portable depth=water content sensor on
sled by skier with GPS, 946
satellite snowdepth obser vations, 946
snow course, 942–943
snow pillow, with ground-level scale,
942–943
solar azimuth, 345–347
solar declination, 345–347
solar radiation, 120–123, 301, 302,
347–349, 360–361, 362–368
affects local energy budget, 302
average daily solar insolation, 349
basis for remote sensing by satellites,
302
electromagnetic (EM) radiation, 302
factor in Earth’s climate, 301
particle or wave descriptors, 302
quantum mechanics, 302
radiation budget, 362–368
scatterers of, 120–123
solar constant, 347–349
spectrum of radiation, 302
solar radiation, description of, 304–306
broadband intensity, 304–306
radiance=irradiance same as
intensity=flux, 306
spectral flux, 304–306
spectral intensity, 304–306
solstices, 345–347
sounding analysis
air mass identification, 242–244
determining environmental structure,
242
frontal, 251–253
inversion soundings, 251–253
radiation, 251–253
subsidence, 251–253
Southern Oscillation (SO), 59, 163
link to SST (J. Bjerknes), 59
specific entropy
constant in adiabatic fluids, 34
isentropic surfaces, flow along, 34
specific heat, 18
specific humidity, 225–226
spectroscopy, 310–321
spherical coordinates, 14
squall lines, 586, 589–592, 629
conceptual model, 589–592
cyclone-scale forcings, 630
Bay of Bengal low, 630
ITCZ, 631
Kona low, 630
location of, 630
maximum circulation, 630
Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough
(TUTT), 630
definitions, 589–592
Madden–Julian Oscillations (MJO),
632
Equatorially trapped Kelvin waves,
632
monsoons, 631–632
stratiform precipitation location,
589–592
squall lines, tropical, 624–628
association with low level jet, 628
environmental conditions favoring, 628
leading convective zone, 624–628
low level wind shear in, 624–628
trailing stratiform precipitation region,
624–628
weather patterns, 624–628
width of convective zone, 624–628
width of stratiform region, 624–628
stability, 510–511
stable stratification, 510–511
static energy: dry and moist, 235–236
stochastic condensation, 278–280
Stokes flow, 280–284
Storm Prediction Center, 611–618
history, 611–618
operational procedures, 611–618
strange attractor, 85–86
stratified 3D turbulence and waves, 77–78
stratiform precipitation region, 624
stratosphere, climate of, 124–126
absorption of UV by ozone, 124–126
dominant radiative processes, 124–126
eastward jet in winter hemisphere,
124–126
thermal infrared emissions by CO
2
,
124–126
westward jet in summer hemisphere,
124–126
stratospheric sudden warmings, 49
stratospheric temperatures, 120
stress tensor, 11
Stuve diagram, 239–241
sublimation, 189
subsidence inversion, 251–253
sun dogs, 490–492
Sun, its physical properties, 344–345
chromosphere, 344–345
composition, age, size, temperature,
344–345
corona, solar wind, 344–345
photosphere, sunspot max and min cycle,
344–345
INDEX 967