZlZd`_dijh\_^_gbxbfb\hkklZgh\bl_evguojZ[hl

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MijZ\e_gb_djmigufbijh_dlZfbk\yaZggufbkijbjh^hc

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Ml\_j`^_gb_hdjm]hfmqj_`^_gbygh\uojZkrbj_gbybebjZa\blby

dhgdj_lguoij_^ijbylbcy\eyxsbokybklhqgbdhfkbevguo

aZ]jyag_gbclZdgZau\Z_fu_©aZj_]bkljbjh\Zggu_ij_^ijbylbyª

>eyg_dhlhjuobawlboh[eZkl_ckms_kl\mxllj_[h\Zgbybg^b\b^mZevguo

kemrZgbcl_oex^_cdhlhjuog_ihkj_^kl\_gghdZkZ_lkydZdh_eb[h

ijbgylh_j_r_gb_

3.4.3

>hklmidijZ\hkm^bx

Dh]^Zhj]ZgmijZ\e_gbyijbgbfZ_libkvf_ggh_j_r_gb_ih

hij_^_e_gghfm^_emwlhj_r_gb_^he`ghkhijh\h`^Zlvkybgkljmdpbyfb

ihih^Zq_Zi_eeypbb^he`_gmdZau\Zlvkyhj]Zg^eyih^ZqbZi_eeypbb

hibkZgZijhp_^mjZih^ZqbZi_eeypbbZlZd`_ihke_^gbckjhdlZdhc

ih^Zqb_kebhgkms_kl\m_l

Kms_kl\m_lljbg_aZ\bkbfuob[_kijbkljZklguoZi_eeypbhgguo

dhee_]bbdhlhju_aZgbfZxlkyjZkkfhlj_gb_fwdheh]bq_kdbo^_e

:i_eeypbhggZydhee_]byih^_eZfhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

:i_eeypbhggZydhee_]byih^_eZfaZsbluijbjh^ub:i_eeypbhggZy

dhee_]byihwg_j]_lbd_>Zlkdh_Z]_glkl\hihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

lZd`_\uihegy_lnmgdpbxZi_eeypbhgghcdhee_]bbihj_r_gbyf

k\yaZggufgZijbf_jk:dlhfh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uGZkdhevdh

g_aZ\bkbfhb[_kijbkljZklgh>Zlkdh_:]_glkl\hihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^u±wlhij_^f_lhl^_evgh]hh[km`^_gby

