Martel Gordon. A Companion to Europe 1900-1945
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548 index
Manchester Evening News 73
Manchester Guardian 208
Manchuria 126, 230, 334, 381
Manhattan Project 29, 400
Manifesto of Surrealism (Breton) 61
Mann, Thomas 50, 57
Mansion House speech 186
Mantoux, Paul 266
maquis 467
Maranon, Gregario 84
Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso 7, 50, 57–8,
61, 63, 70, 77
Married Love (Stopes) 94
Marsden, Dora 155, 159, 162
Marshall, Peter 140
Masson, André 61
Masterman, C. F. G. 1, 7, 11
Matignon agreement 384
Matisse, Henri 50, 55, 156
Max von Baden, Prince 253–4
Mayakovsky, Vladimir 50, 58, 60, 62
Mayhall, Laura Nym 39
Maze, Paul 224
Mein Kampf (Hitler) 407–8, 425–6, 475
Meinecke, Friedrich 204
Meitner, Lise 21, 26
Memel 273, 427, 464
Mendel, Gregor 22
Mensheviks 244
Mensinga, Wilhelm 91
Merton, Robert 13
Metamorphosis (Kafka) 57
Metaxas, General Ioannis 322
Michel, Henri 457, 464
Milan 465
Milhailovi´c, Draza 465
Milhaud, Darius 346
Miliukov, Pavel 244
Millerand, Alexandre 177
Milorg 467
Milward, Alan 458
Moll, Albert 88
Molotov, V. V. 427–31, 436, 440
Mommsen, Wolfgang 179, 255, 258, 409
Montenegro 186, 230–1, 240
Montgomery, General Bernard 394
Moore, Barrington 139
Moravia 99, 174, 249, 457
Morgan, Robert P. 160
Morgan, Thomas Hunt 22
Morley-Minto reforms 127
Moroccan crisis (1905–6) 126, 183–5
Morton, Frederic 136
Moscow
between the wars 298–9, 303
and Bolshevik revolution 245, 251, 292
urbanization 4–6, 167
and WWII 432–3, 436–7, 497, 499
Moscow Declaration 493
Mosley, Sir Oswald 322
Mother (Pudovkin) 60
Moulin, Jean 467
Movimento Sociale Italiano 494
Mrs Dalloway (Woolf) 156
Munich 58, 62, 143, 266
Munich agreement 76, 335–6, 388, 398,
412–15, 417, 419, 427
Murnau, F. W. 348
Murray, Joseph 221–2, 224
Mussert, Anton 462
Mussolini, Benito xxvii, 137, 314, 320–2,
356, 466
coming to power xxiii, 76, 285, 315
foreign policy of 335–6, 380, 383–4,
387–8, 411, 413, 466, 493–5
and futurism 58, 61, 63, 77
policies in power 11, 77, 104, 316–17,
354, 378
Myers, Charles 217
Nasjonal Samling 462
National Council for Combatting Venereal
Disease 90
National Council of Women (Britain) 46
National Federation of Discharged and
Demobilized Sailors and Soldiers 283
National Socialist Women’s
Organization 364–5, 367
National Socialistische Beweging 462
National Union of Societies for Equal
Citizenship 44
National Union of Veterans (UNC) 284
National Union of Women’s Suffrage
Societies (NUWSS) 37–8, 42, 44
National Welfare Law (Germany) 286
naturalism 51, 152
Nazi Party (NSDAP) 106, 318, 322, 359,
361, 365, 370, 380
Nazi-Soviet Pact 388, 458–9, 466
Nedi´c, Milan 457
neo-Malthusianism 84–5, 91–2
Netherlands 43, 83, 90
index 549
and WWI 229, 240
and WWII 458, 465, 479, 482, 495–6
