Introduction 9
In summary, the guidance asked chapter authors to consider
multiple variables simultaneously, to organize the variables at differ-
ent levels of resolution, to modularize, to approximate, and to describe
first-order combining relationships. As discussed in the integrative
chapters, a good deal of sense-making is possible by looking across the
chapters and exploiting the structures resulting from the instructions.
e value of this approach was amply demonstrated in discussions and
debates within the project itself and in subsequent briefings of results
to a variety of audiences.
e guidance reflected recognition that the existing literature
cannot fully answer the analytical questions listed above. us, the
chapter authors were asked to take first steps toward answering them,
first steps that could be communicated readily to and discussed among
people with highly varied backgrounds. Chapter Eleven discusses poten-
tial next steps in extending and tightening social-science knowledge.
With this background, then, let us proceed to discussion of root
causes and then the other questions outlined in Table 1.1.
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