Станко В.Н., Гладких М.І., Сегеда С.П. Історія первісного суспільства

rpyrm.

To6TO

TOTeMi'IHa

TePHTOPisJ:

BBIDKaJIaCSI

TepHTOpiElO

iCHyBaHIDI

rpyrra, 36ePITaHIDI TOTeMi'lHOro

uearpy

BBaJKaJIOCSI

nepenysrosoio HOpMaJIl>HOro icHyBaHIDl TOTeMi'IHoi rpyrra,

IIOSIBa .niTeH

TIlKOJK

rrOB'Sl3YBaJIaCSI

3

.niSI.nLHiCTIO

TOTeMi'lHO-

ro

rrpaurypa,

SIKHif

Ha'le6TO acenascs B xiHKy TIl Bi.l{pO,WKyBaB-

CSI

B ,llHTHHi.

IIPH

noasi

,llHTHHH

.l{lliI

nei

snaxonanacs 'lYPHHra,

SIK yriJIeHIDI

II

JlYIlli,

sxa

BO.nHOlJaC

€

lJaCTKOlO

nymi TOTeMa.

Bci

'lYPHHrH 'l1IeHiB

nneveai

36epiraJIHcSI n06JIH3Y TOTeMi'lHOro

UeHTPY B 'lYPHIlTOCXOBmui. .

Ma2iR

(sin

rpetl. - '1aKJIYHCTBo) -

eipa

B MmKJlHBicTb BIUIH-

BaTH

na :lKH1TIl aa nonouoroio

MariqHHX

.niH

a60

3aKJIHHaHb.

MarUI

B

YSlBJIeHHi

rrepaicaoi JlIO.l{HHH

noninanaca

na

n03HTHB-

HY (KOPHCHY) i HeraTHBHY (mKi.uJIHBY) .

Ilixasi

3aJIHWKH

06P~OBHx

.niit

nocninxeai

B

nesepi

TIOK

.n'O.uy6ep

(<I>p~isJ:).

Ha

nianosi

nesepa

BWlBJIeHi r.1lHHJlHi

306-

paJKeHIDI6hoHiD.

HaBKOJlO

HHX

'lHcJleHHi Bm6HTKH

CJIi.niB

JlIO-

neH

3

xapaxrepaasr

BIDKKHM

rrpacrynou

Ha

n'SITY

. Binsurlcrs

cninis HaJIe:lKHTb ninnirxasr 10 - 12

poxis

.

Ha

J:lYMKY

.nOCJImHH-

KiD,

ryr

nposonana

rrOCBSI'IeHIDl

ninmrxia

(iuiniauii) B TIlIHCTBa

MarilJHoro

BImHBY

na

OCHOBHHH

06'€KT IIpoMHCJIY -

6hoHa

.

Apxeonori-nraa KOMIIJleKC,

rrOB'Sl3aHHH

306PSlllOBO-Tea1paJIi30-

BaHHM

CBSITOM

MHCJIHBuiB

aa

6hoHa,

.nOCJIi.uJKemrn

na naneoniras-

HOMY

nocen:eHHi

AHeTiBKa

II

(na

I1iB.ueHHOMY

EYJi).

Ilocenenna

CK1Ia,u,a€TbCSI

3

rpsox

<!>Y"KUiOHaJIbHO

i

C'IPYK1YPHO

phHHX

sacrna

.

y

3aXi.uHOMY

cexropi

nocenenna

rrpoBO.l{HJIH

'l1IeHYBaHIDl

3a6uroro

6i3oHa i

poanozdn

HOro

MiJK

yqacHHKaMH UepeMoItii.

Ha

HeBeJIHKO

-

MY

oxpyrnosry

MaWtaH'IHKY

B

uearpi

nocenerma P03MaJIbOBYBaJIHCb

Ta npaxpamanncs 6e3rrocepe.aHi BHKOHaBui 06psmoBHX.niH. Ilopys

BHfOTOB1ISIJIH

PHTYaJIbHY

36polO, IIpHKpacH, caspansai npezerera.

3aKJIlO'IHa

uepesronia

CBSlTIl

Bm6YBaJIacb Y Cxi.l{HOMY ceKTO-

pi

nOCeJleHIDI. TYT no rrOlJaTKY

CBSITa

BHKJIa,u,aJIOCSI

KOJlO

3

rue-

nenia

6iJoHa

, Y

nearpi

axoro

na

ninnopxax

rrpHJIalIITOBYBaJIacb

ronosa

6iJoHa.

BcSI

USI

«crropyna» 6YJla

rycro

rrorpapfioaaaa

xep-

BOHOlO

BOXPOlO

-

CHMBOJlOM

KpOBi TIl :lKH1TSl Ynepsicaax

aa-

ponis.

Hasxono

uicl

cnopyzra

P03MaJIbOBaHi,

npaxpameai

MHC-

JlHBW 3

<!>aKeJlaMH

TIl CIIHCaMH

3.niHCHIOBaJIH

phHOMaHiTHi

Ma -

riqHi

nii

(paryansae

CrrOJKHBaHIDl M'Slca JKeproBHOI TBapHHM,

iMiTIluisJ: MOMeHTiB nOJlIOBaHIDl,

cnisa,

raani

H T. ia.). CnOJKM-

BaHIDI M'Slca

CBSlllJ,eHHOI

TBapHHH

CyrrPOBOJl)l(YBaJIOCb

36upaH-

IDIM

IT

KiCTOK i CKJla.!{aHIDIM Y nrnpap60BaHOMY KOJli. .

BcSI 06PSl.!{OBO-Tea1paJIiJOBaHa

uepeaoais,

BmTBOpeHa sa

MaTepiaJIaMH AHeTiBKH

II, Bm6HBa€ B

moncsxia

CBmOMOCTi

cxnanai

HlJHllJ,a

B3a€MoBi.l{HocHH

JlIO.uHHH

3

IIPUPO.nOlO

i HaMa-

rarma

JIIO.nHHH

BIIJIHHYTH XOlJa 6 iJII030pHO

na

rrpoueca

B3a€MO-

.nil

monea

i

rrpapona.

•

~

lfteH

HSI

,

AHiMi3M

(sin

JIaT.

-

«JlY1IIa»,

«.lJYX»)

- aipa B

aaanpapomd

, He-

piaJIbHi

yrsopeaas,

1J.l0

icH}'IOTb Y MaTepiaJIbHiH o6oJIoHUi JIlO-

H, pocJlHH, TBapHH, phHHX

anmn npapon» H

CTaHOBmlTh

ixmo

'. 3ri.llH0 3

YSlBJIeHHSIMH

nepsicnax JIlOneH,

JlY1IIa

Bi.aHOCHO

ca-

ocriaaa,

Bona

MOJKe

3aJIHlIIarn rino aGo nepecenaraca 3

onnoro

B imue.

.uOCHTb

noumpeae

lpaKIyBaHIDI

caia

SIKcaMOCTIWiOro

fIYBaHHSI

JlYIlIi

. BmOKpeMJIeHa

JlY1IIa

icaye SIK.uyx.

(/JemuUi

(sin

nopTyr

. - «TaJIiCMaH», «aMYJIeT») - neBHHH

:.nMeT,

SlKHH

Haqe6TO Ma€

aannpapomry

MariqHY

CHJIY.

Bin-

hoaiaa o

«<!>eTHlIIH3M»

- peniriinre nOlIIaHYBaHIDI TIlKOro

<!>eTH-

ura,

sipa

B HOro

qynoniHHY

CHJIY

.

ra

ztononory.

