Murphy Martin. Small Boats, Weak States, Dirty Money. Piracy & Maritime Terrorism in the Modern World
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
SMALL BOATS, WEAK STATES, DIRTY MONEY
To
SAMANThA
Without whose faith this book would never have been written
MARTIN N. MuRphY
Small Boats,
Weak States,
Dirty Money
Piracy & Maritime Terrorism in
the Modern World
huRST & COMpANY, LONDON
First published in the united Kingdom by
huRST publishers Ltd,
41 Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3pL
© Martin N. Murphy, 2008
All rights reserved.
printed in India
e right of Martin N. Murphy to be identified
as the author of this volume has been asserted
by him in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and patents Act, 1988.
A catalogue data record for this volume is available
from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-85065-927-3
www.hurstpub.co.uk
v
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements viii
Abbreviations x
Introduction 1
1. What is piracy? 7
A slippery concept 7
Piracy, politics and corruption 10
Piracy in international law 11
Piracy as an international interest 17
Piracy: ancient and modern 21
2. Contemporary piracy: e Who, e Why and e Where 23
What are pirates after? 23
Reasons for piracy 24
What types of ship are attacked? 45
Methods of attack and boarding 47
e cost of piracy 49
State piracy 54
How many attacks are there and who counts them? 59
Weaknesses with the figures 65
Southeast Asia 72
South China Sea 93
Bay of Bengal-Bangladesh 97
South America 98
Yacht piracy 100
East Africa-Somalia 101
West Africa-Nigeria 111
Global phenomenon, local problem, diffuse challenge 123
3. Contemporary piracy: Irritation or Menace? 129
Pirate typology 129
vi
small boats, weak states, dirty money
Vulnerability assessment 132
reat assessment 134
Objectives 138
Environmental risk 153
Violence 155
Access to markets 157
Links to insurgent or terrorist groups 159
Level of official support and corruption 161
Links to organised crime 162
Contemporary piracy: irritation or menace? 177
4. Maritime Terrorism 183
What is terrorism? 183
What is maritime terrorism? 185
Terrorist attacks at sea: the story so far 185
Seafarers’ attitudes 190
A global threat on a global medium? 196
Categories of maritime targets 199
e weapons and methods of maritime terrorists 231
Ships as delivery systems for weapons 259
e global shipping network; a vulnerable system 264
Multiple targets and multiple problems 274
5 Maritime Terrorists 277
Terrorists at sea 277
e principal actors 279
e main reasons to go to sea: movement and supply 345
What makes some groups successful? 358
e obstacles confronting the maritime terrorist 369
Why do terrorists use the sea? 373
6. Assessing the reat 377
So where is the threat or risk? 377
Disorder and the sea: out of sight, out of mind 381
Maritime disorder and initiatives for tackling it 382
e restless sea 384
What might change? 386
Conclusion: assessing the threat 408
Bibliography 413
Index 527
vii
MApS
SLOCs, chokepoints and areas of pirate activity 267
FIGuRES
1. piracy statistics, 1978-2000 61
2. Yearly statistics of piracy incidents worldwide, 1984-2005 62
3. Total number of actual and attempted attacks, 1995-2005 64
TABLES
1. Factors favouring piracy and maritime terrorism 4
2. Total number of recorded incidents, 1984-1994 62
3. Total number of recorded actual and attempted attacks 63
4. Total number of recorded and attempted attacks, 1995-2005 63
5. Sea areas with the highest numbers of piracy incidents 93
6. Vulnerability Assessment table 133
7. reat Assessment table 135
8. Transformation, convergence or cooperation 393
contents
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
No book is the author’s work alone. Like any author I am indebted to the
people who have read it at the various stages of its development and whose
comments, criticisms and encouragement have shaped its direction: Colin
Gray, Geoffrey Till, Dale Walton, John Burnett, Dominick Donald and
Richard Davey.