Neue Sachlichkeit 59
Neuilly, Treaty of 267
Neumann, Sigmund 75–6
New Economic Policy (NEP) 60, 62, 293,
298–301, 303
New Freewoman, The 155
New Survey of London Life and Labour
1930–1935 (Smith) 8
Nicholas II, Tsar 166–7, 179, 198, 231,
238, 244, 246
Nicolson, Harold 262, 264, 274
Nietzsche, Friedrich 51, 53, 67, 159, 162
Night and Fog (Resnais) 490
Night of the Long Knives 361
Nijinsky, Vaclav 159
Nikolaevich, Grand Duke Nikolai 234
NKVD 450
No Man’s Land 215, 218, 222–5
Normandy (invasion and campaign) 400,
434–5, 437, 442, 445, 498
North Africa 184, 431, 433–4, 449
Norway 3, 41, 45, 103, 429, 457, 459,
462–3, 466–7, 470, 479, 487
Notes of a Painter (Matisse) 55
Nuremberg trials 473, 490
O’Neil, Eugene 159
Octobrist party 168
Offen, Karen 46
Ogino, Kyusake 91–3
Oosterhuis, Harry 86
Operation Barbarossa 431, 446, 452, 463
Operation Overlord 434
Operation Sea Lion 430
Operation Torch 433
Ophüls, Marcel 496
Origin of Species, The (Darwin) 22
Orlando, Vittorio 266–7
Ortega y Gasset, José 377
Orwell, George 309–10, 321, 323
Ossietzky, Carl von 26
Osterhammel, Jürgen 121
Overy, Richard 458–9
Owen, Wilfrid 329
pacifism 46, 383
Pact of London 237
Pangalos, Theodore 320
Pan-German League 125, 229
Pankhurst, Christabel 37, 39
Pankhurst, Emmeline 37, 150
Pankhurst, Sylvia 42
Panther 185
Papon, Maurice 497
Parade 57
Paris 73, 110, 176, 197
between the wars 83, 87, 343, 381, 383
and modernism 60–1, 63, 158
and urbanization 5–6, 8, 16, 18, 24,
53–5, 57–8
and WWI 209, 234, 240, 249
Paris Commune 54, 135, 148, 176, 383
Paris or the Future of War (Liddell
Hart) 398
Paris Peace Conference 261–8, 271, 274,
279, 327–8, 336, 407–8
Parks, Robert 7, 13
Parliament Act (1911) 169
Parti Populaire Français (PPF) 322, 462
Pasternak, Boris 63
Patton, General George 449
Paul, Leslie 74
Paveli´c, Ante 457
Paxton, Robert O. 462, 496
Peacemaking 1919 264
Pearl Harbor 394, 432, 487
Pelletier, Madeleine 38
People’s Guard 251
Péret, Benjamin 60
Pétain, Marshal 457, 462, 464, 496
Peter, Friedrich 493
Petrograd 230, 235, 238–9, 245–7
Picabia, Francis 60
Picasso, Pablo 50–1, 56, 60, 62–3, 156–8,
162
Piłsudski, General Josef 320
Pirandello, Luigi 50
Piscator, Edwin 59
Pius XII, Pope 466
Planck, Max 20–1
Pleve, Vyacheslav 168
Poetry Review 155
Poincaré, Raymond 188, 200, 202–3,
263–4, 331
Poland
between the wars 267, 305, 311, 314–
15, 320, 327, 330, 332–6
and coming of WWII 408–9, 411–17,
419–20, 426–8
creation of xxiv, 99, 240, 269, 274, 311
550 index
Poland (cont’d)
and Holocaust 476, 478–83
and memories of WWII and
Holocaust 486, 489, 491, 497–9
and WWI 228, 230, 237, 239–40,
249–50
and WWII xix, 369, 388, 394, 434,
436–7, 451, 457–8, 462, 464–6,
474
Poliakov, Leon 491
Polish Corridor 266, 273, 333–4, 457
Polish-Ukrainian war 250
Political Combat Leagues 286–7
Poole, Eric 219
Popp, Adelheid 40
Porter, Edwin S. 160
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, A
(Joyce) 156
Portugal 84, 125, 136, 311–13, 319–22,
457
Posen 230, 273
Post, Ken 138
Potsdam 437
Pound, Ezra 57, 61, 154–5, 157–8
Poznan 413
Prague 53, 57, 250, 414, 476
Presser, Jacques 496
primitivism 58, 159
Primo de Rivera, José Antonio 322
Primo de Rivera, Miguel 320, 323
Prinz, Michael 360–1, 366
Problem in Greek Ethics, A (Symonds) 86
prostitution 13, 31, 68, 84–5, 87, 90, 93,
95, 271, 368
Proust, Marcel 153
psychoanalysis 87, 95, 152–3, 162
Psychopathia Sexualis (Krafft-Ebing) 86
Pudovkin, Vsevolod 60, 348
quantum mechanics 20–1, 23, 26, 31
Queen Elizabeth (Porter) 161
Quisling, Vidkun 457, 462–4
Radical Party (France) 381, 383–5, 387
Ragtime (Stravinsky) 346
Rallis, Ioannis 457
Rapallo, Treaty of 327, 340
Rassemblement Populaire 382–3
Rassenhygien 12
Rathbone, Eleanor 44
Ravensbrück 492
Reagan, Ronald 491
Rebelión de las masas (Ortega y
Gasset) 377
Red Army 251, 283, 294, 298, 414, 420,
427–38, 440, 442, 446, 448, 458
Reddy, William 140
Reich, Wilhelm 87
Reinsurance Treaty 181
relativity (theory of) 20–1, 29
Renner, Karl 251
Renoir, Jean 348
Reparations 267, 271–4, 328, 331–2, 335,
337, 436–7
Repas de bébé (Lumieres) 160
Representation of the People Act
(1918) 43
Republican Association of War Veterans
(ARAC) 283
Republican Left (Izquierda
Republicana) 386
Revue d’économie politique 8
Revue des deux mondes 8
Rhineland 230–1, 266–7, 269, 273, 332,
334–5, 337, 384, 409, 422, 426
Rhondda, Lady 44
Ribbentrop, Joachim von 410, 419, 428,
431
Ribot, Alexandre 231
Richardson, Dorothy 162
Richet, Charles 12
Riefenstahl, Leni 62
Riezler, Kurt 206
Riley, Denise 36
Rise of Modern Europe 136
Rite of Spring (Stravinsky) 159–60
Rivers, W. H. R. 218–19
Rodchenko, Alexander 60
Romania
and Balkan wars 99
between the wars 311–12, 318, 321,
330, 335, 422, 426
and Holocaust 479, 481, 483, 501
and WWI 230–2, 235, 238, 240, 251
and WWII 430, 435, 457, 462–3,
477–8
Romanian Legion 317–18
Rome 76, 249, 255
Rome-Berlin Axis 384, 493
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 104, 426, 430–4,
436, 498
Rosenberg, Arthur 255
index 551
Rosenberg, Harold 50
Rotterdam 6, 496
Rousso, Henry 489, 503
Rowntree, Seebohm 8–9
Royal Air Force (Britain – RAF) 397–8,
400, 402, 430
Royal Flying Corps 397
Royal Navy (Britain) 201, 236, 263, 400
Royden, Maude 42
Ruhr Occupation 328, 331, 333
Ruling Passions (Driberg) 461
Rumbold, Horace 174
Runciman, Lord 412
Russo-Japanese War 126, 145–6, 183,
198, 202, 244
Russo-Polish war 436
Russolo, Luigi 160
Saar 231–2, 266, 269, 271, 273, 369–70,
409
Sachs, Maurice 458
Sachsenhausen 492
Saint Germain, Treaty of 267
Salazar, Antonio 322
Salmon, André 157
Sarajevo 146, 187
Sassoon, Siegfried 218, 329
Sauvy, Alfred 8
Sazonov, Sergei 205, 230
Scapa Flow 263
Schacht, Hjalmar 409
Scharnhorst 472
Scheer, Admiral von 236, 401
Scheidemann, Philipp 240, 254
Schindler’s List (Spielberg) 492
Schirach, Baldur von 78
Schleswig-Holstein 206, 230, 273
Schlieffen, General Alfred von 183
Schlieffen Plan 183, 198, 201, 203, 234
Schmidt, Helmut 491
Schmidt-Sasse, Joachim 78
Schnitzler, Arthur 154
Schoenberg, Arnold 50, 56–7, 160
Schrödinger, Erwin 21
Schuschnigg, Kurt von 411
Schutzstaffel (SS) 365, 432, 438, 448,
451–2, 464, 489, 493
Schwimmer, Rosika 42
Scott, Canon Frederick 224
Scott, Joan W. 141
Scott, Masha 299
Scouting movement 69, 74–5, 81, 130
Second Balkan War 186
Second International 40, 135, 177
Seekt, General Hans von 394
self-determination 228, 246, 261, 267–8,
311–12
Service for the Victory of Poland 465
Sèvres, Treaty of 268, 330
Sewell, Jr., William H. 140
Sex and Character (Weininger) 86
Sexual Inversion (Ellis and Symonds) 86
Seyss-Inquart, Arthur 411
Shaw, George Bernard 159
Sheik, The 347
shell shock 214, 216–17, 219, 225, 227,
280
Shirer, William 491
sho’ah 474–5
Shoah (documentary film) 498
Sicard, Henri 11
Sikorski, General Wladyslaw 465
Silesia 230, 267, 269, 273, 413, 457
Silorg 467
Simmel, Georg 7, 53
Simon, Sir John 398
Simonov, Konstantin 459
Sinclair, May 155
Sinti and Roma 15, 17, 366–7, 369, 432,
473–4, 486, 488
Six Points Group 44
Sked, Alan 248
Slovak National Council 250
Slovakia 249, 457, 479, 481–2
Smetona, Antanas 320
Smith, Llewellyn 8
Smolensk 301, 432
Smuts, Jan 273
Smyrna 266
Sobibór 479
Social Democratic Party (Austria –
SDAP) 251, 380–1
Social Democratic Party (Germany –
SPD) 137, 141, 143, 177, 314, 319,
365, 369–70, 379–80, 408
and electoral politics 143, 172, 252
and foreign policy 139, 173, 201–2
Social Democratic Party (Russia) 167,
177, 240
Socialist Party (Spain – PSOE) 384–7, 390
Socialist Revolutionaries (Russia) 244
Sohn, Anne-Marie 94
552 index
Some Imagist Poets 1915 (Pound) 155
Somme, Battle of the 161, 216, 219, 235
Sorley, Charles 223
Sorrow and the Pity, The (Ophüls) 496
Sortie d’usine (Lumieres) 160
Soupault, Philippe 60
South African War 11, 119, 126, 145, 309
Spanish Civil War 63, 108, 306, 309, 384,
387–8, 390, 419, 494
Spartacists 254
Special Operations Executive (SOE) 465
Speer, Albert 62, 459
Spender, Stephen 377
Spengler, Oswald 7
Spohn, Wilfrid 143
squadristi 76, 284–5
St Petersburg 53, 57, 166–8, 191, 197,
209, 230
Stakhanov, Andrei 304
Stakhanovites 304
Stalin, Josef 293, 363, 390
foreign policy of 336, 378–9, 381–3,
407, 414, 418–19, 427–31
policies in power 62, 108, 298, 301–5,
394
and WWII 431–7, 446, 448, 450, 459,
466, 498–9
Stalingrad 6, 433–4, 442, 450, 499
Steadman-Jones, Gareth 140
Stein, Gertrude 50, 57, 157–8
Steinach, Eugen 88
