Каплан Г.И. Клиническая психиатрия

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

]hkiblZebaZpbx e_q_gb_ f_^bdZf_glhagufb kj_^kl\Zfb b ikbohkhpbZevgmx ihfhsv

Hkgh\ghcijbgpbie_`Zsbc\ hkgh\_nZjfZdhl_jZibbrbahZnn_dlb\guojZkkljhckl\

aZdexqZ_lky \lhf qlh Zglb^_ij_kkZglu b kihkh[u dmibjh\Zgby fZgbZdZevgh]h

khklhygby _keb \hafh`gh ke_^m_l ijh^he`Zlv bqlh Zglbikbohlbq_kdb_ kj_^kl\Z

ke_^m_l gZagZqZlv lhevdh ijb hkljhf ikbohlbq_kdhf khklhygbb ?keb e_q_gb_

lbfhe_ilbdZfb g_wnn_dlb\gh ^ey dmibjh\Zgby gZ[ex^Zxsboky kbfilhfh\ fh`gh

j_dhf_g^h\Zlv g_cjhe_ilbdb ;hevgu_ k rbahZnn_dlb\gufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb

[biheyjguc lbi ^he`gu ihemqZlv e_q_gb_ eblb_f dZj[ZfZa_ibghf beb khq_lZgb_f

h[hbo ij_iZjZlh\ ;hevgu_ k rbahZnn_dlb\gufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb ^_ij_kkb\guc lbi

^he`guihemqZlvljbpbdebq_kdb_Zglb^_ij_kkZglubg]b[blhjufhghZfbghdkb^Zaub

WKL ij_`^_ q_f [m^_l \ug_k_gh j_r_gb_ hlhf qlh [hevghc j_abkl_gl_g d l_jZibb

Zglb^_ij_kkZglZfb



>JM=B?IKBOHLBQ?KDB?J:KKLJHCKL<:

<wlhf jZa^_e_ kh^_j`Zlky ^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb ^ey rbahnj_gbnhjfgh]h

jZkkljhckl\Z djZldh\j_f_gguo j_Zdlb\guo ikbohah\ ikbohlbq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\

bg^mpbjh\Zggh]h oZjZdl_jZ bg^mpbjh\Zgguc ikboha b ikbohlbq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\

[he__ gb]^_ g_ deZkkbnbpbjm_fuo ^jm]b_ gZa\Zgby hlkmlkl\mxl >GH dhlhju_

gZau\Zxlky lZd`_ Zlbibqgufb ikbohaZfb RbahZnn_dlb\gh_ jZkkljhckl\h hibkZgh \

jZa^_e_ 

< '60,,,5 bg^mpbjh\Zggucikboha[ue gZa\Zg ©bg^mpbjh\Zggh_iZjZghb^gh_

jZkkljhckl\hª b ijb\h^beky \f_kl_ k ^jm]bfb iZjZghb^gufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb

IZjZghb^gu_ jZkkljhckl\Z jZkkfZljb\Zxlky l_i_jv dZd [j_^h\u_ jZkkljhckl\Z Z

bg^mpbjh\Zggu_ iZjZghb^gu_ jZkkljhckl\Z i_j_bf_gh\Zgu b i_j_f_s_gu \ jZa^_e

hibku\Zxsbc ^jm]b_ ikbohlbq_kdb_ jZkkljhckl\Z K\_^_gby h[ bg^mpbjh\Zgghf

ikboha_h]jZgbq_gulZddZdwlhjZkkljhckl\hgZ[ex^Z_lkyj_^dh

Ikbohlbq_kdh_ jZkkljhckl\h lbiZ >GH gZau\Z_lky ©Zlbibqguf ikbohahfª \

g_dhlhjuo ^bZ]ghklbq_kdbo kbkl_fZo Wlhl ^bZ]gha bkihevam_lky ^ey [hevguo k

ikbohlbq_kdbfb kbfilhfZfb dhlhju_ g_ hl\_qZxl djbl_jbyf gbdZdh]h ^jm]h]h

ikbobq_kdh]h jZkkljhckl\Z Gb`_ ijb\h^ylky ^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb b ijbf_ju

ikbohlbq_kdh]h jZkkljhckl\Z ^ey dhlhjh]h ^jm]b_ gZa\Zgby hlkmlkl\mxl >GH b

dhlhju_ gZau\Zxl lZd`_ Zlbibqgufb ikbohaZfb Dgbf hlghkylky jZkkljhckl\Z \

dhlhjuo bf_xlky ikbohlbq_kdb_ kbfilhfu [j_^ ]ZeexpbgZpbb [_kk\yaghklv j_qb

g_Z^_d\Zlghklv ZkkhpbZpbc dZlZlhgbq_kdh_ \ha[m`^_gb_ beb klmihj beb ]jm[Zy

^_ahj]ZgbaZpbyih\_^_gbyb dhlhju_g_hl\_qZxldjbl_jbxgb h^gh]hbahj]Zgbq_kdbo

aZ[he_\Zgbc Wlm dZl_]hjbx ke_^m_l ijbf_gylv lZd`_ ^ey ikbohah\ \ hlghr_gbb

dhlhjuobf__lkykebrdhffZehbgnhjfZpbb^eylh]hqlh[uihklZ\blvhij_^_e_gguc

^bZ]ghaemqr_\k_]hgZibkZlv©>bZ]ghahlkjhq_gªlZdqlhhgfh`_l[ulvbaf_g_gijb

ihemq_gbb gm`ghc bgnhjfZpbb Wlhl ^bZ]gha klZ\blky lhevdh \lhf kemqZ_ _keb

g_evay hij_^_eblv dZdhceb[h hj]Zgbq_kdbc nZdlhj e_`Zsbc \ hkgh\_ ^Zgghc

iZlheh]bbb ih^^_j`b\Zxsbc__

Ijbf_ju

 ikbohau k g_h[uqgufb ijhy\e_gbyfb gZijbf_j mklhcqb\u_ kemoh\u_

]ZeexpbgZpbb\ dZq_kl\__^bgkl\_ggh]hkbfilhfZ

 ihke_jh^h\u_ ikbohau dhlhju_ g_ hl\_qZxl djbl_jbyf hj]Zgbq_kdh]h

ikbohkbg^jhfZbebex[uf^jm]bfikbohlbq_kdbfjZkkljhckl\Zf

 ikbohau kh kf_rZggufb debgbq_kdbfb hkh[_gghklyfb dhlhju_

h[mkeh\eb\Zxlg_\hafh`ghklvihklZ\blv[he__hij_^_e_gguc^bZ]gha

RBAHNJ?GBNHJFGU?J:KKLJHCKL<:

DZd hij_^_e_gh \ '60,,,5 rbahnj_gbnhjfgh_ jZkkljhckl\h b^_glbqgh

rbahnj_gbb h^gZdh bf__lky ke_^mxs__ bkdexq_gb_ rbahnj_gbnhjfgu_ kbfilhfu

bkq_aZxlb\l_q_gb_  f_k[hevghc\ha\jZsZ_lkyd ghjfZevghc`bagb>eyihklZgh\db

^bZ]ghaZrbahnj_gbbg_h[oh^bfhqlh[ukbfilhfuijh^he`Zebkv[he__  f_k

Hij_^_e_gb_ rbahnj_gbnhjfgh]h jZkkljhckl\Z hlq_leb\h hlebqZ_lky hl lh]h

agZq_gby dhlhjh_ jZg__ \deZ^u\Zehkv \ wlhl ^bZ]gha <  ] *DEULHO /DQJIHOGW

ijb^mfZel_jfbg©rbahnj_gbnhjfgucªqlh[uhl^_eblv[hevguok wlbfgZjmr_gb_f

hl [hevguo klZd gZau\Z_fhc bklbgghc rbahnj_gb_c M [hevguo k

rbahnj_gbnhjfgufbjZkkljhckl\ZfbdZdijZ\beh[u\Z_l[eZ]hihemqguc

ij_fhj[b^ hkljh_ gZqZeh debgbq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ dhlhjhfm qZklh ij_^r_kl\m_l

hij_^_e_ggucklj_kkb ohjhrbcijh]gha;hevgu_k bklbgghcrbahnj_gb_ck ^jm]hc

klhjhgu bf_xl [he__ deZkkbq_kdh_ ojhgbq_kdh_ l_q_gb_ dhlhjh_ ijb\h^bl d

jZajmr_gbxebqghklbF_`^m  ]b im[ebdZpb_c '60,,,5 \  ]gZ[ex^ZeZkv

imlZgbpZ \ bkihevah\Zgbb l_jfbgh\ ©rbahnj_gbnhjfgu_ª b ©rbahZnn_dlb\gucª

Djbl_jbyf rbahnj_gbnhjfguo jZkkljhckl\ ijb\h^bfuo \ '60,,, b '60,,,5

hl\_qZ_l]jmiiZ[hevguok rbahnj_ghih^h[ghckbfilhfZlbdhcdhlhju_bf_xlemqrbc

ijh]gha q_f [hevgu_ rbahnj_gb_c Hkgh\hc ^bZ]ghklbq_kdh]h hlebqby \ kljh]hf

kfuke_y\ey_lkyijh^he`bl_evghklviZlheh]bq_kdhckbfilhfZlbdb

Wib^_fbheh]by

Hlghkbl_evghqZklhluaZ[he_\Z_fhklbb jZkijhkljZg_gghklbrbahnj_gbnhjfguo

jZkkljhckl\\ ebl_jZlmj_k\_^_gbcg_l lZd`_ dZd b hlghkbl_evgh lh]h m dZdh]h iheZ

hgbqZs_\klj_qZxlkyM g_dhlhjuo\jZq_ckha^Z_lky\i_qZle_gb_qlhwlhjZkkljhckl\h

gZb[he__ qZklh gZ[ex^Z_lky m ih^jhkldh\ b fheh^uo ebp b fg_gb_ [hevrbgkl\Z

bkke_^h\Zl_e_c _^bgh \ hlghr_gbb lh]h qlh hgh \klj_qZ_lky \  jZaZ j_`_ q_f

rbahnj_gby

Wlbheh]by

Wlbheh]by ^Zggh]h jZkkljhckl\Z g_ba\_klgZ Hq_gv g_[hevrh_ qbkeh

bkke_^h\Zgbcbf_xsboky\ jZkihjy`_gbbkh^_j`Zl^Zggu_hlhfqlh[hevgu_k wlbf

^bZ]ghahf khklZ\eyxl ]_l_jh]_ggmx ]jmiim M h^gbo aZ[he_\Zgb_ [he__ gZihfbgZ_l

rbahnj_gbx lh]^Z dZd m ^jm]bo²jZkkljhckl\Z gZkljh_gby G_dhlhju_ jZ[hlu

ihdZau\Zxlqlhm [hevguorbahnj_gbnhjfgufbjZkkljhckl\ZfbdZd]jmiiu\p_ehf

hlf_qZxlky [he__ \ujZ`_ggu_ Znn_dlb\gu_ jZkkljhckl\Z hkh[_ggh fZgby b

oZjZdl_j_g em qrbc ijh]gha q_f m [hevguo rbahnj_gb_c Jh^kl\_ggbdb [hevguo

rbahnj_gbnhjfgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb f_g__ qZklh [he_xl rbahnj_gb_c q_f

jh^kl\_ggbdb [hevguo rbahnj_gb_c gh [he__ qZklh q_f jh^kl\_ggbdb [hevguo

jZkkljhckl\Zfb gZkljh_gby >Zggu_ ih^l\_j`^Zxsb_ lhqdm aj_gby h jh^kl\_ f_`^m

rbahnj_gb_c b rbahnj_gbnhjfgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb ijb\h^ylky \ h^ghf

bkke_^h\Zgbb \ dhlhjhf h[gZjm`_gh m\_ebq_gb_ `_em^hqdh\ fha]Z dZd m [hevguo

rbahnj_gbnhjfgufbjZkkljhckl\ZfblZdbm[hevguorbahnj_gb_c

< aZdexq_gb_fh`ghhlf_lblvqlh[bheh]bq_kdb_^Zggu_khhl\_lkl\mxl ]bihl_a_

hlhf qlh jZkkfZljb\Z_fZy ^bZ]ghklbq_kdZy dZl_]hjby ho\Zlu\Z_l ]jmiim [hevguo

dhlhju_ ih\b^bfhfm kljZ^Zxl aZ[he_\Zgbyfb koh^gufb k rbahnj_gb_c beb

jZkkljhckl\ZfbgZkljh_gby

Debgbq_kdb_ijbagZdbb kbfilhfu

Debgbq_kdb_ ijbagZdb b kbfilhfu lZd `_ dZd b bkke_^h\Zgb_ ikbobq_kdh]h

klZlmkZ kh\iZ^Zxl F l_fb dhlhju_ ijbf_gyxlky ijb rbahnj_gbb <Z`gh h^gZdh

hlf_lblv dZdh\u mjh\_gv kimlZgghklb b jZkl_jygghklb [hevgh]h b_]h Znn_dl

ihkdhevdmwlbijhy\e_gbyfh]mlhdZaZlvkyhkh[_ggh\Z`gufb \ ij_^kdZaZgbb l_q_gby

aZ[he_\Zgby

L_q_gb_b ijh]gha

Ihhij_^_e_gbx\ua^hjh\e_gb_hlwlh]hjZkkljhckl\ZgZklmiZ_l\ l_q_gb_  f_k

bihke__]hhdhgqZgbyikbobq_kdb_nmgdpbbhklZxlkylZdbfb`_dZd^haZ[he_\Zgby

Ijh]gha wlh]h jZkkljhckl\Z hkeh`gy_lky hiZkghklvx \hagbdgh\_gby ih^h[guo

rbahnj_gbnhjfguo aZ[he_\Zgbc \ ihke_^mxs_f Z lZd`_ \hafh`ghklvx jZa\blby

rbahnj_gbb beb jZkkljhckl\ gZkljh_gby Bkke_^h\Zgby ihdZau\Zxl qlh djbl_jbc

rbahnj_gbb²gZebqb_ rbahnj_gbq_kdbo ijhy\e_gbc \ l_q_gb_  f_k²kha^Z_l

agZqbl_evguc i_j_\_k \ klhjhgm om^r_]h ijh]ghaZ hlkx^Z ke_^m_l qlh [hevgu_ k

rbahnj_gbnhjfgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb bf_xl emqrbc ijh]gha q_f [hevrbgkl\h