Many others have given me the benefit of their learning and experi-
ence. Of those I would like to single out Eric Ellen, the founder of the
International Maritime Bureau. Without Eric’s pioneering work driven,
in no small part, by his indignation at the dismissive way many govern-
ments treat the risks and hazards seafarers face at the hands of maritime
criminals, the scourge that is modern piracy would have taken far longer to
reach public notice. Many seafarers directly or indirectly owe their lives to
Eric’s tireless work, and to that of his successor, pottengal Mukundan, who
guided my first steps in this field and who has answered my queries with
great patience ever since.
e academic community that studies piracy, terrorism and disorder
at sea is relatively small but growing quickly. When I began writing this
book it was still just about possible to know most people in it but that is no
longer the case. Over the years I have had conversations and correspond-
ence with many in the field the fruits of which have ended up in these pages
but I would like to mention especially Kim hall, Rupert herbert-Burns,
Karsten von hoesslin, Jonathan howland, peter Lehr, Catherine Zara
Raymond, Michael Richardson, Vijay Sakhuja, Mark Valencia and Stan
Weeks. I would like to extend particular thanks to peter Chalk, Stefan Ek-
löf, Eric Frécon, Rohan Gunaratna and, above all, to Sam Bateman for his
friendship and good humoured criticism. From the wider community of
defence scholars I drew help and inspiration from Doug Farah, Eric Grove,
Steven haines, T.X. hammes, Frank hoffman, Tim huxley, David Kil-
cullen, peter Schwartz and Scott Truver.
ix
Much of the study of this subject and even more of the practice revolves
around legal definitions and interpretations. I am not a lawyer and without
the help of Rosalie Balkin, Ron Barston, Brad Kierserman, James Kraska
and ‘Ash’ Roach I would quickly have become lost. I would, however, like
to extend especially heartfelt thanks to Sam Meneffee and Vaughan Lowe
both of whom have an enviable ability to cut through the legal tangles to
the heart of the issue.
e help I received from members of the naval, coast guard, police and
intelligence communities has been vital. Several of those who gave their
time so generously did it on the understanding that they would not be
acknowledged publically but of those I can mention I would like to thank
Kevin Creswell, Chris Dishman, Charlie Dragonette, Chris Fendt, John
Morgan, David pearl, Tony Rix and Bob Snodden. I would like to express
my particular appreciation to Bruce Stubbs whose pride in his country and
lifelong dedication to the cause of maritime security has now received right-
ful recognition.
Amongst the people with hand-on experience of shipping and the issues
that surround this complex and fascinating business I wish to thank peter
Astbury, Rupert Aitkin, Steve Carmel, Joe Corless, Carina Dixon, David
Fairnie, Chris horrocks, Steven Jones, David Lentaigne, Andrew Linning-
ton, Nigel Miller, Gordon Milne, Neil Roberts, Gavin Simmonds, Chris
Trelawny, John Waite and Daryl Williamson.
Finally I would like to thank my editors but above all my wife, Sa-
mantha, without whose unflagging support this book would never have
been written.
acknowledgements
x
ABBREVIATIONS
AFp Armed Forces of the philippines
AIAI Al-Ittihad al-Islami (Somalia)
AIS Automatic Identification System
AMS Automated Manifest System
ANFO Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil mixture
ARpCT Alliance for the Restoration of peace and
Counter-Terrorism (Somalia)
AQ Al Qaeda
AQI Al Qaeda in Iraq
ASAM Anti-shipping Activity Message
ASCM Anti-ship Cruise Missile
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASG Abu Sayyaf Group
ASW Anti-submarine warfare
ATS Automated Targeting System
BLEVE Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion
CBp uS Customs and Border protection
CINC Commander -in-Chief
CJTF-hOA uS Combined Joint Task Force-horn of Africa
CSI Container Security Initiative
CTF Coalition Task Force
C-TpAT Customs-Trade partnership Against Terrorism
DhS Department of homeland Security (uS)
DIS Defence Intelligence Staff (uK)
DpRK Democratic people’s Republic of Korea
DWT Deadweight tonnage
ECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information System
EiS “Eye in the Sky”
EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal