Gough Barry M. Historical Dictionary of Canada

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Historical Dictionary

of Canada

Second Edition

Barry M. Gough

The Scarecrow Press, Inc.

Lanham • Toronto • Plymouth, UK

2011

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Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc.

A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706

http://www.scarecrowpress.com

Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom

any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval

systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who

may quote passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gough, Barry M.

Historical dictionary of Canada / Barry M. Gough. — 2nd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 978-0-8108-5496-3 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8108-7504-3

(ebook)

1. Canada—History—Dictionaries. I. Title.

F1026.G69 2011

971.003--dc22

2010022542

™

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of

American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper

for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America

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To the memory of Robin W. Winks,

American scholar extraordinaire of Canada.

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Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff vii

Preface ix

Acronyms and Abbreviations xv

Maps

1 Canada xix

2 Eastern North America, 1763 xx

3 Native Tribes of Eastern North America xxi

4 San Juan Boundary Dispute xxii

5 The Alaska Boundary xxiii

6 Nunavut xxiv

Chronology xxv

Introduction 1

The Dictionary 49

Appendix: Governors General, Prime Ministers, and

Colonial Governors of Canada 445

Bibliography 449

About the Author 497

Contents

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vii

It is easy to get the wrong impression about Canada. A new country.

Perhaps compared to some in Asia and Europe. But it was first “discov-

ered” more than 1,000 years ago, and then again about 500 years ago,

and was gradually colonized and settled by outsiders for four centuries.

However, before that, there were the native peoples, some of whom

remain. Empty. True, the present population is small for such a big

place, but many are concentrated in large, modern cities and most are

urbanized. A rather simple, homogeneous entity. Hardly, for the popu-

lation, despite any melting-pot effect, is rather heterogeneous and the

provinces maintain considerable autonomy, some actually demanding

more and one still hankering for independence. A geographical append-

age of its powerful southern neighbor, the United States. Despite very

close economic and other links, Canadians usually go their own way

and have created a strikingly different society.

Canada is a very complex, and intriguing, nation that certainly

deserves to be better known by foreigners and probably Canadians

as well. That is the purpose of this second edition of the Historical

Dictionary of Canada. It presents the country, traces its history, takes

a good look at the current situation, and offers some insight into the

future. It does so through concise and informative entries on significant

persons, places, events, institutions, and ethnic groupings. Other entries

deal with important political, economic, social, and cultural aspects.

The broader context is provided by an insightful introduction, and the

centuries-long history is traced in the chronology. Admittedly, this

book can only go so far. But it is a particularly good starting point be-

cause of a comprehensive and intelligently structured bibliography that

can easily direct readers toward whatever subject might interest them.

To write such a book, it is obviously necessary to know Canada well.

That first requirement is amply met by the author, Barry M. Gough,

Editor’s Foreword

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viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD

who has spent many decades studying Canadian history and politics

and visiting different parts of the country. It is even more important

to develop a knack for explaining Canada to others, which Dr. Gough

has done during a long stint as professor of history and Canadian stud-

ies at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, and as a guest

professor at various other universities. In addition to lecturing, he has

written half a dozen books on Canada’s history as well as numerous

shorter works. Before retirement, he also held important posts in the

academic world, including president of the Organization for the His-

tory of Canada. This has given him more than enough opportunities

to explain Canada to foreigners, and also to Canadians, which might

actually be harder. In this edition, Dr. Gough takes on an even broader

and more varied range of subjects of interest to both publics and acquits

himself very well.

Jon Woronoff

Series Editor

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The history of Canada is much more than that of the nation state: it is

a complicated set of intersecting or sometimes parallel stories. For that

reason, any attempt to grasp the essentials of the country’s national his-

tory as well as its component parts, peoples, races, and ethnicities needs

be approached with caution and even trepidation. This second edition

of Historical Dictionary of Canada reinforces the above in spades, for

contrary to the hopes and expectations of many Canadians and “Canada

watchers” that the country would become more unified, the plurality or

varieties of national human experience continue.

As a subject of study, Canada presents undiminished opportunities

for the historian of whatever inclination or desire—except, perhaps,

tropical affairs. The same prospect faces the student of history: a

country as vast, diverse, and ever changing as this offers near limit-

less possibilities for examination and reflection. Far from being dull or

irrelevant, Canada’s history remains most promising for the study of

racial accord, native affairs, federalism, regional diversity, economic

challenges, patronage, religions, cultures (indigenous and transplanted),

multiculturalism, immigration policies, social welfare experimentation,

and nation building. In large measure, it must be said that Canada’s is

not a recent history and that each generation seems to prepare its own

guides to national history and historical literature. Almost without fail

I have attempted to keep this a modern study, with emphasis on the era

since 1867 and particularly since 1914.

That Canada’s history is so little known beyond Canada’s boundar-

ies cannot be blamed on the rest of the world alone. Although it is true

that Canadians have failed to broadcast the nuances of their remark-

able (if complex) history, it is also true that not until the mid-1970s

and the T.H.B. Symons report To Know Ourselves: The Report of the

Commission on Canadian Studies (1975) did Canadian history become

Preface

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