Bunte

3a3HaQaJIOCSI,

SlKHMH

3HaqHHMH COUiaJIbHHMH 3MiHa-

B )l(HTTi TOrOlJaCHOi

JIIO.nHOCTi

3YMOBJIIOBaJIOCSI

BHHHKHeHHSI

e30JIiTHqHHX MOrHJIbHHKiB.

Ilopan

ia UHM nOCJImHHKH asepra-

ysary

na

1xH€

nesae

Iaeonorisne

3HaqeHHSI.

TaK,

aHaJIiJYIO-

nOJIO)KeHHSI

TIl

opienraniio

He6i)KqHKiB

BOJIOCbKO-BaCHJliB-

bKHX MOrHJIbHHKiD,

.u.

51.

Teneria

niHlIIoB

BHCHOBKY,

uio na-

eHHSI

Hannopbcxs

nOKJIOHSIJIOCSI

COHUIO

i

nOB'Sl3aHOMY

3

HM

renny

, a TIlKO)K aonuo,

SlKHH

CHMBOJIiJyBaB nOMalIIH€

sor-

mue

3 HOro 3aTHlIIKOM, reIIJIOM Ta CnOKO€M.

3aBepUIYIOqH

ornaa nyxosaoi KYJIbTypH

pamrsonepaicnoi

IJ.lHHH

3a3HaqHMO,

1J.l0

B

lleH

'lac

nosdrso

3pOCTa€ piaens pa-

iOHaJIbHHX 3HaHb nepaicaoi JIlO.nHHH, nOrJIH6JIlO€TbCSI i"i inre-

eIcryaJIbHHH

noreuuian

,

<!>0PMYIOTbCSI

CKJIa,u,Hi

ineonorixai

yas-

uio

saaxonsrs

CBO€

Bm06paJKeHHSI B

HOBHX

npoasax

CTeUTBa

ra

phHHX

Mi<!>iqHHX

CHMBOJIax,

axi. .

3.n

e6iJIblIIOro

,

OKH

uio

BIDKKO

inreprrperysarn.

nI3HbOnEPBICHA

06I.!!HHA

qacTKoBa

crabiniaauia

rocnoztapcsxoro,

COUiaJIbHOro Ta

,

aui

'JlbTypHO-icTOPHqHOro p03BHTKY HaCeJIeHIDI

aarrpaxiaui

Me-

oriry

3YMOBJIlOBaJIaCSI,

aacasmepen,

THM'laCOBHM

ninsmnea-

:IDlM npO.ayKTHBHOCTi

MHCJIHBCTBa,

1J.l0

6YJIO

nOB'Sl3aHO

3

nOlIIH-

HHSlM

JIyKa TIl

CTPiJI

, P03BHTKOM

ycxnanaeaoro

36HPaJIbHHUT-

a TIlKO)K lIIHpOKHM

sacrocyaaanaa

e<!>eKTHBHHX

saapazn,

.l{lliI

06p06KH

HOro

nponyxrin

(3epHOTepOK, TOBKaqiB,

OK i T.

iH.) TIl

CnpHSITJIHBHMH

KJIiMarnlJHHMH

YMOBaMH

aa

OqaTKY

ronoueua

. Y

CBOlO

sepry

BmHOCHa

crafiinisauia

rocno-

apcrsa

CnpH'lHHHJla

3pOCTaHHSI

'lHCeJIbHOCTi i

ryCTOTH

aace-

eHHSI,

CTIl6iJIbHicTb HOro

eraisaoro

cxnaay,

BHHHKHeHIDI

coui-

17~

172

aJIbHO-eKoHoMiqHHX

CTpYKTYP,

axi

perymosann

He

rinsxn

BHYT-

pinIHi

CTOCYHKH

' B 06IUHHi, a H

BiJI.HOCHHH

MbK 06IUHHaMH

pis-

noro

piBIDI

cnopinnenocri.

Ilonansuraa

P03BHTOK

cycninscrsa

norpetiysaa

He TinbKl1

nOJIinweHIDI

rexaisaoro

OCHalUeHIDI

eKoHoMiKH, a H

perensai,

uroro

i

uinecrrpsnroeaaiuroro

BHKOpHCTaHHSI

rrpaponnax

pecyp.

cia

06MexeHHX

reparopia,

Y.ll.OCKOHaJIeHIDI

BHYTPinIHix i 30B-

niumix

COWaJIbHHX

Ta

eKOHOMiqHHX

CTOCYHKiB

B 06lUHHax. Bon.

HOqaC

CJIin JaysaJKHTH,

1U0

B Me30JIiTi

Bxe

.ll.OCHTb

'liTKO

rrpocr

e-

xy€TbCSI HepiBHOMipHiCTb

rocnoaapcsxoro

i

COUiaJIbHOro

p03-

BHTKy HaCeJIeHIDI

OKpeMHX

perionis

OHKYMeHH,

3YMOB1leHa

,

ne-

penycix,

phHHM

CKJIa.u.OM

i

eneprernxmoa

nOTeHuiaJIOM

JKHTI'E3a6e3neqyIOqID(

pecypcis

UHX

perioais

ra

oc06JIHBOCTSlMH

ixHix

npUP0.ll.HO-KJIiMaTuqHHX

YMOB,

1U0

nOTPe6YBaJIo

pi3HHX

<PoPM

Bup06HH'IHX i

COUiaJIbHHX

3yCHJIb

.ll.JISI

JKHTI'E3a6e3neqeH-

IDI

ixHboro

HaCeJIeHIDI, a TaKOX

npH3BO.ll.HJIO,

SIK

yxe

aranysano-

CSI

BHlUe,

no

BCi.rnIKHx

JIOKaJIbHHX

qu

nasirs

periOHaJIbHHX KpH3.

P03B'Sl3aHIDI

CKJIa.u.Hoi

eKOHOMiqHOi

caryauii

B UHX

perionax

6yJIO

MO)KJIHBe

murre

na

llIJUIXY

TPaHc<l>opMauii Jac06iB BHp06-

HHUTBa,

nouryxis

HOBHX

.lJ.)KepeJI

36iJIbllIeHIDI

XHTT€BO

neoexin-

HHX

pecypciB

,

Y.ll.OCKOHaJIeHIDI

CTpYKTYPH

cycninscraa.

Bee ue

6yJIO

peaniaosane

JIHllIe ia

3anpOBa.lJ.)KeHHHM

ainraopioiosoro

rocnonapcraa,

axe aHrJIiHCbKHH

apxeonor

f.

qaHJI.u.

poarnaaa

c

SlK

arpapay

(HeoJIiTHqHy)

pesomoniio

- ninrpYJITII

BHHHKHeH

-

IDI uHBiJIiJaWH.

PaJOM ai

3MiHOIO

<PoPMH

eKOHOMiKH

y

BHpo6HHI.J.TBi

i

nofiy-

ri

JanpOBaJOKYlOTbCSI

HOBi

snapanna

rrpaui,

3'SIBJUIlOTbCSI

xepa-

MiqHHH

nocyn,

rrpaaiaaa,

TKalJ,TBO,

Y.ll.OCKOHaJIIOIOTbCSI

CHCTeMa

anaaa

'ra

ynpaB1IiHIDI B 06IUHHi, 1U0, Y

CBOIO

sepry,

CnpHqHIDI€

rpaacrpopsrauno

scici

CHcreMH XHTI€3a6e3nelfeHIDI,

COWaJIbHO

i'

opraaisanii

cycninscrea,

HOro

ineonori

i

ra

nyxoaaoi

KyJIbTYPH

.

Ilpore

HOBiTHi

.ll.OCJIi,n)KeHIDI

apxeonoris

nOKaJYJOTb,

1U0

aci

ui

3MrnH

Bin6YBaJ1HCSI

nOC1)'IIOBO

.

3'SlCYBaJIOCSI,

1U0

aosauii

B

eKOHOMiui,

COUiaJIbHOMY

)((}fTTj Ta

nofiyri

cysopo

He

nerepsdno

-

sani

B

saci,

H

MO:lKYfb

BHHHKaTH

y

phHiH

nOCJIinoBHOcTI.

TaK

,

nepmi

npoSIBH

eiaraopioiosoro

rocnonapcrsa

B

YKpaiHi

He 3aB-

JK.ll.H

CynpoBO.lJ.)KYBaJIHCSI

BHHHKHeHHHM

xepauixa

(enoxepauis-

HHH» HeoJIiT)

a60

HOBHX,

30KpeMa lIIJIi<PoBaHHX,

snapam,

rrpaui

(coiorpa,

MOTHKa

TOIUO).

3HaQHO

nisuiure,

HbK

B iHllIHX

perio-

aax,

MelliKaHUi

crenis

YKpa'iHH

OCBOmH

rrpaainns i

TKall,TBO

. I

BCe

x TaKH

cnin

BH3HaTH,

1U0

sci

xopimti

3MiHH,

1U0

CTaJIHCSI

Y

HeoJIiTuqHHH

sac

B YKpai"Hi, nOB'Sl3aHi, nacasmepea, ia sarrpo-

Ba.lJ.)KeHHHM

CKOTapcTBa

Ta 3eMJIepo6cTBa.

3

P03BHTKOM

3eMJIepo6cTBa

'ra

CKOTapcTBa

<l>OPMY€TbCSI

HO-

Be po3}'MiHIDI

BJIaCHOCn

na

3eMJllO,

XY.ll.06y

Ta

aa

npo.lJ.YKTH

BH-

'

"

'p06HHll,TBa. OC06JIHBy

ysary

06IUHHH

renep

npaseprae

posno-

Ha.u.JIHIllKiB

npO.lJ.YKTiB

rpoaaacsxoro BHp06HHUTBa i

npo-

JdHcny oKpeMHX

npencrasaaxia

06IUHHH,

OTPHMaHHX

nonan

He-

~

06

xin

H

H H

KOJIeKTHBHHH

nponyxr

.

3POCTaHIDI

lfHCeJIbHOCTi

06-

IIlHHH

ra

YCKJIa,nHeHIDI

npouecy

BHpo6HHll,TBa

nOTPe6YSaJIH

WlOCKOHaJIeHIDI

cacresia

ynpaBJIiHIDI,

sxa

nocTYUOBO

CTaBaJIa

Bee

fiinsur

CKJIa.u.HOIOTa

iepapxisnoio.

BHHHKHeHWI

CKOTapCTBa

i

3eMJIepo6CTBa.

BH3HalOlfH

napi-

WaJIbHY

POJIb

BmTBOplOlOlfHX

<PoPM

eKoHoMiKH B nonansurosry

po3BHTKy

JIIO.ll.CTBa

i

CTaHOB1leHHi

uaniniaauii,

.ll.OCJImHHKH

no-

pi3HOMy BH3HalfalOTb lfac,

rrepenyaosa

i ueHTPH BHHHKHeHIDI

JeMJIep06CTBa Ta

cKOTapCTBa,

xapaxrep

ixnsoro

nOIllHpeHIDI

no

JeMHiH KyJIi.

Ilepenycia,

iCHyIOTb

TPY.ll.HOlUi

3, BH3HalfeHIDIM

MiclJ,SI

i pOJIi

nepunrx

BHSlBiB

npHpyqeHIDI TBapHH i KyJIbTHBawi

pOCJIHH

y

cacresd

rocnonapioeaana

i XHTT€3a6e3nelfeHIDI

nepsicaoro

aa-

ceneaas,

Crrpaani,

SlK,

aanpaxnan,

po3uiHHTH

npapyxenna

CO-

OOKH,

axe,

HMOBipHO,

Bm6YJIocSI

Bxe

B nhHbOMY

naneoniri?

Ile

6YB

nosarox

CKOTapcTBa,

HOro HaHpaHHillla <popMa, lfH JIHllIe

Japo.lJ.)KeHIDI

iaei

CKOTapCTBa

-

SlK

MOJKJIHBicTb

cninsaoro

crris-

iCHYBaHIDI

JIIO.ll.HHH

i

rnapana,

3

P03BHTKOM

sxoi

3HalfHO

niani-

ure

BHHHKa€

casro

CKOTapCTBO

SlK

CHCTeMa

XHTT€Ja6e3nelfYlOlfO-

ro

rocnonapiosaaua?

Ha

JlYMKy 6araTbOx <l>axiBuiB,c06aKa B

MHCJIHBCbKOMY

rocnonapcrsi

rtepaicaoi

06IUHHH -

naure

no-

MilfHHK

JIIO.ll.HHH

'

nin

'lac

nOJllOBaHIDI. Y

raxosry

KOHTeKcTI

IT

npapyseaas

MO)l(}{a

BH3Ha'lHTH

SIK

O.ll.HH

ia 3ac06iB

Y.ll.OCKOHa

-

JIeHIDI

MHCJIHBCbKO-36HPaJIbHHUbKOro

rocnonapcrsa.

51K1UO

aa-

BiTb

BH3HaTH,

1U0

npHpyqeHHH

cofiaxa

B ni3HbOMY

naneoniri

Mir

6ym

BHKOpHCTaHHH

i

SlK

rrponyxr

xapsrysaana,

TO

3rmHO 3

ap-

xeoJIOri'lHHMH

.ll.aHHMH

He TinbKH

nisasoro

naJIeoJIiTY, a H Me-

JOJIiTY

HOro nHTOMa

sara

B

3araJIbHOMY

06CSl3i

MHCJIHBCbKOi

3.ll.06H'Ii 6YJIa Mi3epHOIO.

Taxa x

cnryauia

npocrexycrsca

i 3 nOlfaTKOM KyJIbTHBauii

pOCJIHH.

ETHOJIOraM

BmOMi

'1HMaJIO

aaponis,

sxi

npOCTO

norna-

.ll.alOTb

sa npUP0.ll.HHMH

.ll.iJIRHKaMH

.ll.HKHX

pOCJIHH.

Y 6araTbOx

annanxax

raxe

«rocnonapiosanna»

naaano 3HaqHHH eKOHOMi'l-

HHH

e<PeKT

i,

BO.ll.HO'laC,

raJIbMysaJIO

Japo.lJ.)KeHIDI

3eMJIep06cTBa

cepen

l.I,HX

naponia.

Haranacxo TaKOX

npo

unrpoxe

aanposa-

.lJ.)KeHIDI

B

niaasovy

naneoniri

i B

MeJOJIiTi

TaK 3BaHOro

yCKJIa,n-

aenoro

36HPaJIbHHUTBa,

1U0

npHBeJIO

B

.ll.eSIKHX

nananxax

na-

npaxiaui

Me30JIiTY

aanirs

no

BHHHKHeHIDI

nocyny,

)(iHCHO,

SlK

BH3Ha'lHTH

raxy

<PoPMY

rocnonapioeanaanx

yxe

KyJIbTHBauiIO,

xaH ure i

.IUfKHX,

pOCJIHH,

'1H

SlK

CHCTeMY

yCKJIa.u.HeHOro

36H-

pansmurrsa,

ane

Bxe

Ha6JIHXeHoro

no

3eMJIepo6cTBa?

