Martel Gordon. A Companion to Europe 1900-1945

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Contributors

Nicholas Atkin is Professor of Modern

European History at the University of

Reading. He has written extensively on

France under Nazi rule and has authored

Church and Schools in Vichy France (1991),

Pétain (1997), The French at War, 1934–

1944 (2001), The Forgotten French: Exiles

in the British Isles, 1940–1944 (2003), The

Fifth French Republic (2004) and, with

Frank Tallett, Priests, Prelates and People: A

History of European Catholicism since 1750

(2003).

Mark Baker is Lecturer in Eastern European

History at California State University,

Bakersﬁeld. His book manuscript, “Peasants,

Power and Revolution in the Village: A

Social History of Kharkiv Province, 1914–

1921,” is currently under review for publi-

cation. He has published several articles on

the revolutionary period, the most perti-

nent of which is “Rampaging Soldatki,

Cowering Police, Bazaar Riots and Moral

Economy: The Social Impact of the Great

War in Kharkiv Province,” Canadian–

American Slavic Studies 35, Nos. 2–3

(Summer–Fall 2001).

Tami Davis Biddle is George C. Marshall

Chair of Military Studies at the US Army

War College. Her research focus is on

twentieth-century warfare, and she is the

author of Rhetoric and Reality in Air

Warfare: The Evolution of British and

American Ideas about Strategic Bombing,

1914–1945 (2002), which was a Choice

Outstanding Academic Book for 2002. She

has also written many articles on various

aspects of air warfare, and the history of the

Cold War. From 1992 to 2001 she taught

military and diplomatic history at Duke

University and was a core faculty member

of the Duke–University of North Carolina

Joint Program in Military History.

Martin Blinkhorn is Professor of Modern

European History at Lancaster University.

He is the author and editor of numerous

works on the Spanish and Portuguese right,

Italian fascism, and European fascism from

a comparative perspective. This last cate-

gory includes the edited volume Fascists

and Conservatives: The Radical Right and

the Establishment in Twentieth-Century

Europe (1990) and his Fascism and the

Right in Europe, 1919–1945 (2000).

Michael Jabara Carley is Professor of History

at the University of Akron in Ohio. He is

interested in early Soviet–western relations,

and the author of 1939: The Alliance that

Never Was and the Coming of World War II

(1999), which has been translated into

French (2001) and Russian (2005), and

Revolution and Intervention: The French

Government and the Russian Civil War,

1917–1919 (1983), plus a great many

journal articles.

Cathryn Carson is Associate Professor of

History at the University of California,

Berkeley, where she directs the Ofﬁce for

History of Science and Technology. She

has published on the history of quantum

physics, the politics of science in Germany,

and the cultural and philosophical lessons

scientists have drawn from their work. Her

forthcoming book is titled Heisenberg in the

Atomic Age: Science and the Public Sphere.

William J. Chase is a Professor of History

at the University of Pittsburgh. He is the

author of Workers, Society, and the Soviet

State: Labor and Life in Moscow, 1918–1929

(1987) and Enemies Within the Gates? The

Comintern and the Stalinist Repression,

1934–1939 (1999). He is a co-director and

co-editor of the Russian Archive Series,

a Russian–American collaborative project

that has published guides to central Russian

archives.

James M. Diehl has recently retired as

Professor of History at Indiana University,

Bloomington. His main publications are

Paramilitary Politics in Weimar Germany

(1977) and The Thanks of the Fatherland:

German Veterans after the Second World

War (1993). He is currently working on

a study of the emergence of a democratic

political culture in western Germany after

1945.

David Engel is Maurice R. and Corinne P.

Greenberg Professor of Holocaust Studies,

Professor of History, and Professor of

Hebrew and Judaic Studies at New York

University and a fellow of the Goldstein-

Goren Diaspora Research Center at Tel

Aviv University. His books include In the

Shadow of Auschwitz: The Polish Government-

in-Exile and the Jews 1939–1942 (1987),

Facing a Holocaust: The Polish Government-

in-Exile and the Jews 1943–1945 (1993),

Between Liberation and Flight: Holocaust

Survivors in Poland and the Struggle for

Leadership 1944–1946 (Hebrew, 1996),

The Holocaust: The Third Reich and the Jews

(2000), and “A Truly Overwhelming

Picture”: The Holocaust and the Writing of

Jewish History (Hebrew, forthcoming).

Carole Fink is Distinguished Humanities

Professor in History at Ohio State

University. She is the author of Defending

the Rights of Others: The Great Powers, the

Jews, and International Minority Protection,

1878–1938 (2004), Marc Bloch: A Life in

History (1989), which has been translated

into six languages, and The Genoa Conference

(1984), which was awarded the George

Louis Beer prize of the American Historical

Association. She is the editor of ﬁve

volumes: Human Rights in Europe since

1945 (2003), 1968: The World Transformed

(1998), The Establishment of European

Frontiers after Two World Wars (1996),

European Reconstruction in 1921–1922

(1991), and German Nationalism and the

European Response, 1890–1945 (1985).

David French is Professor of History at

University College London. His book

Raising Churchill’s Army: The British Army

and the War against Germany, 1919–1945

(2000) was awarded the Templer Medal by

the Society for Army Historical Research

and the Arthur Goodzeit Prize by the New

York Military Affairs Symposium. He is

now completing a study of the place of the

regimental system in British military culture

since 1870.

Dick geary

taught at the University of

Lancaster from 1973 to 1989, then moved

to the Chair of Modern History at

Nottingham. His research concerned itself

until recently with comparative labor

history, the social history of modern

Germany, and the history of Marxism.

Recently, he has been working on compari-

sons between Brazilian slavery and free

labor in Europe. His books include

European Labour Protest, 1848–1939

(1981), Karl Kautsky (1987), The German

Unemployed, edited with Richard J. Evans,

(1987), Labour and Socialist Movements

in Europe before 1914 (1989), European

Labour Politics from 1900 to the Depression

(1991), and Hitler and Nazism (1993,

2000).

Lesley A. Hall is Senior Archivist at the

Wellcome Library for the History and

Understanding of Medicine in London,

and Honorary Lecturer in History of

Medicine at the University of London. She

has written several books and numerous

 notesoncontributors ix

articles and chapters on sexuality and

gender in the nineteenth and twentieth

centuries. She co-edited (with Franz Eder

and Gert Hekma) Sexual Cultures in

Europe: National Histories and Sexual

Cultures in Europe: Themes in Sexuality

(1998) and (with Roger Davidson) Sex,

Sin and Suffering: Venereal Disease and

European Society since 1870 (2001).

June Hannam is Reader in History and

Associate Dean (research and staff develop-

ment) in the Faculty of Humanities,

Languages and Social Science at the

University of the West of England, Bristol.

Her publications include Isabella Ford,

1855–1924 (Blackwell, 1989), Socialist

Women: Britain, c. 1880s to 1920s (2001)

(with Karen Hunt), and International

Encyclopaedia of Women’s Suffrage (2000)

(with Mitzi Auchterlonie and Katherine

Holden). She has also written numerous

articles on feminist and socialist politics in

the late nineteenth and early twentieth

centuries.

Elizabeth Harvey is Professor of History

at the University of Nottingham, the author

of Women and the Nazi East: Agents

and Witnesses of Germanization (2003)

and Youth and the Welfare State in Weimar

Germany (1993), and the co-editor of

Zwischen Kriegen: Nationen, Nationalismen

und Geschlechterverhältnisse in Mittel-

und Osteuropa 1918–1939 (2004) (with

Johanna Gehmacher and Sophia Kemlein),

Gender Relations in German History:

Power, Agency and Experience from the

Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century (1996)

(with Lynn Abrams), and Determined

Women: Studies in the Construction of the

Female Subject 1900–1990 (1991) (with

Jennifer Birkett).

Paul Lawrence is Lecturer in European

History at the Open University, where he

helps to run the European Centre for the

Study of Policing. His publications include

Nationalism: History and Theory (2004)

and articles on various aspects of immigra-

tion, crime, and policing. He is currently

working on a history of the relationship

between the police and the poor in France

and England.