Steiner, Zara 203
Steinlauf, Michael 497–8, 503
Stekel, Wilhelm 87
Stepchildren of Nature (Oosterhuis) 86
Stevenson, David 232
Stirner, Max 159
Stockholm 26, 237, 500
Stolypin, Petr 167–8, 244
Stone, Norman 136–7
Stopes, Marie 84, 94–5
Strasser, Gregor 77
Stravinsky, Igor 50, 159–60, 346
Stresemann, Gustav 331–4, 336–7
Studies in the Psychology of Sex (Ellis) 86
Stürgkh, Count Karl von 249
Sturmabteilung (SA) 77, 361, 371
Stuttgart 40, 62, 206
Sudetenland 99, 269, 274, 411, 457, 464,
487
Summerfield, Penny 41
Sumner, Lord 273
surrealism 50–1, 58, 61, 63, 65, 155, 346
Sutherland, Edwin 14
Swanwick, Helena 42
Sweden 10, 12, 38, 43, 46, 90, 104, 313,
457, 481, 501
Switzerland 43, 92, 103, 214, 239, 457,
481, 485
Sykes-Picot agreement 232
symbolism 51, 54, 65, 159
Symonds, John Addington 86
syndicalism 135, 140, 202
syphilis 28, 89–92
Szálasy, Ferenc 462
Szeged 318, 481
Szreter, Simon 84
Tablet 203
Tanguy, Yves 61
Tannenberg, Battle of 234
Tarr (Lewis) 156
Taylor, A. J. P. 415, 429
Taylorism 362–3
Teheran 434–5
Teller, Edward 29
Temesvar, Banat of 269
Teschen 413
Testament of Youth (Brittain) 72
Thief of Bagdad, The 347
Thorez, Maurice 382, 384
Three from the Filling Station 353
Three Lives (Stein) 158
Tickner, Lisa 38
Till, Geoffrey 400
Time of My Life, The (Healey) 441
Times, The 197, 203
Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von 171–2, 182,
197
Tiso, Josef 457
Tisza, István 230
Tito, Josip 465–7, 482
To the Lighthouse (Woolf) 156
Todt, Fritz 459
Togliatti, Palmiro 494
Togoland 232
Tolstoy, Leo 152
Tour de France 352
Touvier, Paul 497
Towards a New Architecture (Corbusier) 62
Treblinka 479
Trenchard, General Hugh 397
index 553
Trial, The (Kafka) 57, 154
Trianon, Treaty of 268, 330
Triple Alliance 181, 183
Trommler, Frank 66
Trotsky, Leon 246
Truman, Harry S. 436–7
Tryol 269
Tsolakoglou, George 457
Tuchachevsky, Marshal 394
Tuchman, Barbara 474
Tumarkin, Nina 499
Turin 465
Tyrrell, Sir William 182
Tzara, Tristan 58–60
U-boats 236, 400, 402
Ukrainian National Council (Rada) 250
Ulster 170
Under Fire 283
Union for Armed Struggle 465
Union for Women’s Suffrage (France) 44
Union for Women’s Suffrage
(Germany) 38, 40
Union sacrée 138, 203, 207
United Nations 106, 271, 433, 436
US Army 441–2, 445–6, 449–51, 455
Usborne, Cornelie 94
Ustasha 463
Utesov, Leonid 345
Valentino, Rudolph 347
Valois, Georges 317
van de Velde, Theodoor 84, 94
van den Bruck, Moeller 68
Van der Zee, Henri 461
Vansittart, Sir Robert 426–7
Vatican 93, 420, 498
VE-Day 487
venereal disease 39, 88–91, 94, 462
Verdon, Nicola 142
Verdun, Battle of 234, 393, 442
Verein für Sozialpolitik 8
Verhey, Jeffrey 206
Vertov, Dziga 50, 60
Vichy France 384, 430, 433, 457, 461–2,
464, 471, 479, 496, 503
Vienna 5, 30, 88, 475–6
between the wars 380, 386
