Gough Barry M. Historical Dictionary of Canada

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x • PREFACE

acknowledged as a fundamental requirement for a Canadian university

undergraduate history degree. Most practicing historians of my age took

few Canadian history courses, for they were nonexistent. We now look

with envy at the rich, varied backgrounds that our younger colleagues

bring with such passion to classrooms and seminars. These new-age

time bandits are opening to public view hitherto closed documents and

are broadening our vistas as they reveal the complexities of the past.

They are aided by the wizardry of Web searches.

The fact of the matter is that our current age has had to frame a

national history on the foundations of a very few scholars’ pioneer-

ing endeavors. I acknowledge the work of some of the past masters

of the Canadian history profession: Donald Grant Creighton, Harold

Adams Innis, Gustav Lanctot, John Bartlett Brebner, W. L. Morton,

C. P. Stacey, Michel Brunet, W. S. McNutt, Morris Zaslow, A.R.M.

Lower, and Margaret Ormsby. They established a national history

based on a wide-ranging consensus that attempted to explain the

national experience. It would take another generation after them,

and those who immediately followed them, to pull down accepted

remnants of the national historical edifice and in place build a new

history characterized by region and class, and when that had virtually

run its course, by gender, race, and ethnicity. Contemporary histo-

rians of Canada continue to face the same problem: how to balance

specific subjects with the vital necessity of recounting and explaining

the national experience. The remarkable shift of the historiography

away from the national theme has brought many new studies into the

enlarging appreciation of readers of Canadian history. Now, greater

understanding is available about ethnicity, family history, women,

children, multiculturalism, class, labor, and culture. Not a few authors

who have constructed “national” histories of Canada have found that

their overabiding attention to the subthemes has obliged them, in

subsequent editions of their work (and in answer to their critics), to

address the national themes, the national story.

In following these trends, preoccupations, and fashions, I can only

say how grateful I am to the Canadian Historical Review for its ongo-

ing bibliography of historical works and its extensive book review sec-

tion. These alone allow students of Canadian history a comprehensive

place to begin the effective study of a subject that many feel has been

hijacked by special interest groups.

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PREFACE • xi

In large measure, the study of Canada abroad is still in its infancy.

On the world’s stage, Canadian history seems to be a best kept secret.

Having lectured on Canada and its history in remote fields, such as Aus-

tralia, Great Britain, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States,

I have inadvertently acquired sympathy for those inquisitive enough

to want to know more about my country’s history and its peculiarities

(which to some seem absurdities). For this reason, I have sought to

provide helpful descriptions for the outsider when these are called for.

This book, which rests heavily on the previous work of others whose

books are listed in the bibliography, is intended as a compendium of

fundamentals and as a guide to a rich historical literature of a modern

nation with a recent history of five centuries.

Many helped in bringing this project through various stages. I have

relied on the advice of many in the shaping of this work, its parameters,

and items and topics for inclusion. It is not possible to give thanks to

each and every scholar, librarian, archivist, and institutional aide. Bruce

Hodgins assisted with historiography, the late Peter Russell with sport,

Terry Copp with Normandy, and Paul Summerville with banking and

the Bank of Canada. Additional thanks go to Mike Baker, Katie Pick-

les, Maria Tippett, and Walter Sendzik. I also thank John McCallum of

Wilfrid Laurier University’s library for assistance in making the bib-

liographical search less arduous and at the same time more complete.

Electronic means have been employed to good effect in the preparation

of the bibliography. Cameron Croxall assisted with articles on Inuit

subjects. Elsie Grogan provided word processing help. I have relied

heavily on Gerry Hallowell’s Oxford Companion to Canadian History,

James Marsh’s Encyclopaedia of Canada, W. S. Wallace’s Macmillan

Dictionary of Canadian Biography, and Mel Hurtig’s The Canadian

Encyclopaedia, as well as other guides listed in the bibliography. Above

all, the multivolume The Dictionary of Canadian Biography, available

online, is a perennial source of accurate information, authoritative bib-

liographic entries, and prudent scholarly guidance, bringing as it does

into print the remarkable lives of prominent Canadians.

Once again, the wise counsel and patience of the series editor, Jon

Woronoff, is greatly appreciated. I have again the pleasure of thanking

the late Robin W. Winks for suggesting that I undertake this book. If

those who consult this work find their long-sought-after answers, and

if their appreciation of the essentials of Canadian history is enhanced,

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xii • PREFACE

I shall be grateful. Not least, if Canadians confused by their own per-

plexing national crisis shall have found some solace in the fact that

their present state of affairs has been preceded by numerous variants

of similar conundrums, I shall be eternally delighted. Notice of errors

would be appreciated. I alone am responsible for errors of omission and

commission.