Bin

3'SlCysaHIDI I..{HX np06JIeM 3aJIeXHTb BH3Ha'ieHIDI

'lacy

174

175

BHHHKHeHIDI 3eMJIep06cTBa i

CKOTIlpCTBa.

)leSiKi

,llOCJIlnHHIG1

nporroayiors

p03rJISl.llaTH

CTIlHOBJIeHIDI

einrsopsorosoi eKOHOMi-

KH HK .llOBroTPHBanHH

nOCTYTIOBHH

npouec,

npOTSIroM

sxoro

BOHH

BH.lliIDnoTb IUOHaHMeHllIe TPH eTaIIH:

1.

<I>OPMYMHIDI

rrepenysros BHHHKHeHIDI 3eMJIep06cTBa i

CKOTapCTBa.

P0311IHpeHIDI

apeanis

p03nOBCIO,LOKeHIDI

BH.lliB

mr-

KHX TBapHH i

pOCJIHH,

npanarnax

.llJIH

rrpapyxeann

TIl

KYJIbTH-

sauii.

IIoSiBa npHMiTHBHHX

BH.lliB

KYJIbTHBawI

pOCJIHH

i

npapy-

qeHIDI TBapHH.

qac

npapyseans

c06aKH i

3anp0Ba,LOKeHIDI

yc-

xnaznreaoro 36HpanbHHUTBa.

2. BHHHKHeHIDI 3eMJIep06cTBa i

cKOTapCTBa

B neBHHX eKO-

JIOritIHHX

YMOBaX

OKpeMHX

ocepenxin

OHKYMeHH

.

Ha

paaaix

eranax

y UHX ocepenxax BlnTBOPlOlOqi

<PoPMH

rocnonapcrsa

Ma-

JIH

nonoalxne

,

npyropanne

3HaqeHIDI B )l(HTT€3a6e3neqeHiii

aa-

CeJIeHIDI

UHX

perioais.

3. 3eMJIep06cTBO i

CKOTapCTBO

CTalOTb

OCHOBOIO

)I(HTT€3a6e

3-

neseana

HaCeJIeHIDI,

ainirpaion,

nposiany

POJlb

y

nonansurovy

p03BHTKY

cycninscraa

,

He

3'SlCOBaHi

no

KrnUH H npH'IHHH BHHHKHeHIDI

CKOTapCTBa

'ra 3eMJIep06cTBa.

TaK,

6iJIbllIicTb ,lloCJIlnHHKiB

BBIDlCa€

OCHOBOlO

BHHHKHeHIDI

ainraopioiovoi

eKoHoMiKH

rocnonapcsxi

nOTPe6H

cycninscrsa,

IUO

p03BHBa€TbCSI.

Ilpore

i B

naur

'lac

ztexro 3

HaYKOBuiB

,ll0TPHMY€TbCSI

BHCYJlYToI

IUe

aanpaxiani

XIX

CT.

mel

npo

npapyxeaaa

TBapHH 'ra KYJIbTHBauilO

pOCJIHH

ia

peni-

riHHHX nOTPe6,

nOB'Sl3aHHX

is BHKOHaHWIM neBHHX

pnryanis

.

)leHKi

,llOCJImHHKH

ssarani

BBIDKaIOTb

,

IUO

npapyseans

TBapHH

BHHHKJIO

3

BHna,n,KOBHX

,lliH

JIIO.lUIHH.

TaKHX, nanpaxnaa

SlK

YT-

pHMaHIDI

OKpeMHMH

JIIO,llbMH

TBapHH-«JI106HMtIHKiB», qH saara-

ni B

rrpoueci

p03BarH nirea ia

3BipSiTaMH.

UeH

uiKaBHH

<t>eHoMeH

TIDKiHIDI ManHX

aaipin

piJHHX

BH.lliB

O,llHH

no

oaaoro,

i

nirea

JIIO,llHHH

B TOMy qHCJIi, nOKH

IUO

sana-

llIa€TbCSI

aenocninxeaas,

y

ncaxonorisaia

aayui,

Ilpore

BiH

llIHpOKO Bln06pIDKeHHH y

xy,llO)ICHiH

nireparypi,

3ra,n,a€MO

xoxa

6 «)lHTHtIHH ,lliM» C. Mapuraxa, zte B 300JIoriqHOMy cazry paJOM

p03BIDlCalOTbcSI

JIeBeIDI i BOBqeIDI, K03eIDI i Be,llMe)l«l TIl imui «ni-

TH»

, a60 «Mayrnis P.

Kinninra.

OqeBH.llHO, €

nci

nincrasa

BBa-

)l(aTH, Il(O

rrpapysemta

TBapHH

p03nOqanOCSI

3

npHBa,LOKeHIDI

Ixasoro

MOJIO,llIDIKa

no

craponaaaix

nOCeJIeHb.

I B UbOMy BH-

naaxy

POJIb

nirea

, 6e3nepeqHO, 6YJIa

3HatIHOIO.

Ilpore

fiinsuricrs

cyxacnax ,llOCJIlnHHKiB

BBIDlCa€,

IUO BHHHK-

HeHIDI aizrraopioioaol

eKOHOMiKH

nOB'Sl3aHe

3 nOTPe6aMH

nans-

uroro

p03BHTKY

cycninscrsa

H,

aacavrrepen

, ia He06xi.nHicTIO

aaaiaaoro

i 6e3nepe6iHHoro 3a6e3neqeHIDI

JIIO,llCTBa

)l(HTT€BH-

MH pecypcasra, IUO

BHHHKJIa

B

YMOBax

KpH30BOi

caryauii

p03-

BHTKY

rocnonapcrna

MHCJIHBUiB,

pH6anOK 'ra 36HpaqiB.

Onnax

HHKHeHIDI 3eMJIep06cTBa TIl

CKOTIlpCTBa

He

3aB)I(,lJ.H

CnpH'IH-

IOBanocSi

eKoJIoriqHOIO

KpH301O.

Heofiximti 6yJIH IUe ,lleKiJIbKa

'epeJlYMOB.

Ilo-neptue. )locTaTHbO

BHCOKHH

pisem,

p03BHTKY

TeXHiqHHX

cofiia

i

HaBHQOK

Be,lleHIDI

MHCJIHBCbKO

-36HpanbHHUbKOro

roc-

onapcrsa,

3 THM, IU06 na

nOqaTKOBOMy

erani

,llOMeCTHKauiI

:3Mrn H

einaoureaua

JIIO,llHHH

no

MaH6YTHix

CBiHcbKHX

TBapHH i

'CJIHH

-

nornan

sa HHMH,

urrysne

BlnTBOpeHIDI H T.

in.)

sa-

3neqHTH 6iJIbllI-MeHllI

Ha,n,iHHe

Ha,llXO,LOKeHIDI

nponyxris

xap-

HIDI. Iaaxnre 36epeITH

MOJIO,llIDIK

TIl 3acmHHH MaTepian

6y-

o 6

npocro

HeMO)I(JIHBO.

TaKHH

pieeas

6ya

,llOCSIrHYTHH

y Me30JIiTi

3aB,llSIKH

1lI1lp0KO-

3anp0Ba,LOKeHHIO

nocxoaanoi

TeXHoJIoriI 06p06KH

KaMeHIO,

ocri

i nepesa,

noasi

e<t>eKTHBHoi

MHCJIHBcbKoI

36poI

(JIYKa

ai

iJIaMH) TIl

HOBHX

3HapSl.llb

.llJIH

06p06KH

npozryxris

36Hpanb-

HUTBa.