Hl^_evgufbijbjh^hhojZggufbZdlZfbhij_^_ey_lkydlhfh`_l

ih^Z\ZlvZi_eeypbxihZ^fbgbkljZlb\gufj_r_gbyfijbgyluf\

khhl\_lkl\b_kdhgdj_lgufbaZdhgZfbH[uqghih^Z\ZlvZi_eeypbx

fh]mlZ^j_kZlj_r_gbybl_mdh]h_klvijyfZyaZbgl_j_kh\Zgghklv\

bkoh^_^_eZDjhf_wlh]hijZ\hgZih^ZqmZi_eeypbbbf_xlg_dhlhju_

h[s_kl\Zbhj]ZgbaZpbb

IjZ\beZjZkkfhlj_gby^_e\km^_hij_^_eyxlky\:dl_hijbf_g_gbb

ijZ\Zhl]?keb]jZ`^Zgbgbebij_^ijbylb_aZohlyl

ih^Zlv\km^Zi_eeypbxgZj_r_gb_ijbgylh_hj]ZghfmijZ\e_gbywlh



^he`gh[ulvhnhjfe_gh\\b^_lZdgZau\Z_fh]h]jZ`^Zgkdh]hbkdZWlh

fh]ml[ulvgZijbf_j^_eZh[baf_g_gbbbebhlau\_j_r_gbyh

dhfi_gkZpbbKm^ijbagZ_l^_eZ\ha[m`^_ggu_xjb^bq_kdbfebphf

h[eZ^ZxsbfijZ\hfgZih^ZqmbkdZLhevdhl_dlhbf__laZdj_ie_ggu_

aZdhghfbfms_kl\_ggu_ijZ\Zih^_embf_xlijZ\hgZ\ha[m`^_gb_

^_eZ

Djhf_wlh]hfh`ghZi_eebjh\Zlvdhf[m^kf_gmB^_yhf[m^kf_gh\[ueZ

hljZ`_gZ\Dhgklblmpbb]DZg^b^ZlmjZhf[m^kf_gZ\u^\b]Z_lky

Dhfbl_lhfihxjb^bq_kdbf^_eZfZaZl_fml\_j`^Z_lkyIZjeZf_glhf

?]hh[yaZgghklvxy\ey_lkyhkms_kl\e_gb_dhgljheygZ^gZpbhgZevghc

]jZ`^Zgkdhcb\h_gghcZ^fbgbkljZpb_cZlZd`_fmgbpbiZevghc

Z^fbgbkljZpb_cHf[m^kf_gh[yaZgh[_ki_qb\Zlvkh[ex^_gb_

]jZ`^ZgkdboijZ\gZk_e_gby

3.5

Ijbf_gy_fu_\>Zgbbbgkljmf_gluwdheh]bq_kdhciheblbdbbiheblbdb

\h[eZklba^jZ\hhojZg_gby

>eyhdZaZgby\ha^_ckl\bygZih\_^_gb_ex^_chj]ZgumijZ\e_gby

ihevamxlkyiheblbq_kdbfbbgkljmf_glZfb<>Zgbbbkihevam_lky

rbjhdbc^bZiZahgbgkljmf_glh\gZijZ\e_gguogZh[_ki_q_gb_

\uiheg_gbyihklZ\e_gguoaZ^Zq\h[eZklbhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub

a^jZ\hhojZg_gbyG_dhlhju_bagbobf_xlh]jZgbq_ggmxh[eZklv

ijbf_g_gbyZ^jm]b_h[eZ^Zxlrbjhdhci_jki_dlb\hcijbeh`_gbyb

gZijZ\e_gugZjZa\blb_\h[s_kl\_\hafh`ghklb\uy\eylvbj_rZlv

ijh[e_fugZh[s_fmjh\g_<wlhfjZa^_e_ij_^klZ\e_gubgkljmf_glu

k]jmiibjh\Zggu_\q_luj_dZl_]hjbbbgl_]jZlb\gu_j_]mebjmxsb_

wdhghfbq_kdb_bijhqb_BohibkZgb_ijb\h^blky\lZ[ebp_gb`_

LZ[ebpZ3.1 Hij_^_e_gb_q_luj_o\b^h\bgkljmf_glh\wdheh]bq_kdhciheblbdb

<b^bgkljmf_glZ HibkZgb_

Dhfie_dkgu_

bgl_]jbjh\Zggu_

bgkljmf_glu

Wlhbgkljmf_glugZijZ\e_ggu_gZbgl_]jbjh\Zgb_

kms_kl\mxs_ch[_kihdh_gghklbhlghkbl_evghhdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^uba^hjh\vy\ijhp_kkuh[s_]hieZgbjh\Zgby

hkms_kl\ey_fh]hh[s_kl\hfbijbgylbyj_r_gbc\hljZke_\mx

iheblbdmbhj]ZgbaZpbhggh_ih\_^_gb_LZdb_bgkljmf_glu

ijbf_gyxlkyqlh[ubaf_gblvgZijZ\e_gb_jZa\blbyh[s_kl\Z\

klhjhgmmklhcqb\hklbBgh]^Zboh[hagZqZxll_jfbghf

]hjbahglZevgu_f_ju

GhjfZlb\gu_ijZ\h\u_

bgkljmf_glu

Wlhxjb^bq_kdb_bgkljmf_gludhlhju_hij_^_eyxl^ey

]jZ`^ZgdZdh_ih\_^_gb_y\ey_lkygZ^e_`Zsbfbg_

gZ^e_`ZsbfXjb^bq_kdb_bgkljmf_gluhkgh\ZgugZ

ijb\e_dZl_evghklbgZ^e_`Zs_]hih\_^_gbybm]jha_gZdZaZgby

aZg_kh[ex^_gb_ijZ\be

Wdhghfbq_kdb_

bgkljmf_glu

Wlhbgkljmf_gludhlhju_fh]mlijb\_klbdbaf_g_gbx

ihke_^kl\bc^eyhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uba^hjh\vyaZkq_l

baf_g_gbyklhbfhklbbwdhghfbq_kdboij_bfms_kl\

Zevl_jgZlb\guo^_ckl\bchldjuluo^eywdhghfbq_kdbo

km[t_dlh\HgbgZijZ\e_gugZ^hklb`_gb_wlhcp_eb^_eZy

ij_^ihqlbl_evgh_^_ckl\b_nbgZgkh\h[he__\u]h^gufLZdbf

h[jZahfl_jfbgwdhghfbq_kdb_bgkljmf_glu\dexqZ_l\k_[y



lz



<b^bgkljmf_glZ HibkZgb_

^hlZpbbblidhlhju_ijbghkylihablb\gucwnn_dl^ey

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uba^hjh\vy

BgnhjfZpbhggu_b

^jm]b_bgkljmf_glu

Wlbbgkljmf_glugZijZ\e_gugZ\ujZ[hldmgh\uoagZgbch

a^hjh\v_ZlZd`_khklhygbbbmkeh\byohdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