Harold Marcuse is a Professor of History at

the University of California, Santa Barbara.

His publications include Steine des Anstosses

(Stones of Contention), the catalog of an

exhibition surveying monuments and

memorials for events during World War II

from around the world (1985), and Legacies

of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a

Concentration Camp, 1933–2001 (2001).

gordon Martel

is Professor of History at the

University of Northern British Columbia

and Senior Research Fellow at De Montfort

University. He is the author of Imperial

Diplomacy (1986) and The Origins of the

First World War (3rd edn, 2003). Among

his edited works are The World War Two

Reader (2004), The Times and Appeasement:

The Journals of A. L. Kennedy (2000), The

Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered:

A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians (2nd edn,

1999), and Modern Germany Reconsidered

(1992).

Annika Mombauer is Senior Lecturer in

Modern European History at the Open

University. Her publications include

Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the

First World War (2001) and The Origins of

the First World War: Controversies and

Consensus (2002). She has co-edited (with

Wilhelm Deist) The Kaiser: New Research

on Wilhelm II’s Role in Imperial Germany

(2003).

Anita J. Prazmowska is a Senior Lecturer at

the Department of International History,

London School of Economics. She has

published two monographs on Polish–

British relations prior to and during World

War II: Britain, Poland and the Eastern

Front, 1939 (1987) and Britain and Poland

1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally (1995).

More recently she has published a book on

origins of communism in Poland entitled

Civil War in Poland, 1942–48 (2004). Her

next project is a wide-ranging analysis of

the events of 1956 in eastern Europe.

Michael Richards lectures in contemporary

European history at the University of the

West of England, Bristol. He is author of

A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture

of Repression in Franco’s Spain, 1936–45

(1998) and co-editor of The Splintering of

x notesoncontributors

Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish

Civil War, 1936–39 (2005). He has pub-

lished many articles on aspects of the cul-

tural history of the Spanish Civil War with

particular reference to collective memory,

religiosity, ritual and mourning, and psy-

chiatry and identity. Current projects

include collaborative and comparative work

on Spanish public health and epidemics,

memory and migration in twentieth-

century Europe, and a social history of the

post-civil war years in Spain.

Thomas J. Saunders is Associate Professor

of History at the University of Victoria in

British Columbia. He is the author of

Hollywood in Berlin: American Cinema and

Weimar Germany (1994) and articles on

interwar European cinema and fascism and

popular culture. He is currently researching

the political and popular dimensions of

ﬁnancial scandals in 1920s Germany.

Alan Sharp is Professor of International

Studies and Head of the School of History

and International Affairs at the University

of Ulster. His research interests are in

British foreign policy after World War I, on

which he has published widely. His books

include The Versailles Settlement (1991) and

(with Glyn Stone) Anglo-French Relations

in the Twentieth Century (2000).

Angela K. Smith is a Senior Lecturer in

English Literature at the University of

Plymouth. Her publications include The

Second Battleﬁeld: Women, Modernism and

the First World War (2000) and Suffrage

Discourse in Britain During the First World

War (2005). She is the editor of Women’s

Writing of the First World War: An Anthology

(2000) and Gender and Warfare in the

Twentieth Century: Textual Representations

(2004).

Woodruff D. Smith is Professor of History

at the University of Massachusetts. He is

the author of several books and articles on

the history of imperialism, including The

Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism

(1986). He also studies the history of cul-

tural science and the economic and cultural

history of the Atlantic world. He is the

author of Consumption and the Making of

Respectability, 1600–1800 (2002).

gary P. Steenson

has taught in the History

Department at California Polytechnic State

University since 1998. His major publica-

tions include Karl Kautsky, 1854–1938:

Marxism in the Classical Year (1978), Not

One Man! Not One Penny: German Social

Democracy, 1863–1914 (1981), and After

Marx, Before Lenin: Marxism and Socialist

Working-Class Parties, 1884–1914 (1991).

Matthew Stibbe is Senior Lecturer in History

at Shefﬁeld Hallam University. His publica-

tions include German Anglophobia and the

Great War, 1914–1918 (2001) and Women

in the Third Reich (2003). He is currently

writing a book on civilian POWs during

World War I, with special reference to the

Ruhleben camp for British nationals in-

terned in Germany.

Tim Travers became Professor Emeritus of

the University of Calgary in 2004. He is

the author of The Killing Ground: The

British Army, the Western Front, and the

Emergence of Modern Warfare, 1900–1918

(1987) and How the War Was Won:

Command and Technology in the British

Army on the Western Front, 1917–1918

(1992), Gallipoli 1915 (2001), and co-

author of World History of Warfare (2002).

Currently, he is working on a history of

piracy.

Peter Waldron is Professor of History at the

University of Sunderland. His publications

include The End of Imperial Russia 1855–

1917 (1997) and Between Two Revolutions

(1998) and he is currently working on the

political culture of Russia before 1917.

Robin Walz is Associate Professor of History

at the University of Alaska Southeast. A

specialist in the history of popular culture

in modern France, he is the author of Pulp

Surrealism: Insolent Popular Culture in

Early Twentieth-Century Paris (2000).

Peter Wardley is Principal Lecturer in Modern

Economic and Business History at the

University of the West of England, Bristol.

He was Information Technology Editor of

the Economic History Review, has written

several articles on historical computing, and

edited the Bristol Historical Resource CD.

His ongoing research project, which has

resulted in a number of publications, inves-

 notesoncontributors xi

tigates the emergence and consolidation

of “Big Business” in the ﬁrst half of the

twentieth century.

David Welch is Professor of Modern History

and Director of the Centre for the

Study of Propaganda at the University of

Kent at Canterbury. His books include

Germany, Propaganda and Total War

1914–1918: The Sins of Omission (2000),

Modern European History 1871–2000: A

Documentary Reader (2000), The Third

Reich: Politics and Propaganda (2nd edn

2002), Hitler: Proﬁle of a Dictator (2001),

and (with N. Cull and D. Culbert)

Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A

Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present

(2003). He is the editor of Routledge’s

Sources in History series.

xii notesoncontributors

Preface

I wish to thank Andrew MacLennan for suggesting this project to me during his

short tour of duty at Blackwell Publishing; his zeal for making books is infectious.

Since its initial inception, Tessa Harvey has been responsible for seeing the project

through to completion and during this process her intelligence and humor have

provided invaluable support. In its ﬁnal stages, Angela Cohen has given helpful and

timely guidance. I sincerely thank them all for their encouragement and their

assistance.

My greatest debt is to the contributors. The challenge of covering such enormous

and complicated ground in such a short space is a daunting one – but they have been

brave enough to try. I believe that they have succeeded in writing essays that are

thoughtful, informative, and based on vast reading and careful reﬂection. They are

also clear and engagingly written and will, I believe, be helpful to any and all students

of the subject. I sincerely thank them for their efforts and for their willingness to put

up with a demanding and overbearing editor.

Map 1 Europe 1900–1914

500 kilometers

300 miles

Oslo

Stockholm

Helsinki

Vyborg

Sveaborg

Terijoki

Libau

Riga

St.

Petersburg

Kiel

Bremerhaven

Königsberg

Konitz

Marienburg

Bialystok

Vilna

Brest-Litovsk

Berlin

Warsaw

Vienna

Prague

Belgrade

Sarajevo

Bucharest

Sofia

Athens

Rome

Bern

The Hague

Paris

Brussels

London

Dieppe

Le Havre

Boulogne

Calais

Zeebrugge

Hook of

Holland

Spa

Reims

Melun

Verdun

Nancy

Metz

Le Bourget

Fontainebleau

Le Mans

Dover

Rotterdam

Wilhelmshaven

Potsdam

Küstrin

Posen

Leipzig

Wreschen

Breslau

Kalish

Lodz

Dresden

Frankfurt

Konopischt

Carlsbad

Strasbourg

Munich

Lausanne

Geneva

La Courtine

Lyon

Agde

Chamonix

Milan

Monza

Basle

Zurich

Budapest

Agram

(Zagreb)

