vi Contents
3.1.4 Passive Film on Copper.........................................................29
3.1.5 Passive Film on Aluminum ..................................................30
3.1.6 Passive Film on Titanium .....................................................30
3.1.7 Passive Film on Tantalum .....................................................30
3.1.8 Uniform Corrosion Rates ......................................................30
3.1.9 Protective Measures ..............................................................31
3.2 Intergranular Corrosion .....................................................................32
3.2.1 Austenitic Stainless Steels ....................................................32
3.2.2 Ferritic Stainless Steels ..........................................................35
3.2.3 Other Alloys ...........................................................................35
3.3 Galvanic Corrosion .............................................................................36
3.3.3 Preventive Measures .............................................................38
3.4 Crevice Corrosion ...............................................................................38
3.4.1 Preventive Measures .............................................................40
3.5 Pitting Corrosion .................................................................................41
3.5.1 Preventive Measures .............................................................43
3.6 Erosion Corrosion ...............................................................................44
3.6.1 Preventive Measures .............................................................45
3.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) ......................................................46
3.7.1 Preventive Measures .............................................................49
3.8 Biological Corrosion............................................................................50
3.8.1 Preventive Measures .............................................................54
3.9 Selective Leaching ...............................................................................55
3.9.1 Preventive Measures .............................................................57
3.10 Hydrogen Damage ..............................................................................57
3.10.1 Sources of Hydrogen .............................................................58
3.10.2 Types of Hydrogen Damage .................................................59
3.10.2.1 Hydrogen Embrittlement ......................................59
3.10.2.2 Hydrogen Blistering ...............................................62
3.10.2.3 Flakes, Fisheyes, and Shatter Cracks ...................63
3.10.2.4 Hydrogen Attack ....................................................63
3.10.3 Preventive Measures .............................................................65
3.10.3.1 Hydrogen Blistering ...............................................65
3.10.3.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement ......................................66
3.10.3.3 Hydrogen Attack ....................................................67
3.11 Liquid Metal Attack ............................................................................68
3.11.1 Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) ....................................69
3.11.1.1 Requirements for Embrittlement .........................69
3.11.1.2 Factors Inuencing LME .......................................71
3.11.1.3 Delayed Failure .......................................................72
3.11.1.4 Preventive Measures ..............................................72
3.11.2 Corrosion by Liquid Metals .................................................72
3.12 Exfoliation ............................................................................................73
3.12.1 Preventive Measures ............................................................. 74
3.13 Corrosion Fatigue ................................................................................ 74