[hevguorbahnj_gb_c Djhf_ mdZaZgbc gZ ohjhrbc ijh]gha \ '60,,,5 ijb\h^ylky

kfgb`_lZdb_ijbagZdbdZdhkljh_gZqZeh b f_gvrZy ijh^he`bl_evghklvdhlhju_

k\b^_l_evkl\mxl \ ihevam ohjhr_]h ijh]ghaZ < i_jbh^ \j_f_gb dh]^Z gZ[ex^Zxlky

\ujZ`_ggu_ debgbq_kdb_ ijhy\e_gby Z lZd`_ \ i_jbh^ ^_ij_kkbb dhlhjZy qZklh

gZ[ex^Z_lkyihke_ikbohaZbf__lkyjbkdkmbpb^h\

>bZ]ghklbq_kdbfb djbl_jbyfb ^ey rbahnj_gbnhjfgh]h jZkkljhckl\Z y\eyxlky

ke_^mxsb_

:

Khklhygb_hl\_qZxs__djbl_jbyf

rbahnj_gbb

;

 Ijbklmi jZkkljhckl\ \dexqZy ijh^jhf Zdlb\gmx b j_ab^mZevgmx nZau

ijh^he`Zxsb_ky f_g__  f_k Dh]^Z ^bZ]gha ^he`_g [ulv ihklZ\e_g ^h lh]h

\j_f_gb dh]^Z gZklmibl \ua^hjh\e_gb_ _]h ke_^m_l jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd

©\j_f_ggucª

Khklhygb_g_hl\_qZxs__djbl_jbyfdjZldh\j_f_ggh]hj_Zdlb\gh]hikbohaZb

ijbdhlhjhfg_evaymklZgh\blvgZebqb_hj]Zgbq_kdh]hnZdlhjZdhlhjucfh][u

\ua\Zlvb ih^^_j`b\Zlv^Zggh_jZkkljhckl\h

Hij_^_ebl_hlkmlkl\b_hkh[_gghkl_cdhlhju_fh]mlmdZaZlvgZohjhrbcijh]gha

bebgZebqb_hkh[_gghkl_cdhlhju_fh]mlmdZau\ZlvgZohjhrbcijh]ghal_ih

f_gvr_cf_j_^\Zmkeh\bybake_^mxsbo

 gZqZeh\ujZ`_gguoikbohlbq_kdbokbfilhfh\\ l_q_gb_ g_^ihke_\i_j\u_

hlf_q_ggh]hbaf_g_gbyih\_^_gbybebikbobq_kdhc^_yl_evghklb

 kimlZgghklv ^_ahjb_glbjh\dZ beb jZkl_jygghklv gZ \ukhl_ ikbohlbq_kdh]h

ijbklmiZ

 [eZ]hihemqguc\ khpbZevghfb ijhn_kkbhgZevghfhlghr_gbbij_fhj[b^

 hlkmlkl\ b_ijblmie_gbybebmiehs_gbyZnn_dlZ

>bnn_j_gpbZevguc^bZ]gha

>bnn_j_gpbZevguc ^bZ]gha ijb rbahnj_gbnhjfguo jZkkljhckl\Zo ijh\h^blky

lZd `_ dZd ij b rbahnj_gbb Gm`gh bkdexqblv kbfmeylb\gu_ bkdmkkl\_ggh

kha^Z\Z_fu_ jZkkljhckl\Z k ikboheh]bq_kdbfb gZjmr_gbyfb b hj]Zgbq_kdb_

jZkkljhckl\Z Hlghkbl_evgh djZldh\j_f_ggu_ ikbohlbq_kdb_ khklhygby fh]ml

gZ[ex^Zlvky ijb wibe_ikbb \bkhqguo ^he_c himoheyo PGK bgkmevlZo bgn_dpbyo b

ijbmihlj_[e_gbbjy^Zij_iZjZlh\gZijbf_jkl_jhb^h\]Zeexpbgh]_gh\

Debgbq_kdbcih^oh^

QZklh lj_[m_lky ]hkiblZebabjh\Zlv [hevgh]h qlh[u ihklZ\blv ^bZ]gha

hkms_kl\blvwnn_dlb\gh_e_q_gb_b aZsblblv[hevgh]h©hlkZfh]hk_[yª>eye_q_gby

ikbohlbq_kdbo kbfilhfh\ h[uqgh bkihevamxlky Zglbikbohlbq_kdb_ ij_iZjZlu gh

q_j_a ²  f_k bo ke_^m_l hlf_gblv G_dhlhjuf [hevguf hkh[_ggh k \ujZ`_ggufb

dZlZlhgbq_kdbfbkbfilhfZfbihdZaZgZwe_dljhkm^hjh`gZyl_jZibyIjhnbeZdlbq_kdh_

e_q_gb_ Zglbikbohlbq_kdbfb ij_iZjZlZfb [hevguo k rbahnj_gbnhjfgufb

jZkkljhckl\Zfbihqlbgbdh]^Zg_ijh\h^blky?kebm [hevgh]hgZ[ex^Z_lkyih\lhjguc

ijbklmi _fm fh`gh j_dhf_g^h\Zlv l_jZibx eblb_f qlh[u mklZgh\blv [m^_l eb hgZ

wnn_dlb\gZ^eye_q_gbyb ijhnbeZdlbdb^Zggh]hjZkkljhckl\ZIkbohl_jZibyh[uqgh

bf__l hq_gv [hevrh_ agZq_gb_ ^ey l_o [hevguo dhlhjuf g_h[oh^bfh ihfhqv

kijZ\blvkykhk\hbfbikbohlbq_kdbfbi_j_`b\Zgbyfb

DJ:LDH<J?F?GGUCJ?:DLB<GUCIKBOHA

Hlebqbl_evgufbhkh[_gghklyfbdjZldh\j_f_ggh]hj_Zdlb\gh]hikbohaZy\eyxlky

_]h k\yav k kbevguf klj_kkhjguf nZdlhjhf b ijh^he`bl_evghklv iZlheh]bq_kdbo

ijhy\e_gbc f_g__  f_k DjZldh\j_f_gguc j_Zdlb\guc ikboha ² h^bg ba g_fgh]bo

^bZ]ghah\ ^ey dhlhjuo \ '60,,,5 hij_^_e_g ki_pbnbq_kdbc wlbheh]bq_kdbc

djbl_jbcZ bf_gghikbohkhpbZevgucklj_kkJZg__[hevguok ih^h[gufaZ[he_\Zgb_f

gZau\Zeb [hevgufb j_Zdlb\guf bkl_jbq_kdbf klj_kkh\uf b ikboh]_gguf ikbohahf

Kmsghklv gZa\Zgby ERXIIHH GHOLUDQWH jZkijhkljZg_ggh]h \h njZgpmakdhc ikbobZljbb

hq_gv [ebadZ dwlbf jZkkljhckl\Zf J_Zdlb\guc ikboha qZklh bkihevah\Zeky dZd

kbghgbf rbahnj_gbb k ohjhrbf ijh]ghahf >bZ]gha j_Zdlb\guc ikboha

ih^jZamf_\Z_l gZebqb_ Z[khexlgh [eZ]hihemqgh]h ij_fhj[b^Z \ hlghr_gbb

jZkkljhckl\fure_gby

Wib^_fbheh]by

>bZ]gha djZldh\j_f_gguc j _Zdlb\guc ikboha \dexq_gguc \ '60,,,5

hlq_leb\h g_ hij_^_e_g \ hlghr_gbb qZklhlu \klj_qZ_fhklb jZkijhkljZg_gghklb b

ij_h[eZ^Zgbymebpfm`kdh]hbeb`_gkdh]hih eZFgh]b_\jZqbkqblZxlqlhwlhj_^dh_

aZ[he_\Zgb_ dhlhjh_ qZs_ \klj_qZ_lky m ih^jhkldh\ bhq_gv fheh^uo ebp Hgh dZd

[m^lh [u qZs_ gZ[ex^Z_lky m ij_^klZ\bl_e_c [he__ gbadbo khpbhwdhghfbq_kdbo

