Ridling Zaine. Philosophy: Then and Now. A look back at 26 centuries of thought

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

728

their views are more in accord with those found in Marx’s early, humanist

writings rather than with his later, dogmatic interpretations.

Western Marxism has found support primarily among intellectuals rather

than the working class, and orthodox Marxists have judged it impractical.

Nevertheless, the Western Marxists’ emphasis on Marx’s social theory and

their critical assessment of Marxist methodology and ideas have colored the

way even non-Marxists view the world.

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

729

Bibliography

Philosophical Anthropology

BIBLIOGRAPHY. General works include LESLIE STEVENSON,

Seven Theories of Human Nature (1974), which gives short introductory

sketches of the views of Plato, Christian philosophers, Marx, Freud, Skinner,

Sartre, and Lorenz; BERNARD GROETHUYSEN, Anthropologie

philosophique (1953, reprinted 1980), a series of historical sketches of human

personality from antiquity to the Renaissance; MICHAEL LANDMANN, De

Homine: Man in the Mirror of His Thought (1979; originally published in

German, 1962), philosophical rather than anthropological; J.S. SLOTKIN

(ed.), Readings in Early Anthropology (1965), a good selection of important

historical texts, mainly of Anglo-Saxon thinkers; GEORGES GUSDORF, Les

Sciences humaines et la pensée occidentale (1966- ), a general history of the

sciences of man on the basis of an anthropological philosophy – 12 of 13 vol.

had appeared to 1986; ERNST CASSIRER, An Essay on Man: An

Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Culture (1944, reprinted 1974), a

useful and accurate sketch; and A.L. KROEBER (ed.), Anthropology Today:

An Encyclopedic Inventory (1953, reissued 1965).

On the history of the philosophy of man in the Western tradition, see

PRUDENCE ALLEN, The Concept of Woman: The Aristotelian Revolution,

750 BCE-CE 1250 (1985), which contains an excellent bibliography and

numerous quotations from historical sources on human nature and the relation

between male and female. Insights into the spirit of Renaissance thinking

about man are given by ERNST CASSIRER, The Individual and the Cosmos

in Renaissance Philosophy, trans. by MARIO DOMANDI (1963, reissued

1972; originally published in German, 1927); and DOROTHY

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

730

KOENIGSBERGER, Renaissance Man and Creative Thinking: A History of

Concepts of Harmony, 1400-1700 (1979). The problems faced by 17th-

century philosophers are outlined in LEROY E. LOEMKER, Struggle for

Synthesis: The Seventeenth Century Background of Leibniz’s Synthesis of

Order and Freedom (1972). ERNST CASSIRER, The Philosophy of the

Enlightenment, trans. by FRITZ C.A. KOELLN and JAMES P.

PETTEGROVE (1951, reissued 1979; originally published in German, 1932),

provides a general discussion of the Enlightenment. On Hegel’s philosophy

and its impact, see CHARLES TAYLOR, Hegel and Modern Society (1979).

A useful comparison of two very different 19th-century views of man and

society is provided by GRAEME DUNCAN, Marx and Mill (1973, reprinted

1977). CHARLES COULSTON GILLISPIE, Genesis and Geology: A Study

in the Relations of Scientific Thought, Natural Theology, and Social Opinion

in Great Britain, 1790-1850 (1951, reissued 1959), discusses the impact of

science on religious conceptions of man and his place in the order of nature in

the decades before Darwin; and MARY MIDGLEY, Beast and Man; The

Roots of Human Nature (1978, reissued 1980).

Post-Fregean, analytic philosophical thinking about man is conveyed in

SAMUEL GUTTENPLAN (ed.), Mind and Language (1975, reprinted 1977);

AMÉLIE OKSENBERG RORTY (ed.), The Identities of Persons (1976);

JOHN SEARLE, Minds, Brains, and Science (1984); and DONALD

DAVIDSON, Essays on Actions and Events (1980). The controversy over

whether linguistic ability is a distinctively human trait is discussed in

EUGENE LINDEN, Apes, Men and Language (1975, reprinted 1981); and

NOAM CHOMSKY’S Language and Mind, enl. ed. (1972).

Post-Hegelian philosophy that constitutes philosophical anthropology in

the strict, third sense, together with reactions against it, is discussed in KATE

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

731

SOPER, Humanism and Anti-Humanism (1986); and MARK POSTER,

Existential Marxism in Postwar France (1975, reprinted 1977). Works with

the orientation characteristic of philosophical anthropology in this sense

include HANNAH ARENDT, The Human Condition (1958, reprinted 1974);

EDMUND HUSSERL, Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology,

trans. by W.R. BOYCE GIBSON (1931, reissued 1972; originally published

in German, 1913); MARTIN HEIDEGGER, Being and Time, trans. by JOHN

MACQUARRIE and EDWARD ROBINSON (1962, reissued 1973; originally

published in German, 7th ed., 1953); JEAN-PAUL SARTRE, Being and

Nothingness, trans. by HAZEL E. BARNES (1956, reissued 1978; originally

published in French, 1943), and Critique of Dialectical Reason, trans. by

ALAN SHERIDAN-SMITH (1976, reissued 1982; originally published in

French, 1960); M. MERLEAU-PONTY, Phenomenology of Perception, trans.

by COLIN SMITH (1962, reprinted 1981; originally published in French,

1945); and SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR, The Second Sex, trans. by H.M.

PARSHLEY (1953, reprinted 1983; originally published in French, 2 vol.,

1949).

Opposition to this orientation can be found in, among others, CLAUDE

LÉVI-STRAUSS, The Savage Mind (1966, reissued 1972; originally

published in French, 1962), and Structural Anthropology, 2 vol. (1963-76;

originally published in French, 1958-73); LOUIS ALTHUSSER, For Marx,

trans. by BEN BREWSTER (1969, reissued 1979; originally published in

French, 1965); and JACQUES LACAN, The Four Fundamental Concepts of

Psycho-Analysis, trans. by ALAN SHERIDAN (1977, reissued 1981;

originally published in French, 1973).

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

732

Humanism

General treatments:

The three general studies most helpful in approaching the phenomenon

of humanism are EUGENIO GARIN, Italian Humanism: Philosophy and

Civic Life in the Renaissance, trans. from the Italian (1965, reprinted 1975);

PAUL OSKAR KRISTELLER, Renaissance Thought and Its Sources (1979);

and CHARLES TRINKAUS, The Scope of Renaissance Humanism (1983).

Garin’s book is probably the most unified and incisive treatment of Italian

humanism yet produced, while Kristeller and Trinkaus offer extremely well-

documented analyses of major issues in the history and historiography of

humanism. Other valuable readings include HANS BARON, The Crisis of the

Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age

of Classicism and Tyranny, rev. ed. (1966); QUIRINUS BREEN, Christianity

and Humanism: Studies in the History of Ideas (1968); JACOB

BURCKHARDT, The Civilization of the Period of the Renaissance in Italy:

An Essay (1878; originally published in German, 1860), available in later

English-language editions; DOUGLAS BUSH, The Renaissance and English

Humanism (1939, reprinted 1972); ERNST CASSIRER, The Individual and

the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy (1964, reprinted 1972; originally

published in German with appendices, 1927); JACK D’AMICO, Knowledge

and Power in the Renaissance (1977); MYRON P. GILMORE, The World of

Humanism, 1453-1517 (1952; reprinted 1983); DENYS HAY, The Italian

Renaissance in Its Historical Background, 2nd ed. (1977); PAUL OSKAR

KRISTELLER, Renaissance Concepts of Man, and Other Essays (1972);

EDWARD P. MAHONEY (ed.), Philosophy and Humanism (1976);

ROBERT MANDROU, From Humanism to Science, 1480 to 1700 (1979;

originally published in French, 1973); HEIKO A. OBERMAN and THOMAS

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

733

A. BRADY, JR. (eds.), Itinerarium Italicum: The Profile of the Italian

Renaissance in the Mirror of Its European Transformations (1975);

CHARLES B. SCHMITT, Studies in Renaissance Philosophy and Science

(1981); JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS, Renaissance in Italy, 7 vol. (1875-

86, reprinted 1971-72); GUISSEPPE TOFFANIN, History of Humanism

(1954; originally published in Italian, 1933); BERTHOLD L. ULLMAN,

Studies in the Italian Renaissance, 2nd ed. (1975); and ROBERTO WEISS,

The Spread of Italian Humanism (1964). For classical and medieval

backgrounds, see ERNST ROBERT CURTIUS, European Literature and the

Latin Middle Ages (1973; originally published in German, 1948); MOSES

HADAS, Humanism: The Greek Ideal and Its Survival (1960, reprinted 1972);

and WERNER JAEGER, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, 2nd ed., 3 vol.

(1965; originally published in German, 1934).