gZijkp_evxmemqr_gbyihgbfZgbyijh[e_fwdheh]bbb

a^jZ\hhojZg_gby

3.5.1

Dhfie_dkgu_bgl_]jbjh\Zggu_bgkljmf_glu

Dh]^Z<k_fbjgZydhfbkkbyHHG\]\uimklbeZk\hc^hdeZ^

GZr_

h[s__[m^ms__

hgijbh[j_e[hevrh_agZq_gb_^eyijhoh^ysbo\>Zgbb

^_[Zlh\ihwdheh]bq_kdhciheblbd_bihkem`bekb]gZehfgZqZeZ

bgl_]jZpbbwdheh]bq_kdhciheblbdb\iheblbdm^jm]bok_dlhjh\

>hgZklhys_]h\j_f_gbwlZihiuldZ[ueZmki_rghcghg_^hdhgpZ

<

ihke_^gb_]h^uihf_j_jZa\blbybgl_]jZpbbk_dlhjh\gZmjh\gyo

ieZgbjh\ZgbykhklZ\e_gby[x^`_lh\bijh_dlh\[ue\\_^_gjy^gh\uo

bgkljmf_glh\

KgZqZeZo]][uehih^]hlh\e_ghg_kdhevdhhljZke_\uoieZgh\

^_ckl\bch^gZbahkgh\guop_e_cdhlhjuoaZdexqZeZkv\

]ZjZglbjh\Zgghfmq_l_wdheh]bq_kdh]hnZdlhjZ\iheblbd_k_dlhjh\Wlb

ieZgudhlhju_nZdlbq_kdbfh]mljZkkfZljb\ZlvkydZdh^bgba

\hafh`guodhfie_dkguobgl_]jbjh\Zgguobgkljmf_glh\mkdhjbeb

ihy\e_gb_dhfie_dkguobgkljmf_glh\

KZfufbihke_^gbfbieZgZfblZdh]hjh^Z[uebieZgu^_ckl\bc^ey

k_dlhjh\ljZgkihjlZk_evkdh]hohayckl\Zwg_j]_lbdbe_kgh]hohayckl\Z

h[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfbh[jZs_gbykobfbq_kdbfbij_iZjZlZfbZlZd`_

wdheh]bq_kdZykljZl_]byhjb_glbjh\ZggZygZijh^mdpbx

Gb`_ijb\h^blkydjZldh_hibkZgb_gZb[he__ba\_klguodhfie_dkguo

bgkljmf_glh\

•

KljZl_]bq_kdZy

wdheh]bq_kdZyhp_gdZaZdhghijh_dlh\gZijZ\ey_fuo

\iZjeZf_gl

Kh]eZkghijZ\bl_evkl\_gghfmj_r_gbx]\k_

aZdhghijh_dlugZijZ\ey_fu_\iZjeZf_gl^he`guijhclbhp_gdm

\ha^_ckl\bygZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mZaZdhghijh_dluk\yaZggu_k

k_jv_aguf\ha^_ckl\b_fgZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m^he`gu\dexqZlv

hibkZgb_bebhp_gdmh`b^Z_fh]h\ha^_ckl\bygZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m

ZlZd`_hp_gdb^jm]bo\b^h\\ha^_ckl\bygZijbf_j

Z^fbgbkljZlb\guoba^_j`_dFbgbkl_jkl\Zdhlhju_]hlh\yl

aZdhghijh_dlbebiheblbq_kdh_ij_^eh`_gb_gZijZ\ey_fh_\

iZjeZf_gl\uihegyxlhp_gdmkZfhklhyl_evgh>eykhklZ\e_gby

hp_gdbhgbbkihevamxlbgkljmdpbbFbgbkl_jkl\Zhdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^ubwg_j]_lbdb







Bgl_]jbjh\Zgb_\hijhkh\hojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub

ieZgbjh\ZgbyjZa\blby\ijbgylb_j_r_gbc

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kf

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REXPMRJSGSYRXVHIRQEVOMRWXLXQ

