Lal R., Shukla M.K. Principles of Soil Physics
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Appendix J
Surface Tension of Water Against Air
Temperature (°C) Surface tension (g, dynes cm
−1
)
−8 77.0
−5 76.4
0 75.6
5 74.9
10 74.22
15 73.49
18 73.05
20 72.75
25 71.97
30 71.18
44 69.56
50 67.91
60 66.18
70 64.40
80 62.60
100 58.90
Appendix K
Density of Water from Air
Temperature (°C) Density (g cm
−3
)
0 0.99987
3.98 1.0000
5 0.99999
10 0.99973
15 0.99913
18 0.99862
20 0.99823
25 0.99707
30 0.99567
35 0.99406
38 0.99299
40 0.99224
45 0.99025
50 0.98807
55 0.98573
60 0.98324
65 0.98059
70 0.97781
75 0.97489
80 0.97183
85 0.96865
90 0.96534
95 0.96192
100 0.95838
Appendix K 626
Appendix L
The Viscosity of Water 0°C to 100°C
° π (cp) °C π(cp)
0 1.787 29 0.8148
1 1.728 30 0.7975
2 1.671 31 0.7808
3 1.618 32 0.7647
4 1.567 33 0.7491
5 1.519 34 0.7340
6 1.472 35 0.7194
7 1.428 36 0.7052
8 .386 37 0.6915
9 .346 38 0.6783
10 .307 39 0.6654
11 .271 40 0.6529
12 .235 41 0.6408
13 .202 42 0.6291
14 .169 43 0.6178
15 .139 44 0.6067
16 .109 45 0.5960
17 1.081 46 0.5856
18 1.053 47 0.5755
19 1.027 48 0.5658
20 1.002 49 0.5561
21 0.9779 50 0.5468
22 0.9548 51 0.5378
23 0.9325 52 0.5290
24 0.9111 53 0.5204
25 0.8904 54 0.5121
26 0.8705 55 0.5040
27 0.8513 56 0.4961
28 0.8327 57 0.4884
°C π (cp) °C π (cp)
58 0.4809 80 0.3547
59 0.4736 81 0.3503
60 0.4665 82 0.3460
61 0.4596 83 0.3418
62 0.4528 84 0.3377
63 0.4462 85 0.3337
64 0.4398 86 0.3297
65 0.4335 87 0.3259
66 0.4273 88 0.3221
67 0.4213 89 0.3184
68 0.4155 90 0.3147
69 0.4098 91 0.3111
70 0.4042 92 0.3076
71 0.3987 93 0.3042
72 0.3934 94 0.3008
73 0.3882 95 0.2975
74 0.3831 96 0.2942
75 0.3781 97 0.2911
76 0.3732 98 0.2879
77 0.3684 99 0.2848
78 0.3638 100 0.2818
79 0.3592
The above table was calculated from the following empirical relationships derived from
measurements in viscometers calibrated with water at 20°C (and one atmosphere),
modified to agree with the currently accepted value for the viscosity at 20°C of 1.002 cp.
Appendix L 628
(R.C.Hardy and R.L.Cottington, J. Res. NBS 42.573 (1949).)
(J.F.Swindells, NBS, unpublished results.)
Source: Handbook of Chemistry & Physics (1988) CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Appendix L 629
Appendix M
Effect of Temperature of Vapor Pressure,
Density of Water Vapor in Saturated Air,
and Surface Tension of Water
Temperature
(°C)
Vapor pressure of
water (mm of Hg)
Mass of water vapor in
saturated air (g/m)
3
Surface tension of
water (dynes/cm)
−20 0.776 0.892 –
−10 1.950 2.154 –
0 4.579 4.835 75.6
4 6.101 6.330 75.0
5 6.543 6.761 74.9
10 9.209 9.330 74.2
15 12.788 12.712 73.5
20 17.535 17.118 72.7
25 23.756 22.796 72.0
30 31.824 30.039 71.2
40 55.324 50.500 69.6
50 92.510 67.9
75 289.100 63.5
100 760.000 58.9
Appendix N
Osmotic Pressure of Solutions of Sucrose in
Water at 20ºC
Molality
(n)
Molar
concentration to
Observed
osmotic pressure
(atm)
Calculated osmotic
pressure (dyne
cm
−2
)
Calculated osmotic
potential (ω) (erg
g
−1
)
0.1 0.098 2.59 2.36 −2.364
0.2 0.192 5.06 4.63 −4.638
0.3 0.282 7.61 6.80 −6.812
0.4 0.370 10.14 8.90 −8.915
0.5 0.453 12.75 10.90 −10.919
0.6 0.533 15.39 12.80 −12.822
0.7 0.610 18.13 14.70 −14.726
0.8 0.685 20.91 16.50 −16.529
0.9 0.757 23.72 18.20 −18.232
1.0 0.825 26.64 19.80 −19.835
Appendix O
Constant Humidity
The following table shows % humidity and the aqueous tension at the given temperature
within a closed space when an excess of the substance indicated is in contact with a
saturted aqueous solution of the given solid phase.
Solid phase t°C % humidity Aq. tension mm Hg
H
3
PO-1/2H
2
O 24 9 1.99
KC
2
H
2
O
2
168 13 738
LiCl·H
2
O 20 15 2.60
KC
2
H
4
O
2
20 20 3.47
KF 100 22.9 174
NaBr 100 22.9 174
NaCl, KNO
3
and NaNO
3
16.39 30.49 4.23
CaCl
2
·6H
2
O 24.5 31 7.08
CaCl
3
·6H
2
O 20 32.3 5.61
CaCl
2
·6H
2
O 18.5 35 5.54
CrO
3
20 35 6.08
CaCl
2
·6H
2
O 10 38 3.47
CaCl
3
·6H
2
O 5 39.8 2.59
Zn(NO
4
)
2
·6H
2
O 20 42 7.29
K
2
CO
3
·2H
2
O 24.5 43 9.82
K
2
CO
3
·2H
2
O 18.5 44 6.96
KNO
3
20 45 7.81
KCNS 20 47 8.16
NaI 100 50.4 383
Ca(NO
3
)2·4H
2
O 24.5 51 11.6
NaHSO
4
·H
2
O 20 52 9.03
Na
2
Cr
2
O
3
·2H
2
O 20 52 9.03
Solid phase t°C % humidity Aq. tension mm Hg
Mg(NO
3
)
2
·6H
4
O 24.5 52 11.9
NaClO
3
100 54 410
Ca(NO
3
)2·4H
2
O 18.5 56 8.86
Mg(NO
3
)
2
·6H
2
O 18.5 56 8.86
KI 100 56.2 427
NaBr·2H
2
O 20 58 10.1
Mg(C
2
H
2
O
2
)2·4H
2
O 20 65 11.3
NaNO
3
20 66 11.5
NH
4
Cl and KNO
3
30 68.6 21.6
KBr 100 69.2 526
NH
4
Cl and KNO
3
25 71.2 16.7
NH
4
Cl and KNO
3
20 72.6 12.6
NaClO
3
20 75 13.0
[(NH
4
)
2
S0
4
] 108 75 754
NaC2H2O2·3H2O 20 76 13.2
H
2
C
2
O
4
·2H
2
O 20 76 13.2
Na
2
S
2
O
3
·5H
2
O 20 78 13.5
NH
4
Cl 20 79.5 13.8
NH
4
Cl 25 79.3 18.6
NH
4
Cl 30 77.5 24.4
(NH
4
)
2
S0
4
20 81 14.1
(NH
4
)
2
S0
4
25 81.1 19.1
(NH
4
)
2
S0
4
30 81.1 25.6
KBr 20 84 14.6
T1
3
SO
4
104.7 84.8 768
KHSO
4
20 86 14.9
Na
2
CO
3
·10H
2
O 24.5 87 20.9
BaCl
2
·2H
2
O 24.5 88 20.1
K
2
CrO
4
20 88 15.3
Appendix O 633