Ile

3a6e3neqHJIO,

SlK

y)l(e

3aJHaqanOCSI

BHIUe, xan i THM-

acosy

,

npore

BKpaH He06xi.nHY B

YMOBaX

exonorinaoi

KpH3H

6iJIiJauilO eKoHoMiKH nepsicnax 06IUHH, IUO, 3pellITOIO, H

aJIO

MO)I(JIHBicTb p03nOtIaTH BlnTBOpeHIDI

neofixizraax

TT€BHX

pecypcis.

Ilo-dpyee. )locTaTHbo

BHCOKHH

piaeas

3HaHIDI

nepnicaoio

IO,llHHOIO

fiionorii

TBapHH i

pOCJIHH,

a

TaKO)l(

3ac06iB

36epiraH-

npozryxria

xap-rysamra. Ha6YTa

nporarosr

fiararsox

THCH'I

KiB

npaxraxa

MHCJIH'BCbKO-36HpanbHHUbKoro

rocnonapcrsa

6e3neqHJIa

nepaicain

JIIO,llHHi

Ha,n,iHHe

3HaHIDI MexaHiJMy

3MHO)l(eHIDI TBapHH i

pOCJIHH

,'

IUO

Bln6HJIOCSI

B

pisaouaatr-

HX

3BHqaHX

i 06pSl.llax.

Ilpore

ueH ztocaia

3Ha,n,06HBCSI

nepsic-

iH

JIIO,llHHi

JIHllIe B KpHTHqHiH

exonorixnin

caryauii,

KOJIH

BO-

a

OnHHHJIaCSI

rrepen.

,llHJIeMOIO:

OCTaToqHO

cnyCTOllIHTH

CBOIO

KOpMOBy»

reparopiio

qH

rroxara

nOCTYTIOBOBlnTBOplOBaTH

H,

napaioxacs

na

csol 3HaHIDI. 3P03YMiJIO,

IUO

BmTBOplOIOqa

eKO-

osrixa nsarani

HeMO)I(JIHBa

6e3

nocrinaoro

HaKOnHqeHIDI

npo-

in 3eMJIep06cTBa i

TBapHHHHUTBa

,

IUO

rrepenfiaxae

HaSlB-

icrs

fJIH60KHX 3HaHb i zrocsiny Ix 06p06KH H 36epiraHIDI.

Ilo-mpeme. 3eMJIep06cTBO i

cxorapcrso

BHHHKalOTb

y rres-

iH ,lleMorpa<t>iqHiH caryauii, BHIUe

6yJIO

noxasano,

IUO

«KOp-

0Ba»

reparopis

neBHHX

ocepeaxiesrae

piJHHH

noreauian

6io-

aCH,

SlKHH

3HaqHOlO

MipOIO

JaJIe)I(HTb

aia

npHp0.QHO-KJIiMaTHq-

HX yMOB.

Tlpore

naairs

perioaa

3 6araTHM

rrpaponmoa

nOTeH-

iarrou

6ioMacH

cnpoaoxai

nporonysara

JIHllIe 06Me)l(eHY

insxicrs

HaCeJIeHIDI. Y aanaaxax,

KOJIH

JIIO,llH

CnO)I(HBaIOTb

insure

6ioMaCH, HDK

IT

aaaraa

BlnTBOPHTH

npapoaa,

BHHHKa€

xonorisna

KpH3a,

P03B'Sl3aHIDI

SlKoI

MO)I(JIHBe

a60

llIJIHXOM

sin-

ony

qaCTHHH

HaCeJIeHIDI

na

imui

reparopii,

a60

3aB,llHKH

3a-

OBa,LOKeHHIO

urryxnoro

BlnTBOpCIlIDI 6ioMacH. Onaax He

sci

176 177

.nOCJImHHKH

ninrpawyiors

ineio

.neMorpaepi

...

ao-exonorisaoj

'ut1

aTOK

nooapcmea,

SlKHH

rrpOCTSIraBCSI

Bin

cxiaaoro

y36epe)l()l(Sl

Ce-

KPH3H

.

Aarniacsxi

B

...

eai

P. Bpeansyn Ta .u)l(. MeJIJIapT, Ha-

seuaoro

MOpSi

no

rip .Barpocy (B Ipani) H Bin naJIeCTHHH

no

npaxnaa

, aaaxaiors,

uro

BHHHKHeHIDI. 3eMJIep06cTBa i

CKOTap_

KaBKaJ3S1

. 3eMJIep06cTBo i

CKOTapCTBO,

SlK

epOPMH

)l(HTT€3a-

CTBa

6yJIO 3a

'KOHOMipHHM

HaCJImKOM

rrOCTYIIOBoro p03BHTKY

BI1-

sne-ryio-roro

rocnonapcrsa

,

TYT

nO"'aJIH

CKJIanaTHCSI

3 IX -

p06HH"'HX TeXHOJIoriH i

noceiay

JIIO.nHHH

B

niananai

npaponn

,

[I

THC

.

no

H. e. Bnepure y

UbOMY

perioni

6ynl1

.nOMeCTHKOBa-

Ilo -uemeepme.

BHHHKHeHHSI

3eMJIepo6cTBa i

CKOTapCTBa

6y-

i rrweHHUSI, SI"'MiHb,

)l(HTO

,

ropox,

BHKa, co

...

eBHUSI

ra

inuri

JIO

6

HeMO)I(JIHBHM

6e3

nesuoro

reofioranixaoro

epOHy

. Ilepui aa

JIHHH.

Bonao

...

ac y

ropax

3arpocy

6ynH

npapyxeni

K03a i

see, B

ocepenxax

nepnannoro

BHHHKHeHHSI

BmTBOplOlOlJl1X

• UH. 3ro.nOM Ki3 i

OBeUb

nO"'aJIH

P03BO.nHTI1

B Ilanecrani i

epOPM

rocnonapcrsa

IUoHaHMeHwe

MaJIH

6YTH

pOCJIHHH

i

rsapa

,

ania

Aaii, npH"'OMY B

3arpoci

i naJIeCTHHi

nepesaxana

no-

HH,

sxi

ninaasanaca

6 .noMecTHKauil. Heofixinni 6yJIH

TaKO)t(

ecraxauis

KiJ, a B

'MaJIiH

Asil -

OBeUb.

Iliaaime, B Iliaaen-

CrrpHSlTJIHBi

rrpHpo.nHO-KJIiMaTH

...

Hi

YMOBH

.llJlSl

3arrpOBalDKeHH5\

ill

AHaToJIil

(Type

......

HHa)

npapysana

BenHKY

porary

xynofiy,

a

3eMJIep06cTBa i

cxorapcrsa.

KO)l(

CBHHeH.

P03Be.neHIDI

OCTaHHix

y

UbOMY

ocepenxy

6yno

TaK

, ia 150

THC.

BH.lliB

HaJeMHHX

TBapHH

JIIO.nHHa

BHKOPI1C

-

:OCHTb

06Me)l(eHHM.

TOBy€ JIHWe

3

THC

~

BH.lliB.