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KljZl_]bq_kdZyhp_gdZ\ha^_ckl\bygZpbhgZevgh]h[x^`_lZgZ

hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mMdZaZggh_\ur_lj_[h\Zgb_hlghkys__kyd

aZdhghijh_dlZfhlghkblky\lhfqbke_bdgZpbhgZevghfm[x^`_lm

GZqbgZyk]ijZ\bl_evkl\hijh\h^blhp_gdm\ha^_ckl\by

gZpbhgZevguo[x^`_lh\gZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mWlZhp_gdZ

hlghkblkyg_ddhgdj_lgufZki_dlZfgZpbhgZevgh]h[x^`_lZZ

gZijZ\e_gZgZhp_gdmh[s_]h\ebygby[x^`_lZ

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A_e_gu_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_aZdmidb<]f_`^mGZpbhgZevghc

ZkkhpbZpb_cfmgbpbiZebl_lh\bFbgbkljhfhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub

wg_j]_lbdb[uehaZdexq_gh^h[jh\hevgh_kh]eZr_gb_h[

hkms_kl\e_gbb]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoa_e_guoaZdmihdGZpbhgZevgZy

ZkkhpbZpbyfmgbpbiZebl_lh\j_dhf_g^h\ZeZfmgbpbiZebl_lZf

jZajZ[hlZlvfmgbpbiZevgmxiheblbdmiha_e_gufaZdmidZfK_cqZk

\wdheh]bq_kdhciheblbd_h]jhfgh]h[hevrbgkl\Z]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo

mqj_`^_gbcmql_gukhh[jZ`_gbyh^jm`_kl\_gguo^eyhdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbaZdmidZo

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F_`^mgZjh^gZyihfhsv<l_q_gb_o]]\iheblbdmh[s_]h

jZa\blby>Zgbbbijh]jZffuf_`^mgZjh^ghcihfhsb\hreb

ijh[e_fuhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uba^hjh\vyWlhhlghkblkydZdd

ihfhsbhkms_kl\ey_fhcgZ^\mklhjhgg_chkgh\_lZdb

fgh]hklhjhgg_cij_^hklZ\ey_fhcq_j_aHHG?\jhi_ckdbcKhxab

f_`^mgZjh^gu_[ZgdbjZa\blbyDjhf_wlh]h>ZgbyhdZau\Z_l

p_e_\mxwdheh]bq_kdZyihfhsvjy^mjZa\b\ZxsbokykljZgbkljZg

P_gljZevghcb<hklhqghc?\jhiuIhhnbpbZevguf^Zgguoh[sbc

h[t_fihfhsbgZj_ZebaZpbxijh_dlh\jZa\blbyij_\urZ_l<GI

>Zgbb

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Hp_gdb\ha^_ckl\bygZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m<>Zgbb[ueZ

j_Zebah\ZgZ>bj_dlb\Z?Kihhp_gd_\ha^_ckl\bygZhdjm`Zxsmx

kj_^mQZklgu_ZlZd`_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ijh_dludhlhju_fh]ml

\ha^_ckl\h\ZlvgZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m^he`gu[ulvj_Zebah\Zgu

lhevdhihke_ijhoh`^_gbyhp_gdbhdZau\Z_fh]hbfb\ha^_ckl\bygZ

hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m

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IeZguih\uiheg_gbxIh\_kldb\_dZgZfmgbpbiZevghfmjh\g_

Fbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbGZpbhgZevgZy

ZkkhpbZpbyf_klguohj]Zgh\mijZ\e_gby>Zgbbb:kkhpbZpby

hdjm`guokh\_lh\>Zgbby\eyxlkyiZjlg_jZfb\ijh\_^_gbb

kh\f_klghcdZfiZgbb\ih^^_j`dm\uiheg_gbyf_klghcIh\_kldb

<gZklhys__\j_fy^ZlkdbofmgbpbiZebl_lh\jZ[hlZxlkf_klghc

Ih\_kldhcKe_^myfukeb^mfZc]eh[Zevghgh^_ckl\mc

ehdZevghdZfiZgbygZijZ\e_gZgZmkbe_gb_bdhgkheb^Zpbx

ijbjh^hhojZgguomkbebcgZf_klghfmjh\g_<n_\jZe_]

