Ruderman David B. Early Modern Jewry: A New Cultural History
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Early Modern Jewry
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Early Modern Jewry
A New Cultural History
David B. Ruderman
PriNCetoN UNiversity Press
Pri
NCet
o
N ANd oxford
Copyright © 2010 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William street,
Princeton, NJ, New Jersey 08540
in the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 oxford street,
Woodstock, oxfordshire ox20 1tW
All rights reserved
ruderman, david B.
early modern Jewry : a new cultural history / david B. ruderman.
p. cm.
includes bibliographical references and index.
isBN 978-0-691-14464-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Jews—
intellectual life. 2. Jews—europe—History. 3. Jews—social
networks—europe—History. 4. Jews—History—70-1789.
5. Jewish learning and scholarship—europe. 6. Judaism—
doctrines—early works to 1800. 7. Judaism—History.
8. Judaism—europe—History. 9. rabbis—Biography.
10. europe—intellectual life. i. title.
ds113.r79 2010
909'.0492405—dc22
2009034692
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication data is available
this book has been composed in sabon
Book design by Marcella engel roberts
Printed on acid-free paper. ∞
press.princeton.edu
Printed in the United states of America
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
For my sister Nomi Raz
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Contents
Maps x
Introduction 1
onE • JEws on thE MovE 23
•
t
he Mobility of europeans and other
Peoples in the
early Modern Period 24
•
Jewish Migration to italy and the ottoman empire 26
•
Jewish Migration to eastern europe 29
•
Converso Migration 34
•
t
he social Consequences of Jewish Mobility 37
•
d
id Jewish Mobility engender Cultural Productivity? 41
two • CoMMunal CohEsion 57
•
i
talian Communal developments 59
•
Converso Communal organizations:
Leghorn and
Amsterdam
65
•
Jewish Communal organization in Germanic Lands 74
•
t
he Jewish Community under ottoman rule 81
•
Jewish self-Government in eastern europe 86
•
s
ome Comparative observations 93
thrEE • KnowlEdgE Explosion 99
• the Printed Book and the Creation of
a Connected Jewish Culture
99
viii C o N t e N t s
• further Consequences of the Printing of Jewish Books 103
•
Christian Hebraists and their Judaic Publications 11
1
•
t
he expansion of Cultural Horizons 120
•
Jewish Medical students at the University 12
5
four • Crisis of rabbiniC authority 133
•
Locating the Beginnings of a Jewish Crisis
in the
seventeenth Century 13
6
•
t
he sabbatean turmoil of the eighteenth Century 14
0
•
s
abbateanism and the Birth of
“
orthodoxy”
in the
eighteenth Century 14
6
•
s
abbateanism and the other Crises of early
Modernity:
some tentative Conclusions 15
5
fivE • MinglEd idEntitiEs 159
•
t
he
Ambiguity of Converso Lives
16
0
•
s
abbatean syncretism 16
3
•
t
he Conicting Loyalties of Christian Hebraists 17
3
•
t
he Mediating roles of Jewish Converts to Christianity 18
0
•
Jewish Christians and Christian Jews 18
6
six • toward ModErnity: soME final thoughts 191
• When does the early Modern Period
Begin and When
does it end? 19
3
•
e
arly Haskalah,
early Modernity
, and
Haskalah
reconsidered 19
8
C o N t e N t s ix
• viewing the Modern era in the Light
of the
early Modern 202
appEndix • historiographiCal rEflECtions 207
•
Jonathan israel’
s
interpretation of early
Modern Jewish Culture
207
•
Jewish Historians on the early Modern Period 21
4
•
e
arly Modernity in european and
W
orld Historiography
220
Acknowledgments 227
Notes 231
Bibliography of Secondary Works 287
Index 319