Specific topics:

T.W. BALDWIN, William Shakspere’s Small Latine and Lesse Greeke

(1944, reprinted 1966); HANS BARON, From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni:

Studies in Humanistic and Political Literature (1968); GENE BRUCKER,

Renaissance Florence (1969, reprinted 1983); ERNST CASSIRER, “Galileo’s

Platonism,” in M.F. ASHLEY MONTAGU (ed.), Studies and Essays in the

History of Science and Learning, pp. 277-297 (1946; reprinted 1975); JOAN

GADOL, Leon Battista Alberti (1969); EUGENIO GARIN, Science and Civic

Life in the Italian Renaissance (1969, reissued 1978; originally published in

Italian, 1965; 4th Italian ed., 1980); PAUL OSKAR KRISTELLER and

PHILIP P. WIENER (eds.), Renaissance Essays (1968); LAURO

MARTINES, The Social World of the Florentine Humanists, 1390-1460

(1963); JAMES J. MURPHY (ed.), Renaissance Eloquence: Studies in the

Theory and Practice of Renaissance Rhetoric (1983); IRWIN PANOFSKY,

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

734

Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art, 2 vol. (1960, reissued in 1 vol,

1969); J.H. PLUMB (ed.), Renaissance Profiles (1965); PASQUALE

ROTONDI, The Ducal Palace of Urbino: Its Architecture and Decoration

(1969; originally published in Italian in 2 vol., 1950-51); CHARLES B.

SCHMITT, Aristotle and the Renaissance (1983); CHARLES TRINKAUS, In

Our Image and Likeness: Humanity and Divinity in Italian Humanist Thought,

2 vol. (1970), and The Poet as Philosopher: Petrarch and the Formation of

Renaissance Consciousness (1979); BERTHOLD L. ULLMAN, The

Humanism of Coluccio Salutati (1963); WILLIAM HARRISON

WOODWARD, Vittorino da Feltre and Other Humanist Educators (1897,

reissued 1970), and Studies in Education During the Age of the Renaissance,

1400-1600 (1906, reissued 1967); and G.F. YOUNG, The Medici, 2 vol.

(1909, reissued in 1 vol., 1933).

Works of the humanists:

Works by the later humanists (c. 1500 and after) and the English poet-

humanists mentioned in the article, including Castiglione, Cellini, Elyot,

Erasmus, Jonson, Machiavelli, Montaigne, More, Pico della Mirandola,

Rabelais, Shakespeare, Sidney, Spenser, Tasso, and Vasari, are readily

available in many modern English editions. For the writings of the earlier

humanists, see LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI, The Family in Renaissance

Florence, trans. by RENÉE NEU WATKINS (1969); GIOVANNI

BOCCACCIO, The Decameron, trans. by MARK MUSA and PETER

BONDANELLA (1982), and Boccaccio on Poetry, 2nd ed., ed. and trans. by

CHARLES G. OSGOOD (1956, reprinted 1978), a translation of the preface

and books 14 and 15 of his De genealogia deorum gentilium; biographies of

Dante by Boccaccio and Leonardo Bruni in The Earliest Lives of Dante, trans.

by JAMES ROBINSON SMITH (1901, reprinted 1976); letters by Poggio

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

735

Bracciolini in Two Renaissance Book Hunters, trans. by PHYLLIS WALTER

GOODHART GORDAN (1974); and works by Petrarch, including The Life of

Solitude, trans. by JACOB ZEITLIN (1924, reprinted 1978); “On His Own

Ignorance and That of Many Others,” trans. by HANS NACHOD in ERNST

CASSIRER, PAUL OSKAR KRISTELLER, and JOHN HERMAN

RANDALL, JR. (eds.), The Renaissance Philosophy of Man (1948, reprinted

1971); and Petrarch’s Secret; or, The Soul’s Conflict with Passion, trans. by

WILLIAM H. DRAPER (1911, reprinted 1978). WILLIAM HARRISON

WOODWARD, op. cit., contains valuable translations of works by Vergerio,

Bruni, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pius II), and Battista Guarino. Sixteenth-

century writings that reflect the breadth and vitality of humanistic attitudes are

JUAN LUIS VIVES, On Education, trans. by FOSTER WATSON (1913,

reprinted 1971); GIROLAMO CARDANO, The Book of My Life, trans. by

JEAN STONER (1930, reprinted 1962); TORQUATO TASSO, Tasso’s

Dialogues, trans. by CARNES LORD and DAIN A. TRAFTON (1982); and

PARACELSUS, Selected Writings, trans. by NORBERT GUTERMAN, 2nd

rev. ed. (1958; reissued with a new bibliography, 1969; originally published in

German, 1942, ed. by JOLANDE JACOBI).