deZkkh\bm[hevguok gZebqb_f\ ij_fhj[b^_ebqghklguojZkkljhckl\hkh[_gghqZklh

bkl_jbq_kdbo gZjpbkkbq_kdbo iZjZghb^guo rbahlbibq_kdbo b ih]jZgbqguo

Km[t_dlu \ ijhrehf bkiulZ\rb_ [_^kl\b_ beb j_admx kf_gm dmevlmjguo

hkh[_gghkl_clZd`_fh]mlkhklZ\blv]jmiimih\ur_ggh]hjbkdZ

Wlbheh]by

Ihhij_^_e_gbxwlbheh]bq_kdbfnZdlhjhfwlh]hjZkkljhckl\Zy\ey_lkykbevguc

ikbohkhpbZevguc klj_kk Ba\_klgh h^gZdh qlh m fgh]bo ba wlbo [hevguo jZg__

gZ[ex^Zebkv jZkkljhckl\Z ebqghklb bf_xsb_ dZd [bheh]bq_kdmx lZd b

ikboheh]bq_kdmxhkgh\mOhly^ZgguomdZau\ZxsbogZ [he__qZklmxaZ[he_\Z_fhklv

rbahnj_gb_c kj_^b jh^kl\_ggbdh\ ijh[Zg^h\ wlbo [hevguo g_l bf_xlky g_dhlhju_

mdZaZgby gZ lh qlh jZkkljhckl\Z gZkljh_gby m gbo \klj_qZxlky qZs_

Ikboh^bgZfbq_kdb_gZjmr_gbyijbwlhfaZ[he_\Zgbbiha\heyxlij_^iheh`blvm wlbo

[hevguo g_Z^_d\Zlghklv f_oZgbafh\ iha\heyxsbo kijZ\blvky kh klj_kkhf b

hl\_qZxsboaZ\lhjbqgh_gZmq_gb_<ukdZaZgZ]bihl_aZqlhwlbikbohauij_^klZ\eyxl

kh[hc j_Zdpbb aZsblu bkiheg_gby `_eZgbc beb ba[_]Zgby \k\yab k ki_pbnbq_kdbf

klj_kkh\uf\ha^_ckl\b_f

Debgbq_kdb_ijbagZdbb kbfilhfu

Debgbq_kdb_ ijbagZdb b kbfilhfu koh^gu k lZdh\ufb gZ[ex^Zxsbfbky ijb

^jm]bo ikbohlbq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\Zo gZijbf_j ijb rbahnj_gbb b jZkkljhckl\Zo

gZkljh_gby ikbohlbq_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ Bf_xlky g_dhlhju_ mdZaZgby qlh [he__

lbibqgufb y\eyxlky Znn_dlb\gu_ jZkkljhckl\Z q_f [he__ deZkkbq_kdb_ kbfilhfu

rbahnj_gbb Fh]ml gZ[ex^Zlvky ke_^mxsb_ ijhy\e_gby wfhpbhgZevgZy eZ[bevghklv

kljZggh_ ih\_^_gby bkl_jbqgu_ djbdb beb g_fhlZ ^_ahjb_glbjh\Zgghklv b

gZjmr_gb_ iZfylb gZ g_^Z\gb_ kh[ulby ;hevghc dhlhjuc \ gZqZe_ bgh]^Z g_ \

khklhygbbkhhlg_klbwlbijhy\e_gbyk \ua\Z\rbfbokh[ulb_fiha`_fh`_lhkhagZlv

k\yavf_`^mgbfb\ KL VWULRQLFIDKLRQ IjbagZdbb kbfilhfubf_\rbokyb^hgZklhys_]h

aZ[he_\Zgby jZkkljhckl\ ebqghklb fh`gh gZ[ex^Zlv \h \j_fy bkke_^h\Zgby

ikbobq_kdh]hklZlmkZ

L_q_gb_b ijh]gha

Ijh^jhfZevgu_ kbfilhfu ij_^r_kl\mxsb_ klj_kkm \ua\Z\r_fm aZ[he_\Zgb_

hlkmlkl\mxl GZqZeh h[uqgh [u\Z_l j_adh_ \ l_q_gb_ \k_]h g_kdhevdbo qZkh\ ihke_

\ua\Z\r_]h _]h klj_kkZ >ebl_evghklv hkljh]h i_jbh^Z b i_jbh^Z j_ab^mZevghc

kbfilhfZlbdbbgh]^ZkhklZ\ey_l\k_]hg_kdhevdhqZkh\beb^g_c\k_]^Zf_g__  f_k<

jy^_ kemqZ_\ ih ke_ bkq_agh\_gby ikbohlbq_kdhc kbfilhfZlbdb ihy\eyxlky

^_ij_kkb\gu_ ijhy\e_gby Kmbpb^u \hafh`gu dZd \h \j_fy ikbohlbq_kdhc lZd b

^_ij_kkb\ghc nZau <u^_e_g jy^ ijbagZdh\ mdZau\Zxsbo gZ ohjhrbc ijh]gha

[eZ]hihemqguc ij_fhj[b^ gZebqb_ \ ij_fhj[b^_ rbahb^guo q_jl ly`_euc klj_kk

\ua\Z\rbcaZ[he_\Zgb_hkljh_gZqZehgZebqb_Znn_dlb\guokbfilhfh\kimlZgghklvb

jZkl_jygghklv \h \j_fy ikbohlbq_kdh]h khklhygby g_[hevrh_ Znn_dlb\gh_

ijblmie_gb_ dhjhldZy ijh^he`bl_evghklv ijbklmiZ hlkmlkl\b_ rbahnj_gbb m

jh^kl\_ggbdh\ M [hevguo m dhlhjuo h[gZjm`b\Zxlky wlb ijbagZdb dZd ijZ\beh g_

[u\Z_lih\lhjguoijbklmih\bf_gvr_\_jhylghklvjZa\blby\ ^Zevg_cr_frbahnj_gbb

bebjZkkljhckl\ZgZkljh_gby

>bZ]gha

>bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb ^ey djZldh\j_f_ggh]h j_Zdlb\gh]h ikbohaZ kh]eZkgh

'60,,,5 ke_^mxsb_

:

GZebqb_ihf_gvr_cf_j_h^gh]hbake_^mxsbokbfilhfh\mdZau\ZxsbogZ

gZjmr_gb_ h p_gdb j_Zevghklb [_a h[mkeh\e_gghklb dmevlmjgufb

hkh[_gghklyfb

 g_ihgylgu_bebg_Z^_d\Zlgu_ZkkhpbZpbb

 [j_^

 ]ZeexpbgZpbb



dZlZlhgbq_kdh_beb^_ahj]Zgbah\Zggh_ih\_^_gb_

;

hheZgmc\klv l _ kf_gZ Znn_dlh\ jZagh]h kh^_j`Zgby b \ukhdhc

bgl_gkb\ghklbbeb`_kbevgZyjZkl_jygghklvbebkimlZgghklv

<

Ihy\e_gb_kbfilhfh\hlghkysbokyd:beb;\kdhj_ihke_by\gh\hl\_lgZ

h^gh beb g_kdhevdh kh[ulbc dhlhju_ dZ`^h_ kZfh ih k_[_ beb \f_kl_ \aylu_

fh]ml\ua\ZlvagZqbl_evgucklj_kkihqlbm dZ`^h]hijbkoh^guoh[klhyl_evkl\Zo

\ dmevlmjguomkeh\byolbibqguo^ey^Zggh]h[hevgh]h

=

Hlkm lkl\b_ijh^jhfZevguokbfilhfh\rbahnj_gbbb g_khhl\_lkl\bydjbl_jbx

rbahlbibq_kdh]hjZkkljhckl\Zebqghklbi_j_^gZqZehfaZ[he_\Zgby

>

Ijh^he`bl_evghklvijbklmiZaZ[he_\Zgby\ l_q_gb_hlg_kdhevdboqZkh\^h 

f_k ih hdhgqZgbb dhlhjh]h gZ[ex^Z_lky ihegh_ \ua^hjh\e_gb_ l _

\hkklZgh\e_gb_ ij_fhj[b^gh]h mjh\gy ikbobq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb Dh]^Z

g_h[oh^bfh ihklZ\blv ^bZ]gha ^h hdhgqZl_evgh]h \ua^hjh\e_gby hg ^he`_g

jZkkfZljb\ZlvkydZd©\j_f_ggucª

?

Hlkm lkl\b_k\yabk jZkkljhckl\hfgZkljh_gbyikbohlbq_kdh]hoZjZdl_jZl_

g_l jZa\_jgmlh]h kbg^jhfZ jZkkljhckl\ gZkljh_gby b g_evay mklZgh\blv

hj]Zgbq_kdbc nZdlhj dhlhjuc [u e_`Ze \ hkgh\_ b ih^^_j`b\Ze ^Zggh_

aZ[he_\Zgb_

IkbohkhpbZevguf klj_kkhf fh`_l y\blvky dZd h^gh kh[ulb_ lZd b p_euc jy^

kh[ulbc [hevrbgkl\h ba dhlhjuo y\eyxlky ^hklZlhqgh ly`_eufb ^ey lh]h qlh[u

h[mkeh\blv kbevguc klj_kk m dZ`^h]h q_eh\_dZ \ koh^guo khpbhwdhghfbq_kdbo b

dmevlmjguo hkh[_gghklyo QZklh g_h[oh^bfh bamqblv bklhjbx ikbohkhpbZevgh]h

klj_kkZ ihemqZy k\_^_gby hl qe_gh\ k_fvb dh]^Z m aZ[he_\r_]h \i_j\u_ gZqbgZxlky

ikbohlbq_kdb_ijhy\e_gbyHij_^_e_gguoih^lbih\g_\u^_e_gh

>bnn_j_gpbZevguc^bZ]gha

<jZq g_ ^he`_g kqblZlv qlh _keb m [hevgh]h [ueh g_ijh^he`bl_evgh_

ikbohlbq_kdh_ khklhygb_ lh ij Z\bevguf ^bZ]ghahf [m^_l djZldh\j_f_gguc

j_Zdlb\guc ikboha \l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z bf_e f_klh y\guc \g_rgbc nZdlhj

kihkh[kl\mxsbc^ZgghfmaZ[he_\ZgbxIh^h[gucklj_kkfh`_lijhklhkh\iZ^Zlvbeb

khq_lZlvky k ^jm]bf iZlheh]bq_kdbf ikbobq_kdbf khklhygb_f hj]Zgbq_kdbf beb

g_hj]Zgbq_kdbf Ijb ijh\_^_gbb ^bnn_j_gpbZevgh]h ^bZ]ghaZ gZ^h jZkkfhlj_lv

bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fu_ jZkkljhckl\Z k ikboheh]bq_kdbfb ijhy\e_gbyfb

kbfmeypbxZ lZd`_hj]Zgbq_kdb_nZdlhjuWlhlkbg^jhffh`_lgZihfbgZlvkhklhygb_

Z[klbg_gpbbb bglhdkbdZpbbgZjdhlbq_kdbfb \_s_kl\Zfb Z [hevghcfh`_l hljbpZlv

qlh hg aehmihlj_[ey_l wlbfb \_s_kl\Zfb DjZldh\j_f_ggu_ ikbohlbq_kdb_ wibah^u

fh]mlgZ[ex^ZlvkylZd`_ijbwibe_ikbbb hj]Zgbq_kdhf^_ebjbbDjhf_rbahnj_gbb

jZkkljhckl\Z gZkljh_gby b [j_^h\h]h jZkkljhckl\Z jZkkfhlj_gbx ih^e_`Zl

fgh`_kl\_ggu_ jZkkljhckl\Z ebqghklb b ikbohlbq_kdb_ ij bklmiu k\yaZggu_ k

ih]jZgbqgufbbebrbahlbibq_kdbfbjZkkljhckl\Zfb

Debgbq_kdbcih^oh^

>ey ^bZ]ghklbdb b ijZ\bevgh]h e_q_gby ikbohaZ g_h[oh^bfZ ]hkiblZebaZpby

Ij_[u\Zgb_ \ [hevgbqghc h[klZgh\d_ fh`_l hdZaZlvky ^hklZlhqguf ^ey lh]h qlh[u

ihfhqv [hevghfm \ua^hjh\_lv < l_q_gb_ i_j\hc g_^_eb fh]ml ihlj_[h\Zlvky fZeu_

^hau Zglbikbohlbq_kdbo kj_^kl\ h^gZdh bo gm`gh hlf_gblv dZd fh`gh kdhj__

Bg^b\b^mZevgZyk_f_cgZyb ]jmiih\Zyl_jZiby^he`gZ[ulvgZijZ\e_gZgZjZatykg_gb_

agZqbfhklb klj_kkZ dZd ijbqbgu aZ[he_\Zgby gZ mdj_ie_gb_ jZg__ kms_kl\h\Z\rbo

f_oZgbafh\ [hjv[u kgbf b klbfmeypbx \ujZ[hldb gh \uo HgZ ^he`gZ ihfhqv

[hevghfmkijZ\blvkyk g_^hklZldhfkZfhm\Z`_gbyb m\_j_gghklb=bighl_jZibyfh`_l

[ulvj_dhf_g^h\ZgZ\ l_q_gb_i_j\uo ² g_^aZ[he_\Zgby

BG>MPBJH<:GGUCIKBOHA

Bg^mpbjh\Zgguc ikboha ihy\ey_lky dh]^Z [j_^h\Zy kbkl_fZ jZa\b\Z_lky m

[hevgh]h\ j_amevlZl_l_kghck\yabk ^jm]bfebphfm dhlhjh]hjZg__[uehmklZgh\e_gh

gZebqb_koh^ghc[j_^h\hckbkl_fu< '60,,,5 wlhaZ[he_\Zgb_gZau\Zehkv©h[s__k

^jm]bf ebphf iZjZghb^gh_ jZkkljhckl\hª ZjZg__ gZau\Zehkv lZd`_ IROLH D GHX[

h^gZdh ihkdhevdm [ueh h[gZjm`_gh qlh iZlh]_g_a b l_q_gb_ wlh]h aZ[he_\Zgby

hlebqZxlky hl ^jm]bo [j_^h\uo iZjZghb^guo jZkkljhckl\ h[s__ k ^j m]bf ebphf

iZjZghb^gh_jZkkljhckl\h[uehi_j_bf_gh\Zghb ihf_s_gh\ ^jm]hcjZa^_e'60,,,5

Bg^mpbjh\Zgguc ikboha ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc j_^dh_ aZ[he_\Zgb_ b dZkZ_lky dZd