Laibach

Venice

Trieste

Fiume

Pola

Genoa

Rapallo

Marseille

Toulon

Cannes

Ancona

Naples

Bari

Messina

Reggio

Brindisi

Durazzo

Prevesa

Caltaro

Tunis

Constanta

Adrianpole

Salonika

Smyrna

Lamia

Skopje

Nis

Piraeus

Lublin

Brody

Lemberg

(Lvov)

Cracow

Jassy

Dorohoi

N O R W A Y

S W E D E N

L I T H U A N I A

F I N L A N D

ESTONIA

L A T V I A

G E R M A N Y

F R A N C E

R U S S I A

POLAND

A U S T R I A -

I T A L Y

S E R B I A

R O M A N I A

B U L G A R I A

T U R K E

ALBANIA

GREECE

SARDINIA

CORSICA

SICILY

MALTA

CRETE

GREAT

BRITAIN

Glasgow

DENMARK

EAST

PRUSSIA

S W I T Z .

U K R A I N E

SPAIN

MINORCA

North Sea

Baltic Sea

Adr

iatic Sea

Aegean Sea

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Gulf of

Bothnia

Scapa Flow

Dogger

Bank

HELIGOLAND

TERSCHELLING

Cape Matapan

CORFU

MONTE-

NEGRO

Dardanelles

Black Sea

KOS

RHODES

MYTILENE

European frontiers in 1914

The border of Hungary

(within Austria-Hungary)

Perpignan

R.Rhone

Luxembourg

Rhine

Danube

R. Isonzo

Danube

Vistul

Bug

iem

Vistul

Bacau

H U N G A R Y

Danzig

Spithead

OMA

GNA

Map 2 The Balkans 1880–1914

200 miles

300 km

Constantinople

Smyrna

Adrianople

Salonika

Durazzo

Ochrid

Athens

Sarajevo

Nish

Sofia

Belgrade

Bucharest

BESSARABIA

R U S S I A

R U T H E N I A

A U S T R I A - H U N G A R Y

BOSNIA &

HERZEGOVINA

To Austria 1908

ALB

ANI

Independent 1912

T U R K E

E. RUMELIA

To Bulgaria 1885

To Greece

1913

To Serbia

1913

To Bulgaria

1913

To Romania

1913

TRANSYLVANIA

Montenegro

1913

SANJAK OF

NOVIBAZAR

R E E C

CRETE

To Greece 1908–13

Danube

Pruth

der

ava

Danube

Boundaries:

Unchanged 1880–1914

1914

1880

Ottoman-ruled in 1900

MACEDONIA

MONTE-

NEGRO

Map 3 European and American empires 1901

DOMINION OF CANADA

NETH.

FRANCE

SPAIN

PORTUGAL

ALGERIA

RIO DE ORO

UNITED

KINGDOM

BRITISH GUIANA

DUTCH

GUIANA

FRENCH GUIANA

PORTUGUESE

GUINEA

SIERRA LEONE

GOLD

COAST

NIGERIA

Assigned to

France under

1899 Franco

-British

agreement;

not yet

effectively

occupied

Cuba (US)

BRITISH HONDURAS

A t l a n t i c O c e a n

P a c i f i c O c e a n

British

French

Portuguese

USA

German

Spanish

Belgian

Dutch

Italian

USA

COMMONWEALTH

OF AUSTRALIA

DUTCH EAST INDIES

GERMANY

ITALY

LIBYA

ANGLO-

EGYPTIAN

SUDAN

EGYPT

OMAN

BRITISH

SOMALILAND

ITALIAN SOMALILAND

GERMAN EAST AFRICA

MADAGASCAR

ANGOLA

GERMAN

SOUTH-

WEST

AFRICA

PORTUGUESE

EAST AFRICA

CAPE

COLONY

BRITISH EAST AFRICA

CONGO

FREE

STATE

FRENCH

INDO-

CHINA

PHILIPPINE IS.

MALAYA

PAPUA

(Br.)

BRITISH

INDIA

CHINA

BURMA

NEW

ZEALAND

New

Caledonia

(Fr.)

I n d i a n

O c e a n

P a c i f i c O c e a n