Marxism

Marx.

MAJOR WORKS Misère de la philosophie (1847; The Poverty of

Philosophy, 1900); Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (1848; Manifesto of

the Communists, 1883); Die Klassenkämpfe in Frankreich 1848 bis 1850

(1850; The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850, 1924); Der 18te

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

736

Brumaire des Louis Napoleon (1852; The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis

Bonaparte, 1898); Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (1859; A Contribution

to the Critique of Political Economy, 1904); and Das Kapital (vol. 1, 1867;

vol. 2-3 published by Engels in 1885 and 1894; Capital: A Critical Analysis of

Capitalist Production, vol. 1 trans. by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling,

1886; vol. 2-3 trans. by Ernest Untermann, 1907 and 1909).

Recommended later translations of these works include Manifesto of the

Communist Party, trans. by Samuel Moore (1888, reprinted 1952); The

Communist Manifesto of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, with an

introduction and explanatory notes by D. Ryazanoff, trans. by Eden Paul and

Cedar Paul (1930); and The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, trans.

by Eden Paul and Cedar Paul (1926). Selections from Marx’s writings are

available in the following: David McLellan (ed.), Selected Writings (1977);

Robert C. Tucker (ed.), The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed. (1978); and Jon

Elster (ed.), Karl Marx: A Reader (1986).

A major English-language edition, Karl Marx, Frederick Engels:

Collected Works, trans. by Richard Dixon et al. (1975- ), is in progress.

Planned to consist of 50 volumes and to include the correspondence, it is

being prepared by an international editorial committee. Forty-one volumes

had been published by 1992.

The most comprehensive biography of Marx is DAVID McLELLAN,

Karl Marx: His Life and Thought (1973, reissued 1987). The classic

biography of Marx, somewhat too partisan in his favor, is FRANZ

MEHRING, Karl Marx: The Story of His Life (1935, reissued 1981; originally

published in German, 1918). Marx’s personal life is discussed in SAUL K.

PADOVER, Karl Marx, an Intimate Biography (1978). JERROLD SEIGEL,

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

737

Marx’s Fate: The Shape of a Life (1978), is a psychological biography.

YVONNE KAPP, Eleanor Marx, 2 vol. (1972-76), contains informative

material on Marx’s family life. Two good short biographies are ISAIAH

BERLIN, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment, 4th ed. (1978, reprinted with

corrections, 1982); and WERNER BLUMENBERG, Portrait of Marx: An

Illustrated Biography (1972; originally published in German, 1962).

For introductory analysis and commentaries of Marx’s works, see

DAVID McLELLAN, The Thought of Karl Marx, 2nd ed. (1980); BRUCE

MAZLISH, The Meaning of Karl Marx (1984); W.A. SUCHTING, Marx, an

Introduction (1983), and Marx and Philosophy: Three Studies (1986); and

RICHARD SCHMITT, Introduction to Marx and Engels: A Critical

Reconstruction (1987). TERRELL CARVER, A Marx Dictionary (1987),

provides brief definitions of Marxian concepts without interpretative

deviations from the original. For more detailed studies, see ROMAN

ROSDOLSKY, The Making of Marx’s ‘Capital’ (1977, reissued 1980;

originally published in German, 1968); DEREK SAYER, Marx’s Method:

Ideology, Science and Critique in Capital, 2nd ed. (1983); ROBERT PAUL

WOLFF, Understanding Marx: A Reconstruction and Critique of Capital

(1984); HAL DRAPER, Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution, 3 vol. (1977-86);

D. ROSS GANDY, Marx and History: From Primitive Society to the

Communist Future (1979); MURRAY WOLFSON, Marx: Economist,

Philosopher, Jew: Steps in the Development of a Doctrine (1982); DANIEL

LITTLE, The Scientific Marx (1986); THOMAS SOWELL, Marxism:

Philosophy and Economics (1985); and JOHN CUNNINGHAM WOOD (ed.),

Karl Marx’s Economics: Critical Assessments, 4 vol. (1987). A particularly

acute summary of the difficulties in Marx’s work is JON ELSTER, Making

Sense of Marx (1985). Many monographs explore Marx’s political and