ijZ\beh^\moebpKemqZbdh]^Zbg^mpbjh\ZggucikbohajZa\b\Z_lky[he__q_fm^\mo

ebpgZau\Zxlky IROLHDWURLVDTXDWUHDFLQJ bl^H^bgkemqZcdZkZ\rbckyp_ehck_fvb

IROLFH D GRXVH \dexqZe  q_eh\_d >jm]b_ gZa\Zgby dhlhju_ lZd`_ bgh]^Z

bkihevamxlky ² ©^\hcgh_ ihf_rZl_evkl\hª GRXEOH LQVDQLW\ b ©ikboha \hagbdrbc

ihZkkhpbZpbbªSV\FKRVLVRIDVVRFLDWLRQ

Bg^mpbjh\Zgguc ikboha [ue \i_j\u_ hibkZg \  ] njZgpmakdbfb

ikbobZljZfb /DVHJXO b )DOUHW dhlhju_gZa\Zeb_]h IROLHDGHX[

<u^_eyxlkyljbdebgbq_kdboih^lbiZ ²IROLH VLPXOWDQHH ijbdhlhjhfm [hevguo

h[gZjm`b\Z_lkyb^ _glbqguc[j_^\ h^ghclh`_\j_fy IROLHFRPPXQLTXH ij bdhlhjhfm

^\mo ebp gZ[ex^Z_lky h[sbc ^jm] k ^jm]hf Zki_dl [j_^h\uo i_j_`b\Zgbc b IROLH

LPSRVHH ij bdhlhjhfh^bg[hevghck [j_^h\ufbjZkkljhckl\Zfb^hfbgbjm_lZ \lhjhc

[he__ih^qbg_gguc©\iblu\Z_lª\k_[y[j_^h\u_b^_b^hfbgbjmxs_]hkm[t_dlZ )ROLH

LPSRVHH y\ey_lky ih^lbihf dhlhjuc \ gZklhys__ \j_fy oZjZdl_jbam_lky \ '60,,,5

dZdbg^mpbjh\Zggucikboha

Wib^_fbheh]by

JZkkljhckl\Z \ \b^_ bg^mpbjh\Zggh]h ikbohaZ \klj_qZxlky djZcg_ j_^dh Hgb

qZs_ gZ[ex^Zxlky m `_gsbg q_f m fm`qbg ;he__ lbibqgu hgb lZd`_ ^ey

ij_^klZ\bl_e_c gb`gbo khpbhwdhghfbq_kdbo keh_\ h^gZdh fh]ml aZ[he_lv ebpZ

ijbgZ^e_`Zsb_ dh \k_f h[s_kl\_gguf deZkkZf =jmiim \ukhdh]h jbkdZ khklZ\eyxl

lZd`_ [hevgu_ kly`_euf nbabq_kdbf g_^m]hf gZijbf_j k bgkmevlhf beb ]emohlhc

ihkdhevdm^eywlboebpoZjZdl_jgZaZ\bkbfhklv\ hlghr_gbbk ^jm]bfbex^vfb;he__

 kemqZ_\ hlghkblky d aZ[he_\Zgbx ^\mo ebp ba h^ghc blhc `_ k_fvb

Ijb[ebabl_evgh







\dexqZ_laZ[he_\Zgb_ ^\mok_kl_j







²aZ[he_\Zgb_fm`Zb `_gu

bebfZl_jbb j_[_gdZKemqZbaZ[he_\Zgby^\mo[jZlv_\[jZlZb k_kljub hlpZb j_[_gdZ

\klj_qZxlkyj_`_

Wlbheh]by

KqblZ_lky qlh wlbheh]bq_kdb wlh aZ[he_\Zgb_ k\yaZgh k ikbohkhpbZevghc

hkgh\hc Dexq_\ufb dhfihg_glZfb y\eyxlky gZebqb_ iZju khklhys_c ba [he__

^hfbgbjmxs_]h b [he__ ih^qbg_ggh]h km[t_dlh\ gZebqb_ hq_gv l_kghc k\yab b

hlghkbl_evghc baheypbb hl ^jm]bo b \aZbfgZy \u]h^Z ^ey h[hbo M ^hfbgbjmxs_]h

ebpZm`_mklZgh\e_ghgZebqb_ikbobq_kdh]hjZkkljhckl\Z\\b^_[j_^h\h]hkbfilhfZ

<ukdZau\Z_lky]bihl_aZqlh^hfbgbjmxsbckm[t_dlih^^_j`b\Z_lhij_^_e_ggmxk\yav

k \g_rgbf fbjhf q_j_a ih^qbg_ggh]h km[t_dlZ m dhlhjh]h jZa\b\Z_lky

bg^mpbjh\ZggucikbohaIh^qbg_gguckm[t_dl\k\hxhq_j_^vijbgbfZ_llhqdmaj_gby

[he__ ^hfbgbjmxs_]h km[t_dlZ dhlhjh]h hg bgh]^Z h[h`Z_l Wlh h[h`Zgb_ fh`_l

lZd`_ ijb\h^blv bd g_gZ\bklb kh klhjhgu ^hfbgbjmxs_]h km[t_dlZ Ih^h[gZy

g_gZ\bklvly`_ehi_j_`b\Z_lkyih^qbg_ggufkm[t_dlhf\uau\Zy^_ij_kkbxZ bgh]^Z

b kmbpb^

J_pbib_glbebiZkkb\guciZjlg_jwlhcikbohlbq_kdhck\yabbf__lfgh]hh[s_]h

k ^hfbgbjmxsbfiZjlg_jhfihkdhevdmhgbbf_xl\hfgh]hfh^bgZdh\uc`bag_gguc

hiul h^bgZdh\u_ ihlj_[ghklb b gZ^_`^u b qlh gZb[he__ \Z`gh ]em[hdh_

wfhpbhgZevgh_\aZbfhihgbfZgb_k iZjlg_jhf

;bheh]bq_kdbobkke_^h\Zgbc[hevguokwlbfjZkkljhckl\hfihqlbg_lLhlnZdl

qlh wlh aZ[he_\Zgb_ ihjZ`Z_l qe_gh\ h^ghc blhc `_ k_fvb kh]eZkgh h^ghc lhqd_

aj_gbymdZau\Z_lgZgZebqb_]_g_lbq_kdhchkgh\uBf_xlkyg_fgh]hqbke_ggu_^Zggu_

bkke_^h\Zgbck_f_cgh]hZgZfg_aZk\b^_l_evkl\mxsb_hlhfqlhkj_^bjh^kl\_ggbdh\

[hevguobg^mpbjh\Zggufikbohahf\klj_qZ_lky[hevr_[hevguorbahnj_gb_c

Debgbq_kdb_ijbagZdbb kbfilhfu

Dexq_\ufkbfilhfhfy\ey_lkyijbgylb_[j_^h\uoi_j_`b\Zgbc^jm]h]hebpZaZ

bklbgm [_a \kydbo dhe_[Zgbc ;j_^h\u_ i_j_`b\Zgby kZfb ih k_[_ hlghkylky d kn_j_

\hafh`gh]h b h[uqgh g_ klhev ijbqm^eb\u dZd wlh qZklh [u\Z_l ijb rbahnj_gbb

Kh^_j`Zgb_ [j_^h\uo i_j_`b\Zgbc qZklh khklZ\eyxl b^_b ij_ke_^h\Zgby beb

bihohg^jbq_kdb_ b^_b < dZq_kl\_ khimlkl\mxsbo fh]ml h[gZjm`b\Zlvky ebqghklgu_

jZkkljhckl\Z gh ijbagZdb b kbfilhfu hl\_qZxsb_ ^bZ]ghklbq_kdhfm djbl_jbx

rbahnj_gbb jZkkljhckl\ gZkljh_gby beb [j_^h\uo jZkkljhckl\ hlkmlkl\mxl Bgh]^Z

gZ[ex^Zxlky^h]h\hjuh kmbpb^Zobebkh\_jr_gbbm[bckl\ZbwlmbgnhjfZpbxgm`gh

lsZl_evghkh[bjZlv

L_q_gb_b ijh]gha

Kms_kl\m_l h[s_ijbgylh_ fg_gb_ qlh baheypby iZkkb\gh]h iZjlg_jZ k

bg^mpbjh\Zgguf[j_^hfhl^hfbgbjmxs_]hiZjlg_jZh[uqgh ijb\h^bld [ukljhfmb

\i_qZleyxs_fmbkq_agh\_gbxiZlheh]bq_kdhc

kbfilhfZlbdb H^gZdh debgbq_kdb_ ^Zggu_ hq_gv \ZjbZ[_evgu b bgh]^Z ihdZaZl_eb

\ua^hjh\e_gby hq_gv gbadb_ hl  ^h  ?keb ihke_ baheypbb iZlheh]bq_kdb_

ijhy\e_gby g_ bkq_aZxl agZqbl [hevghc kljZ^Z_l aZ[he_\Zgb_f hl\_qZxsbf

^bZ]ghklbq_kdbfdjbl_jbyfrbahnj_gbbbeb[j_^h\h]hjZkkljhckl\Z

>bZ]gha

>bZ]ghklbq_kdbfbdjbl_jbyfb^eybg^mpbjh\Zggh]hikbohaZy\eyxlky

:

;j_^jZa\b\Z_lkym \lhjh]hebpZ\ dhgl_dkl_[ebadbok\ya_ck ^jm]bfebphf

bebebpZfbkm`_bf_xsbfky[j_^hfi_j\bqguckemqZc

;

;j_^ m \lhjh]h ebpZ koh^_g ih kh^_j`Zgbx k [j_^hf gZ[ex^Zxsbfky \

i_j\bqghfkemqZ_

<

G_ihkj_^kl\_ggh i_j_^ gZqZehf bg^mpbjh\Zggh]h [j_^Z \lhjh_ ebph g_

h[gZjm`b\Zeh ikbohlbq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ beb ijh^jhfZevguo kbfilhfh\

rbahnj_gbb

LZdbf h[jZahf ^bZ]ghklbq_kdb_ djbl_jbb bg^mpbjh\Zggh]h ikbohaZ \dexqZxl

gZebqb_ bg^mpbjh\Zggh]h [j_^Z dhlhjuc koh^_g ih kh^_j`Zgbx k [j_^hf

^hfbgbjmxs_]h km[t_dlZ Wlhl ^bZ]gha klZ\blky \l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z m km[t_dlZ g_