In regards to nomenclature, the reader should note that, on editorial

advice, I have chosen to use Great Britain rather than United Kingdom.

When used collectively, western provinces specifically refers to Mani-

toba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, though British Columbia is some-

times but not always part of the collective. Atlantic Canada includes

Newfoundland and Labrador, but the Maritimes includes only Nova

Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Northwest Territo-

ries has gone though numerous changes over time; in this book, I have

employed the then current spelling.

Of all the terms in Canada, none is more confusing than Indian,

which is not a correct term but still exists in Canadian administrative,

legal, and constitutional language (Indian Act, for instance). I have used

the term aboriginal peoples whenever possible. It includes three desig-

nations in keeping with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)—

Indian, Métis, and Inuit. (Once again, it will be noted, the term Indian

is used—and in the Canadian constitution.) First Nations has also been

employed, principally as an umbrella term for those who are members

of the Assembly of First Nations, the powerful aboriginal lobby group.

Readers will also find the use of Native, or native, an earlier replace-

ment for Indian until such time as aboriginal peoples replaced it. For

some university presses and scholarly journals in Canada, aboriginal is

now accepted usage, but this adoption is not widespread, and aborigine

is essentially an Australian term for indigenous populations there but

will not do in Canada. One also sees in the historical literature of

Canada the term indigenes. These points are brought up here to stress

how unsteady are the terms in use.

The name Canada has gone through many uses, from the Iroquoian

Kanata—meaning “a few houses up the river”—to the vast nation that

now inhabits northern North America. At one time or another New

France or Quebec was synonymous with Canada. And British North

America after 1763 was the prototype of what was to follow in the Do-

minion of Canada, or more commonly, Canada.

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PREFACE • xiii

This second edition provides the opportunity to include new entries

while at the same time strengthening, updating, or modifying others.

The political landscape has changed remarkably in Canada since publi-

cation of the first edition a decade ago; in consequence, the introduction

has been expanded, and many new entries are included to embrace as

subjects the new and prominent political participants on the national

scene. Areas of increasing attention here are the economy, including

energy, manufacturing, banking, currency, trade, and welfare. There are

more entries on social topics, including health care, unions, and Ameri-

can Vietnam War resisters. There are also more entries on historians of

Canada, and enhanced entries on Canadian historical literature. Cana-

da’s military activities as a member of NATO’s forces in Afghanistan

merit a number of additions, notably one on the Afghanistan mission.

There are new entries on radio and television, transportation, and space.

Architecture, art, film, music, and theater are new entries, too. Numer-

ous new biographical entries are included. The bibliography has been

expanded, strengthened, and updated. A section on Arctic sovereignty

and security has been added, as well as a guide to recommended read-

ing. The bibliography now includes selected websites to guide users

to documents, facts and opinions, and historical works, and to provide

gateway access to official repositories as well as historical organiza-

tions and institutes.

Barry M. Gough

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ALTA Alberta

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

BC British Columbia

BCATP British Commonwealth Air Training Plan

BNA British North America

CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

CCF Cooperative Commonwealth Federation

CEF Canadian Expeditionary Force

CFB Canadian Forces Base

CGS Canadian Government Ship

CIIA Canadian Institute of International Affairs

CNRail Canadian National Railway

CPC Conservative Party of Canada

CPR Canadian Pacific Railway

CPRail Canadian Pacific Railway

CRTC Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications

Commission

CSA Canadian Space Agency

CSIS Canadian Security Intelligence Service

DEW Distant Early Warning

DIAND Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development

EU European Union

FIRA Foreign Investment Review Agency

FLQ Front de Libération du Québec

G8 Group of Eight

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HBC Hudson’s Bay Company

HMCS Her Majesty’s Canadian Ship

Acronyms and Abbreviations

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xvi • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

IJC International Joint Commission

IODE Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire

ISAF International Security Assistance Force

JCPC Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

MB Manitoba

MP Member of Parliament

NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement

NASA National Aeronautical and Space Administration

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NB New Brunswick

NDP New Democratic Party

NFB National Film Board

NL Newfoundland and Labrador

NFLD Newfoundland

NORAD North American Air Defense Command

NRC National Research Council

NS Nova Scotia

NT Nunavut

NWC North West Company

NWT Northwest Territories

OAS Organization of American States

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop-

ment

ONT Ontario

PC Progressive Conservative Party

PEI Prince Edward Island

PJBD Permanent Joint Board on Defense

PQ Parti Québécois

QUE Québec

RCAF Royal Canadian Air Force

RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police

RCN Royal Canadian Navy

RE Royal Engineers

RMC Royal Military College of Canada

RN Royal Navy

SASK Saskatchewan

UFA United Farmers of Alberta

UK United Kingdom

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • xvii

UN United Nations

UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Or-

ganization

U.S. United States of America

YK Yukon

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Canada

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