Ilo

roro

)1(,

He

nci

npanarai

nns

cno-

,a

p y e U M

nep«UHHUM

ocepeoxou

cmaHO«AeHHR

eiomeoptoto-

)l(HBaHIDI TBapHHH

ninaaiorscs

.noMecTHKauil,

peaxuis

fiinsur

cc-

oeo eocnooapcmea 6y« nieoeuno-cxionoasiucucuu peeiou (Tlieoen-

rl

3 HHX

na

JIIO.nHHY

«HeraTHBHa», To6TO

BOHH

6e3 epiJH"'Horo

Kumaii, Ilieuiuno-Cxiona Iuoi« ma Ilieoenno-Cxioua A3iR).

rrpHMYCY

He

MO~b

)l(HTH

nopys

ia

neio.

OpHMYCOBe

(KJIiTKO-

nepwe

TYT

6YJIa

sartpoaanxeaa

xynsraaauia

pacy

Ta 6ynb60-

Be a60 BOJIb€pHe) BHPOlllYBaHIDI lCTiBHHX i

rrpOMHCJIOBHX

TBa-

onis

(TOpO,

SlMC

TOIUO)

.

Ha

nianni

BHpOIUYBaJIH

xnifine

nepe-

pHH

BHHHKJIO

3Ha

...

HO

nianiure,

3

P03BHTKOM

rexnisnax Jac06iB

. Cepen MicueBHX .noMecTHKOBaHHx TBapHH 6ynH

raamr

(pis-

CKOTapCTBa.

OBH.ll

6HKiB),

6YHBOJIH,

CBHHi, KypH.

CTaHOBJIeHHSI

3eMJIep06-

IUo

)I(

no

pOCJIHH,

TO

fiinsuricn.

ia HHX He

naiors

nosrirn

o-

ea i

CKOTapCTBa

Bm6YJIocSI

1Yr

y VII - V

THC

.

no

H. e.

1'0

3POCTaHIDI

ypO)l(aHHOCTi,

neaaaxaio

...

H

na

aKTHBHe

BTPyqaH-

T p e m i M 6y« cxioHoa3it1cb"ut1 ocepeoo«

(MOHi!OAiR,

Ilpu-

IDI B lxHIO

cenexuiio

JIIO.nHHH.

Cysacni

KYJIbTYPHi

pciCJIHHH

B

ryp

H,

Ilienixnuii Kumaii), ne B VII -:- V

THC

.

no

H. e.

nO"'aJIH

erroxy

niansoro

naneoniry

i

neoniry

MaJIH

rreBHHH,

.nOCHTb

06-

pOIUYBaTH

"'YMH3y.

Ba)l(JIHBHM

Jl)I(epenOM

fiinxoeoi

()I(i 6yJIH

Me)l(eHHH apean

npaponnoro

noumpenns

(rrpo

IUO

KOHKPeTHi

-

KO)l(

nouaural

KypH Ta

cotiaxa

. UiKaBO, IUOTaKHH

HeBeJIHKHH

we

,

HTHMeTbCSI

HIDK'Ie), a

TOMY

JIHWe B 30Hax CBOro

npapona

o-

a6ip

.noMecTHKoBaHHX

pocnaa

i TBapHH

BHSlBHBC>I

TYT

nocrar

-

ro

3pocTaHIDI

MomH

6YTH .noMecTHKOBaHi. 3ro.noM

.nOMeCTHKO-

iM

.llJlH rrepexo.ny

no

einrsopioroxoro

rocnonapcrsa.

I

naure

y

aani

pOCJIHHH,

BHaCJImOK

Jarr03H

...

eHIDI Ix iHWHMH

aaponava

,

:pyriH

rrOJIOBHHi

II

THC

.

no

H. e.

TYT

nOWHpHJIHCSI

rrweHHUSI,

a603

iHWHX

npaxau,

Ha6yJIH 6iJIbW

umpoxoro

p03rrOBCIOJl)I(eH-

MiHb, PHC,

BeJIHKa

porara

xynotia, BiBUi 'ra K03H.

IDI.

Ba)l(JIHBOIO

neperryxoaoio

BHHHKHeHHSI

3eMJIep06cTBa 6yJIa

CTaHOBJIeHIDI

BinTBOplOlO

...

oi

eKOHOMiKH

B AepPHUi

nocniaxe-

naasaicrs

CrrpHSlTJIHBHX

rrpHpo.nHO-KJIiMaTH"'HHX

YMOB

i, B

nep

-

rrOKH

IUO

He.nOCTaTHbO.

Ilonepennso na

UbOMY

KOHTHHeHl;

wy

...

epry

,

PO.nIO

...

HX

rpyaris,

npnaaraax

.llJlSl

06p06KH

saap

an-

insnors TpH

ocepenxa

BHHHKHeHIDI 3eMJIepo6cTBa i

CKOTap-

.llSIMH

roro

acy.

, ane

Ix

BHOKpeMJIeHIDI

e aazrro

cynepexnaeau

i

nOKH

IUO

Csoro

acy

MHKOJIa IBaHoBH'"

BaBHJIOB

BHCyHyB

rinore

sy

e.nOCTaTHbO

apl)'MeHTOBaHHM.

.uOCHTb

...

iTKO

npocrexyerscs

no-

ocepenxosoro

BHHHKHeHIDI 3eMJIepo6cTBa Ta

OKpeCJIHB

Horo

BHpolllYBaHIDI B

OaJHCax

Iliaaeaaoro

€rnnry

IUe y

nepsaaai

ueHTPH. B

Haw

...

ac

fiinsuricrs

.nOCJImHHKiB

noaina

-

II

THC

.

no

H. e. 6araTOpSl.llHoro

H"IMeHIO.

Ilpore 6iJIbWiCTb

noc-

IOTb

OCHOBHy

iaeio

M.

I.

BaBHJIOBa

rrpo

ocepenxose

BHHHKHeH-

i.nHHKiB

BKJIIO

...

a€ ueH n i e

Hill

H 0 a

cjJ

p u " a H c b " U

t1

MiK-

HH 3eMJIep06cTBa,

uionpasna

,

fiararo

XTO

3 HHX

BHCJIOBJIIO€

cya-

I

lPOOCepe.nOK

y

cxinaocepenseaaovopcsxan

SlK

BTOpHHHHH.

HiB

IUo.nO

KinbKOCTi BH.lliJIeHHx HHM

ocepenxis.

OCTaHHiM

...

aco»

,a

P Y e U

t1

ocepenox

yxe

CYTO

arppaxancsxoro 3eMJIep06-

cepe.n

.nOCJImHHKiB

rrOWHpHJIaCSI

meSi

rrpo BmCYTHicTb

JIOKaJIb

-

BHHHK, Ha

.nyMKY

.nOCJIinHHKiB,

y cepe.nHHi

ronoueHy

B

HOI rrpHypo

...

eHOCTi

BHHHKHeHIDI 3eMJIepo6cTBa. I Bce

)1(,

He3Ba-

eHTpanbHiH Ta niB.neHHo-Cxin.HiH

Caxapi,

.ne

Brrepwe

6YJIH

)l(alO

...

H Ha .nHCKYeiHHicTb UbOro rrHTaHIDI, BH3Ha

...

HMO

OCHOBHi

,0MeCTHKOBaHi

aeppHKaHCbKe

(nepnHcre)

rrpoco

Ta

copro,

a

,ocepe.nKH nepBHHHoro

CTaHOBJIeHIDI

BmTBoplOlO

...