h[gZjm`b\Zehkvikbohlbq_kdbojZkkljhckl\^hl_oihjihdZg_\hagbdehih[m`^_gb_kh

klhjhgu[j_^h\hckbkl_fu^jm]h]hebpZIh^lbiug_\u^_eyxlky

>bnn_j_gpbZevguc^bZ]gha

IjbihklZgh\d_^bnn_j_gpbZevgh]h^bZ]ghaZwlh]haZ[he_\ZgbygZ^hjZkkfhlj_lv

kbfmeypbx bkdmkkl\_ggh ^_fhgkljbjm_fu_ jZkkljhckl\Z k ikboheh]bq_kdbfb

gZjmr_gbyfbb hj]Zgbq_kdb_aZ[he_\ZgbyM aZ[he_\r_]hkm[t_dlZfh]mlgZ[ex^Zlvky

jZkkljhckl\Z ebqghklb =^_ ijhoh^bl ]jZgbpZ f_`^m bg^mpbjh\Zgguf ikbohahf b

Debgbq_kdbcih^oh^

J_dhf_g^m_fucih^oh^² bahebjh\ZlvaZ[he_\r_]hkm[t_dlZhlbklhqgbdZ[j_^Z

l _ hl ^hfbgbjmxs_]h iZjlg_jZ AZ [hevguf k bg^mpbjh\Zgguf ikbohahf gZ^h

hj]Zgbah\Zlv moh^ h[uqgh \ debgbd_ b`^Zlv ihdZ gZklmibl kZfhijhba\hevgZy

j_fbkkby l _ bkq_agml [j_^h\u_ i_j_`b\Zgby Wnn_dlb\ghc fh`_l hdZaZlvky

ikbohl_jZibyk ^hfbgbjmxsbfkm[t_dlhfb ^jm]bfbqe_gZfbk_fvbNZjfZdhl_jZibx

ke_^m_lijbf_gylvlhevdh\l_okemqZyodh]^Zwlhg_h[oh^bfhL_jZibyfh`_lhdZaZlvky

[he__ mki_rghc _keb [hevghfm hdZau\Zxl ih^^_j`dm dhfi_gkbjmxsmx mljZlm

^hfbgbjmxs_]h iZjlg_jZ Djhf_ lh]h ke_^m_l e_qblv ikbobq_kdh_ jZkkljhckl\h m

^hfbgbjmxs_]hiZjlg_jZ

:LBIBQGU?IKBOHAU

< dZl_]hjbx Zlbibqguo ikbohah\ \u^_ey_fmx \ '60,,,5 \oh^yl

jZaghh[jZagu_ ]jmiiukbg^jhfh\k lZdbfb ikbohlbq_kdbfb hkh[_gghklyfb dZd [j_^

]ZeexpbgZpbb[_kk\yaghklvj_qbg_Z^_d\ZlghklvZkkhpbZpbcdZlZie_dkbybeb^jm]b_

ijbagZdb ^_ahj]ZgbaZpbb ih\_^_gby dhlhju_ g_evay k m\_j_gghklvx hlg_klb d

ijbagZdZfrbahnj_gbbbeb^jm]bfhlq_leb\hhq_jq_ggufikbohlbq_kdbfkhklhygbyf

<p_ehf Zlbibqgu_ ikbohau hagZqZxl j_^db_ wdahlbq_kdb_ b g_h[uqgu_

ikbobq_kdb_ jZkkljhckl\Z DeZkkbnbdZpby wlhc ]jmiiu jZkkljhckl\ \dexqZ_l 

ikbohau k g_h[uqgufb hkh[_gghklyfb lZdbfb dZd mklhcqb\u_ kemoh\u_

]ZeexpbgZpbb  kbg^jhfu dhlhju_ ijhy\eyxlky lhevdh \ hij_^_e_ggh_ \j_fy

gZijbf_j \h \j_fy f_gkljmZpbc beb ihke_jh^h\h]h i_jbh^Z  kbg^jhfu dhlhju_

dmevlmjhcª  kbg^jhfu dhlhju_ dZd [m^lh [u hlghkylky d ohjhrh ba\_klghc

^bZ]ghklbq_kdhc dZl_]hjbb gh g_ khhl\_lkl\mxl lbibqguf hkh[_gghklyf

k\hckl\_gguf ^Zgghc dZl_]hjbb  ikbohau \ hlghr_gbb dhlhjuo g_l ^hklZlhqghc

bgnhjfZpbb^eylh]hqlh[uihklZ\blv[he__hij_^_e_gguc^bZ]gha

Kbg^jhfuk\yaZggu_k dmevlmjhc

:fhd

ZfhdaZdexqZ_lky\h \g_aZighfg_h[tykgbfhf^bdhfijbklmi_yjhklbaZklZ\eyxs_f

ho\Zq_ggh]hwlhcyjhklvxkm[t_dlZ\hhjm`b\rbkvgh`hfZ\gZklhys__\j_fyqZklh

hjm`b_f beb ]jZgZlhc [_`Zlv \ khklhygbb ihf_rZl_evkl\Z b[_a jZa[hjm gZiZ^Zlv

dZe_qZbebm[b\Zyex^_cb `b\hlguoihiZ^ZxsbokygZ_]himlb^hl_oihjihdZg_

bkdZe_qbl beb g_ m[v_l kZfh]h k_[y Wlbf `_klhdbf gZiZ^_gbyf \ua\Zgguf `Z`^hc

m[bckl\Z h[uqgh ij_^r_kl\m_l i_jbh^ aZ^mfqb\hklb jZafure_gbc b e_]dhc

^_ij_kkbbIhke_ijbklmiZkm[t_dlqm\kl\m_lk_[ybafmq_ggufb iheghklvxZfg_abjm_l

\k_ qlh kgbf ijhbkoh^beh Z lZd`_ qZklh kh\_jrZ_l kmbpb^u Dhj_ggu_ `bl_eb

H\H

Wib^_fbheh]by AZ[he_\Zgb_ jZkijhkljZg_gh \mkeh\byo \ dhlhjuo `b\_l

gZk_e_gb_FZeZcbijbq_flZfhgh\klj_qZ_lkybkdexqbl_evghm fm`qbgghbf_xlky

^Zggu_ qlh bgh]^Z hgh \klj_qZ_lky lZd`_ kj_^b gZk_e_gby :njbdb b ^jm]bo

ljhibq_kdbokljZg

Wlbheh]by<u^\bgmlhl_hj_lbq_kdh_h[tykg_gb_qlhdmevlmjZdhlhjZygZeZ]Z_l

kljh]b_h]jZgbq_gbygZih^jhkldh\b \ajhkeuoghjZaj_rZ_l^_lyfk\h[h^gh\ujZ`Zlv

kh[kl\_ggu_ Z]j_kkb\gu_ l_g^_gpbb kbevgh kihkh[kl\m_l ikbohiZlbq_kdbf j_Zdpbyf

k\yaZgguf k f_klghc dmevlmjhc nZdlhjhf dhlhjuc \ghkbl \deZ^ \Zfhdkbg^jhf m

fZeZcp_\< dZq_kl\_j_rZxsbonZdlhjh\dZdij_^iheZ]Z_lky\uklmiZ_lklu^b mljZlZ

ij_klb`Z

Ijh]gha b e_ q_gb_ ?^bgkl\_ggZy f_jZ dhlhjmx ke_^m_l ijbf_gblv d [hevghfm

h^_j`bfhfm Zfhdkbg^jhfhf aZdexqZ_lky \lhf qlh _]h gZ^h m^_j`b\Zlv b

dhgljhebjh\Zlv _]h gZf_j_gby Ijbklmi h[uqgh aZdZgqb\Z_lky \ lq_gbb g_kdhevdbo

qZkh\< ihke_^kl\bb[hevghfmfh`_l ihlj_[h\Zlvkye_q_gb_ih ih\h^mojhgbq_kdh]h\

hkgh\_^Zggh]hkhklhygby

Dhjh Dh

h

Wlh hkljZy lj_\h`gZy j_Zdpby km[t_dlZ ih ih\h^m lh]h qlh _]h

iheh\hcqe_ghliZ^Z_lbfh`_lbkq_agmlv\ [jxrghcihehklbZkZfhgih]b[g_l

Wib^_fbheh]by Kbg^jhf dhjh jZa\b\Z_lky m `bl_e_c X]h<hklhqghc :abb b

g_dhlhjuo h[eZkl_c DblZy ]^_ hg ba\_kl_g ih^ gZa\Zgb_f VXN\HRQJ HibkZgh

khhl\_lkl\mxs__jZkkljhckl\hm `_gsbgdhlhju_`ZemxlkygZbkq_agh\_gb_gZjm`guo

`_gkdbo iheh\uo hj]Zgh\ ]m[ b ]jm^_c Bf_xlky ^Zggu_ h _^bgbqguo kemqZyo

kbg^jhfZdhjhkj_^bebpk aZiZ^ghcdmevlmjhc

Wlbheh]by Dhjh y\ey_lky ikboh]_gguf jZkkljhckl\hf \hagbdZxsbf mebp k

hkh[hcij_^jZkiheh`_gghklvx\ j_amevlZl_\aZbfh^_ckl\bydmevlmjguokhpbZevguob

ikboh^bgZfbq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ Knhjfbjh\Zggu_ ih^ \ebygb_f dmevlmjguo

hkh[_gghkl_c kljZob ghqguo iheexpbc fZklmj[Zpbc qj_af_jguo k_dkmZevguo

ihlj_[ghkl_c dZd ij_^iheZ]Z_lky e_`Zl \ hkgh\_ wlh]h jZkkljhckl\Z <hafh`gh qlh

\k_[hevgu_kbg^jhfhfdhjhbkiulu\Zxlkbevgu_i_j_`b\Zgbyihih\h^mlh]hqlhhgb

kqblZxl ba[ulhqghc k_dkmZevghklvx b kljZoh\ hlghkbl_evgh k\h_c k_dkmZevghc

ijbgZ^e_`ghklbb^_glbqghklb

Ijh]gha b e_q_gb_ ;hevguo e_qZl ikbohl_jZib_c g_cjhe_ilbq_kdbfb

ij_iZjZlZfb b\ g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo we_dljhkm^hjh`ghc l_jZib_c DZd bijb ^jm]bo

ikbobq_kdbogZjmr_gbyoijh]ghaaZ\bkblhllh]hdZdhc[ueZebqghklv\ij_fhj[b^_

Z lZd`_ hl gZebqby khimlkl\mxs_c iZlheh]bb <mkeh\byo g_dhlhjuo dmevlmjguo

hkh[_gghkl_c[hevguf\ dZq_kl\_e_q_gbyij_^ibku\Z_lkyn_eeypby

Ib[ehdlh 3LEORNWR <hagbdZxsbc m wkdbfhkh\ kbg^jhf dhlhjuc bgh]^Z

gZau\Zxl Zjdlbq_kdhc bkl_jb_c ib[ehdlh oZjZdl_jbam_lky gZebqb_f ijbklmih\

^ebl_evghklvx ² q \h \j_fy dhlhjuo [hevgu_ ij_bfms_kl\_ggh `_gsbgu

gZqbgZxl djbqZlv b kju\Zlv kk_[y h^_`^m Bfblbjmy djbdb `b\hlguo beb ilbp

[hevgZyfh`_l[jhkZlvkygZkg_]beb[_]Zlv\ khklhygbbihf_rZl_evkl\Zihev^mohly

bgh]^Z l_fi_jZlmjZ \ha^moZfh`_l [ulv gZfgh]h gb`_ gmey Ihke_ ijbklmiZ [hevgZy

h[uqgh \ha\jZsZ_lky d ghjfZevghfm khklhygbx b Zfg_abjm_l \k_ qlh kg_c