Index 
499 
Treasury rate, 85 
Tree, 417-19, 476 
Turnbull, S.M., 421 
Two-sided default risk, 282 
Unconditional default probability, 
259 
Unconditional distribution, 152 
Underlying variable, 476 
Unilever, 372 
Unsystematic risk, 12, 477 
Valuation, 
American options, 417-19 
basket credit default swaps, 314-16 
bonds, 84 
collateralized debt obligations, 
314-16 
credit default swaps, 303-7 
European options, 413-15 
forward contracts, 407-8 
futures contracts, 407-8 
swaps, 409-11 
Value at risk, 176, 195-214, 477 
backtesting, 208-12 
component, 207 
confidence level, 205-6 
credit, 287-93, 369-70 
definition, 196-98 
historical simulation approach, 
217-30, 250-51 
incremental, 206-7 
marginal, 206 
model building approach, 233-51 
time horizon, 203 
vs. expected shortfall, 198-202 
Valuing American options, 417-419 
Valuing European options, 413-415 
Valuing forward contracts, 407-8 
Valuing futures contracts, 407-8 
Valuing swaps, 409-11 
Van Den Brink, G.J., 340 
VaR, see Value at risk 
Variance-covariance approach, 233, 
477 
Variance-covariance matrix, 148 
Variance rate, 112, 477 
Variance targeting, 130 
Varma, P., 261 
Vasicek, O., 160, 162, 192 
Vasicek's model, 287, 477 
Vecchiato, W., 161 
Vega, 65, 66, 104, 414, 419, 477 
Vega neutral, 66, 477 
Vetterling, W.T., 130 
Vetting, 352 
Volatility, 477 
definition, 112 
historic, 115-17 
implied, 114-15 
monitoring, 121-33 
per day, 234 
per year, 234 
skew, 348 
smile, 347 
surface, 349 
term structure, 135 
Volatility models, 121-38 
ARCH(m), 122 
Exponentially weighted moving 
average, 123, 147, 222-23 
GARCH(1,1), 125-37, 222-23 
GARCH(p,q), 125 
Volatility per day, 234 
Volatility per year, 234 
Volatility skew, 348, 477 
Volatility smile, 347, 477 
Volatility surface, 349, 477 
Volatility term structure, 135, 477 
Warwick, B., 50 
WCDR, see Worst-case default rate 
Weather derivatives, 385-87, 477 
Wei, J., 392 
Wells Fargo Bank, 322 
White, A., 89, 117, 222, 230, 250, 252, 
263,265,272,273,308,317