Ol

eKOHOMiKI1

.

ro.nOM

JI06m,

Teep

Ta iHWi pocnHHH.

nOXOJJ.)KeHIDI

BenHKoi' PO-

oe3rrepe"'Ho,

H a

t1

0 a « H i W U M 6y«

CxioHoCepe03eMHOMOP-

rol

xy.n06H y

UbOMY

perioHi

OCTaTO"'HO

He

.nO

Be.ne

He, xo

...

a

cb"ut1 (nepeoHbo03it1cb"ut1) ocepeoo"

«UHU"HeHHJl

«iom«opIOIOIIO

ZO

,Baxa€TbCSI

, IUO

TYPa

B

Caxapi

npHpy;,qHJIH

caMOCTiHHO,

a

178

179

MeTO.n:H

O.n:OManrneHIDI

OBeUb

i IG3,

aa

.llYMKY

fiinsurocri

.n:OCJIm-

HHm,

6yJIH Jarr03W1eHi si cxony.

Y

3B'SI3KY

3 BH3Ha'leHIDIM

usoro

«eK30TWIHoro~

OCep

e.1l.l<a

~pTO

TIlKO)K

3aYBa)I(HTH,

uio

B

naur

'lac

yci

.n:HIG

rrorrepenmno,

sranaaax

same

pOCJIHH

nounrpeni

3Ha'lHO nianeaniure Caxapa,

O.n:HaK

cyqacHHMH

apxeonorixmeor

i rraneOKJIiMaTH'lHHMH

noc-

'JIizoKe

mrn

MH

noseneao,

uto

B

cepenasojry

ronoueai

npaponnj

yMOBH

B

Caxapi

6yJIH

.n:OCHTb

CrrpHSITJIHBHMH

.lUUI

po3BHTKY

Bm-

TBOplOlO'IOro

rocnonapcrsa

.

3ro.n:OM

ia

usoro

periony

CKOTap-

CTBO,

a

TIlKO)K

KYJIb1)'pH

nepnncroro

rrpoca i

copro

rrpOHHKJIH

B

rriB,U,eHHiIIJi

paaoaa

A$pHKH.

T p e m i ii

ocepeaox

nepsnaaoro

3eMJIep06cTBa

CKJIaBC51

B

cepeaaai

ronoueny

B nicocrenosax

paaoaax

3axi,uHoi

A$pH

KH

(rBiHei%cbKo-KaMepyHCbKHi%), ne

p03nOIJaJIaCSI

KYJIbTHBaUm

6ynb60IIJI

o.n:iB

(SIMC)

, 6060BHX (JI06m,

BOaHJJ:3eSI)

TIl

OJIii%HOi'

naJIbMH.

HaJJ:aJIi

(IV - II

THC

.

no

H. e.)

uei%

ocepenox

ninnanas

nin

BIIJIHB

niaaisnrimax

ocepenxis

(caxapcsxoro

ra

nirepo-ce-

aeramcsxoro),

Jan03H'IY€

sin

HHX

CKOTIlPCTBO,

a

TIlKO)K

r axi

pOCJIHHH,

SlK

pHC,

pOCHlJKY,

npoco

TIl

ia

., i

CTIl€

cBO€pmHHM

ueHTPoM nansuroro

nounrpeaas

aizrrsopxnouoi

eKoHoMiKH B

msneaahui

paHoHH

A$pHKaHcbKoro

KOHTHHeHry.

He3aJIe)KH0

sin

Craporo

Csiry

.n:O~HTb

pano

BHHHKJIH

nsa

cauocriaai

ocepenxa

3eMJIep06cTBa, a

aronox

i

CBO€pm

HOrO

CKOTapCTBa

B

Axepaui

.

Il

e p lU U ii ia HHX BHHHK Y

ropax

Me30aMepHKH

(ITiB.n:eHHa

i UeHTPaJIbHa MeKcHKa). HOro$OPMYBaHIDI

Bi.n:6yaaJIOCSI

nan-

3BWlai%H0

nosinsao

(3 IX

no

IV

THC

.

no

H. e.) 3 pi3HHX,

SIK

reo-

60TIlHi'IHHX, TIlK i

cycninsaax

, rrpHIJHH. B Me30aMepHUi

snep-

me 6yJIa

crnopeaa

KYJIbTYPa

Maicy

(KYKYPYJJ:3H)

,

.n:HIG

ponasi

axoi

no

nauroro

'lacy

He

BHSlBJIeHi,

a

TIlKO)K

posnosara

KYJIbTH-

sauis

axapaary

(mapaui),

xsaconi,

rapfiysa,

nepmo

Ta

IIJIO.n:o-

BHX

nepes

(aBOKaJJ:O,

qyrraHJJ:HJIbi,

CJIHBH

route).

,ap y e u ii

ocepenox

nepsanaoro

3eMJIepo6cTBa i

~ K

O

TIl

P



CTBa

B

ITiB.n:eHHiH

Axepaui

(aimcbKHH)

OXOIIJIIO€

ripcsxi

TIl

ne-

penripai

paaoaa

KOJIyM6ii,

EKBaJJ:OPY,

ITepy

TIl Bonisft ne

npo-

TSlfOM

VII - V

THC

.

no

H. e. 6yJIa posnosara

KYJIbTHBaUm

uinoi

HH3KH

6YJIb6oIIJIo.n:iB

(KapTOIIJISI,

6aTIlT, MaHioKa, OKa,

amoo),

a

TaKO)K

3epHOBHX

(avapairr,

xiaoa

TIl

ia

.), 606oBHX, rap6Y3iB,

rrepmo

rouio.

Bacoxoripai

6YJIb60IIJIO.n:H

(KapTOIIJISI,

OKa

,

aasio)

6YJIH

.n:OCHTb

pO.n:IO'IHMH,

uto

crrpIDIJIO

$OPMYBaHHIO

nocriaaax

nOCeJIeHb.

Ilpore

OCTIlTOIJHa

cratiinisauis

sinrao-

PIOIO'IOro

rocnonapcrsa,

nacaxnepen y

nepenrip'sx

aHJJ:CbKOro

ocepe.n:Ka,

Bi.n:6yJIaCSI

JIHllJe niCAA 3arr03W1eHIDI KYJIb1)'pH

Ma"ic

Y

3 Me30aMepHKH.

Hai%.n:aBHillie

CKOTIlPCTBO

Ha AMepHKaHCbKOMY

KOHTHHeHTi

;iKCY€TbC

SI

B

AHJJ:ax

3 VII

THC

.

no

H. e.

BOHO

nOB'SI3aHe

3

no-

:eCTHKaui€1O

JIaMH i ansnaxa, a

sronou

TYT

6YJIH

rrpapyseni

OPCbIG

CBHHKH

, ryanaxo TIl imni

TBapHHH

.

Hestae

enaocri

cepen .n:OCJImHHm mono

'lacy

i

IIJAAXiB

CTIl-

OBJIeHIDI

aiareopxnoxoro

rocnonapcrsa

B

€Bporri

, B

TOMY

IJHC-

. i B Yxpaiai.

me

noaenasna

nepesaxana

.llYMKa, mo 3eMJIe-

CTBO

i

CKOTIlpCTBO

B

€Bporri,

nacaanepen

aa

DaJIKaHax,

KJIaJIOCb

yHaCJImOK

Mirpauii%

HaCeJIeHIDI

a60

iHTPO.n:yKUii

,,cyJIb

TYP

HHX

3arr03H1JeHb)

is

Ilepenasoi

Asii, qHMaJIO

.n:OCJIi.n:-

. i

csoronai

.n:OTpHMYJOTbCSI

uiei aepci

i,

Ilpore

OCTaHHiM

aCOM

3pOCTa€

'lliCJIO rrpHXHJIbHHKiB

(M.