IZjeZf_gl>ZgbbijbgyeaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hdhlhjh_lj_[m_lhl\k_o

hdjm]h\bfmgbpbiZebl_lh\im[ebdZpbb^hdeZ^ZkhibkZgb_fbo

kljZl_]bbihf_klghcIh\_kld_g_j_`_h^gh]hjZaZ\]h^Z

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





3.5.2

GhjfZlb\gu_ijZ\h\u_bgkljmf_glu

GhjfZlb\gu_ijZ\h\u_bgkljmf_gluy\eyxlkygZb[he__qZklh

bkihevam_fufiheblbq_kdbfbgkljmf_glhfKms_kl\m_lg_kdhevdh\b^h\

lZdbobgkljmf_glh\kZfu_\Z`gu_badhlhjuoijb\h^ylky\wlhf

jZa^_e_

Ghjfu

Ghjfuh[uqghmklZgZ\eb\Zxlky\xjb^bq_kdbh[yaZl_evguoijZ\beZo

gZijbf_jij_^_evgu_\_ebqbguklZg^Zjlubeb\bgkljmdlb\guo

jmdh\h^kl\ZogZijbf_jdjbl_jbbdZq_kl\ZGhjfumklZgZ\eb\Z_fu_\

bgkljmdlb\guojmdh\h^kl\Zobkihevamxlky^eyml\_j`^_gbymkeh\bc\

jZaj_r_gbyo^hdmf_glZohijb_fd_\ijbdZaZobli<ijbjh^hhojZgghc

kn_j_kms_kl\mxljZaebqgu_\b^uj_]mebjh\Zgbykihfhsvxghjf

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Ij_^_evgu_ihdZaZl_ebkh^_j`ZgbyaZ]jyag_gby\\u[jhkZok[jhkZo

Wlhij_^_evgh^himklbfu_\_ebqbgu\u[jZku\Z_fuok[jZku\Z_fuo

aZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\Ijbf_jij_^_evgh^himklbfZydhgp_gljZpby

jlmlb\f

\h^uk[jZku\Z_fhcij_^ijbylb_f

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Ij_^_evgu_ihdZaZl_ebmjh\gy\ha^_ckl\byaZ]jyag_gbyIj_^_evgh

^himklbfu_\_ebqbguaZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\dhlhju_\ha^_ckl\mxl

gZijbjh^mbebhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mIjbf_jij_^_evgu_\_ebqbgu

mjh\gylhj]h\h]hbebijhfure_ggh]hrmfZdhlhjucfh`_l

\ha^_ckl\h\ZlvgZijbjh^mbebhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mgZg_dhlhjuo

l_jjblhjbyo

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Djbl_jbbdZq_kl\ZDjbl_jbbdZq_kl\ZjZaebqguokj_^\dhlhju_

ijhbkoh^bl\u[jhkk[jhkaZ]jyag_gbybebdhlhju_ih^\_j]Zxlky

\ha^_ckl\bxaZ]jyagyxsbo\b^h\^_yl_evghklbIjbf_jdjbl_jbb

dZq_kl\Zihq\uihkhklZ\mobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\^eygZb[he__

qm\kl\bl_evgh]ha_fe_ihevah\ZgbygZijbf_j^hfZrgbokZ^h\

^_lkdbokZ^h\

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Ijhba\h^kl\_ggu_ghjfuGhjfumklZgh\e_ggu_^ey

ijhba\h^kl\_ggh]hihl_gpbZeZijhba\h^kl\_ggh]hijhp_kkZb

dhg_qghcijh^mdpbbIjbf_jmkeh\by^eyaZgylbykdhlh\h^kl\hf

hlghkysb_kydojZg_gbxbjZaf_s_gbxgZ\haZ

JZaj_r_gb_h[yaZl_evgh_m\_^hfe_gb_h[yaZgghklv^_ckl\h\Zlvb

ij

Ij_`^_q_ffh]mlhkms_kl\eylvkyhij_^_e_ggu_\b^u^_yl_evghklb

g_h[oh^bfhij_^\Zjbl_evghihemqblvgZgbokh]eZkh\Zgb_beb

jZaj_r_gb_<wlhfkh]eZkh\ZgbbbebjZaj_r_gbbgZ\uiheg_gb_dZdhc

eb[h^_yl_evghklbh]h\Zjb\Zxlkymkeh\byk\yaZggu_khdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^hcbbeba^hjh\v_fIjhfure_ggh_ijhba\h^kl\hj_]mebjm_lky\

i_j\mxhq_j_^vkbkl_fhcwdheh]bq_kdbojZaj_r_gbcbm\_^hfe_gbc

khhl\_lkl\mxsbo(3$kfl_dklh\uc[ehdgb`_