and modernism 53, 57, 154
and WWI 197, 209, 238, 250–1
Vienna Circle 30
Vilna 327
Vinen, Richard 461
Viollet, Abbé 94–5
Viviani, René 188
Volga, Volga (Dunaevsky and
Alexandrov) 353
Volkmann, Erich-Otto 253
Volksgemeinschaft 201, 287, 359, 368
Volksstaat 205
Voronoff, Serge 88
vorticism 61, 155, 157
Vorwärts 205–6
Vranitzky, Franz 493
Waldheim, Kurt 493
Wanderer zwischen beiden Welten
(Wurche) 71
Wandervogel 69–71, 74, 81
Wannsee conference 479, 484
War guilt (controversy and clause) 180,
189–92, 194, 272, 329, 331
Warsaw 6, 331, 333, 336, 415, 435, 437,
458, 460, 465, 479, 482, 491, 497
and Holocaust 458, 479, 482, 491, 497
and WWII 6, 435, 437, 460
Warsaw uprising 465, 497
Wealth of Nations 110–11
Weber, Max 7, 12, 53, 171
Wegs, J. Robert 142
Wehler, Hans-Ulrich 120
Wehrmacht 394–5, 430–2, 434–5, 437,
442–3, 445–6, 448, 451, 455, 464
Wehrverbände (military associations) 286
Weil, Jìˇri 468
Weil, Simone 461
Weimar Republic 59, 62, 279, 335, 365,
375, 385, 447
policies of 9, 25, 44
and revisionism 330–1, 337
weaknesses of 255, 286, 328–31, 379
Weininger, Otto 84, 86
Weiße Rose (White Rose) 466
Wekerle, Sandor 250
Well of Loneliness, The (Hall) 87
Weltpolitik 171, 181
West, Rebecca 155
Wheeler, Mark 463, 465
White, Ralph 466
Whiteman, Paul 347
Wilde, Oscar 86
Wildenthal, Lora 131
554 index
Wilhelm I, Kaiser 181
Wilhelm II, Kaiser 171
abdication of 251, 253–4, 274, 279
foreign policy of 125, 181, 187–8, 197
and WWI 173, 206, 234
Wilhelmshaven 240, 253–4
Willet, John 61
Wilno 480
Wilson, General Sir Henry 261
Wilson, Perry 466–7
Wilson, Woodrow
and Fourteen Points 233, 239, 249–50,
253, 272
and League of Nations 198, 233,
269–70
legacy of 312, 328, 337
and Paris Peace Conference 262–73
and WWI 234, 236–8, 240
Winter, Jay 97, 262, 291
Winter War 429
Wirth, Louis 7
Wise Parenthood (Stopes) 94
Wissenschaftlich-humanitären Komitees 88
Witte, Count Sergei 237
Women’s Freedom League 39
Women’s International League (WIL) 42
Women’s Social and Political Union
(WSPU) 37–9, 150, 170
Women’s Suffrage League (Germany) 40
Women’s Voluntary Service 461
Woodcraft Folk 74
Wooding, Sam 346
Woolf, Virginia 50, 57, 150, 152, 156,
162
Workers’ Alliance (Alianza Obrera) 386
World Economic Conference 106
World League for Sexual Reform 88
World Zionist Federation 232, 481, 497
Wurche, Ernst 71
Wyneken, Gustav 70
Yalta 435–7, 440
Yeats, W. B. 52, 159, 162
Yezhovshchina (Great Terror) 305
Ypres 28, 442
Yugoslavia
between the wars 314, 320, 411–12,
426
creation of 232, 274, 312
and WWII xix, 435–6, 465–7, 479, 482
Zagreb 250, 478
Zeebrugge 228
Zehr, Howard 13
zepellins 396–7
Zetkin, Clara 42, 237
Zimmerman, Arthur 238
Zimmerman Telegram 238
Zinoviev, Grigori 378
Zionism 74, 232
Zitelman, Rainer 360, 366
Zola, Emile 152
Zuckmayer, Carl 71
Zurich 58–60