BHi%HeH,

P.

JJ:eHHeJI,

. KJIapK,

51.

K03JIOBCbKHH

TIl

ia.)

sepcii

CTaHOBJIeHIDI

casro-

'i%HOro

uenrpy

nepamraoro

3eMJIep06cTBa B Iliaaenno-Cxin-

€Bponi,

nepur

aa see

na

DaJIKaHax.

me

3

sacin

Me30IDry, MicueBe

HaCeJIeHIDI

usoro

periony

no-

.aJIO

sa

nociaaxa

H lllHPOKO

BKKOpHCTOByaaJIO

.lUUI

xapxy-

HIDI TIl

ainroniani

TBapHH

SlIJMiHb,

ropox

,

BHKY,

CO'leBHUIO,

a

,ro.n:OM

i rrpoco. ITO'lHHaIOlJH 3 VII

THC

.

no

H. e.

KYJIbTYPHi

BH-

3a3Ha'leHHX

pOCJIHH,

a

TIlKO)K

rnueaaui

ra

eMepy

urapoxo

:

.n:

cTIl

BJI

eHi

na

HeoJIiTH'lHHX

nOCeJIeHHSlX

DaJIKaH

i

C~HX

paropisx,

y

TOMY

'1HCJIi

i%

na rroceneanax 6yro-.n:HiCTpOBCbKOi

eOIDTH'IHOi

KYJIbTYPH

B Yxpaiai, .

DaJIKaHH

i ITiBHi'lHe

ITPHIJOPHOMOP'SI

CTaJIH

CBO€pmHHM

epenxox

rrepsaanoro

rrpupY':leHIDI'6HKa,

CBMHi

TIl KOIDI.

BH-

e

B)Ke

3a3Ha'laJIOCSI,

uio

3

sacin

nisasoro

naneoniry 6HK aa

ismri

YKpaiHH

6ya

He riJIbKH

OCHOBHHM

06'€KTOM

rrpOMHCJIY,

i%

B8a)KaBCSI

,

KYJIbTOBOIO

rnapHHOIO.

Kias

i

.n:HKHii

Ka6aH

rex

lyJIH

nounrpeai

y

crenosin

30Hi ITiBHiIJHOrO ITpWlOpHOMOp'SI, a

a nO'laTKY Me30JIiry

aaain,

CTaJIH

na

.n:eSIKHi%

'lac

06'€KTaMH

HOBHOro

npoMHCJIY

.

Ha

JJ:YMKY

A.

JJ:.

CTOAApa,

caae

B ueH rre-

pio.n:

Bm6yJIaCSI

nosrecraxania

CBHHi.

Y VIII - VII

THC

.

no

H. e.

crenax

ITPH'IOPHOMOP'SI

i

na

DaJIKaHax

p03nO'laJIaCSI

.n:OMeCTH

-

uis

TYPa.

ITi3HiIIJe ,

HMOBipHO,

B

Ilisneania

€Bporri

6ya

no-

eCTHKOBaHHH

MY$JIOH

(.n:HKa

BiBUSI)

.

JJ:exTO

3

.n:OCJImHHKiB

BBa-

€,

uto

BiBUSI

6YJIa

3an03H'IeHa 3 Ilepemrsoi Asii,

51K

6H

TO

He

'yJIO,

y

crenax

YKpaiHH

aisui

nOlllHpHJIHCSI

niaaiure,

Hi)K 6HK,

BHIDI

ra

KiHb, i

na

paaaix

eranax

p03BHTKY

aizrraopioioxoi

eKO-

kOMiKH

CTIlHOBHJIH

He3Ha'lHKH

BmCOTOK

noxaumsol

xy.n:06H

.

Ha

BmMiHY

eia

crenosoi

30HH, ne BmTBOplOlO'Ia

exoaosdxa

:CKJIaJJ:aJIaCSI,

nepesasoro,

na

MicueBrn

OCHOBi,

B 3aKaprraTri Ta B

.

cocrenosia

30Hi

ITpHKaprraTTSI

i BOJIHHi 3eMJIep06cbKO-CKO-

;rapcbKa

exoaosdxa

CTBOplOBaJIaCSI

3aB,U,SlKH

rrpHi%llJJIOMY

Hace-

lJI

eHHIO,

SlKe

nOCTYIIOBO,

3 V

THC

.

.n:O

,H. e., MirpyaaJIO Ha

ui

re-

uropii

3

ITiB,U,eHHOi

i UeHTpaJIbHOi €BporrH.

Ha

TpHBaJIHi%

'lac

WlOpHOMOpCbIG

crenH

TIl

ITpHKaprraTTSI

i

BOJIHHb

CTIlHYTb

180

181

CBO€piuHHM

ocepenxou,

3 HKOro eJIeMeHTH BiD;rBOpIOIOtIOro fOC-

nOAapCTBa nOllIHpIOBaJIHCH

na

iauri

reparopii

YIqJalHH.

PaJOM

ia

rnM

na

3HatIHilt

tIaCTHHi

reparopii

YIqJalHH nocn],

,lOICeHi

HeoJIiTH'lHi naM'HTKH V - IV THC. AO H. e.,

na

HKHX y

3HatIHilt

KiJIbKOCri

3HaitneHi

KepaMitIHHlt

nOCYA, tunirposan;

3HapHAAH rrpaui (COKHpH, MOTHKH,

AOJIOTa

TOIUO), npHCTJ'OI

J.1JUI

npHAiHWI

i TKaUTBa. BOAHotIac apxeonorisai

naai

nepeKOHJIHBo

ceinsars, IUO

MelliKaHui

UHX nOCeJIeHb He aarrposanxyaann aHi

3eMJIepo6cTBa,

ani

CKOTapCTBa.

Ilpocri sepcrara

.nOOK

aeoniry:

1 - JII\JI lWI

i<!JyBaHJuo

Ta

poopi:JaHHJI

; 2 - JII\JI

CIlCPIUICHHlI

Taxa

oc06JIHBicTh iCTOPH'lHoro po3BHTKY HaCeJIeHWI

JIiCOCTe-

nOBOI CMYrn Ilerrrpansaoi i Cxinaoi YIqJai'HH

3YMOBJIIOBaJIaCH

,

nacaxnepen,

HKiCTIO

npHpoAHHX

pecypciB

periony, HKi

nosaicno

Ja6e3neqyoaJIH nporpecaeaan po3BHTOK cycrrinscrsa na 6a3i

npHBJIaCHIOIOqOl eKoHoMiKH. Sa

rara pH6oIO

nOBHOBOJI.Ha

pi'IKOBa

Mepe)lGl

nicocrerry,

rennaa

KJIiMaT i poznosi rpYHTH

CTBOPIOBaJIH

crrpaarmrei

YMOBH

AJIH

po3BHTJCY

pocnaanocri

'ra

rsapaanoro

CBiTY.

3anac

300MaCH

TYT

yn'HTePO

nepesnurysas

300Macy

crenis.

IIpHpoAHe

OTOqeHWI,

6arare

na

JKHTI€Bi

pecypca,

nasano

MO:lKJIJlBicTh 06IUHHaM He riJIbKH

3a6e3neqysarn

ce6e

H~o6xi.u-

llpHil:OMH

BHI'OTOBlleHJUI

rJIHIDIHoro nocyay 6eJ ronxapaoro xpyra

HMH rrponyxraaa CnO)K}fBaHWI, a It

OTpHMYBaTH

Ix y 3HatIHO

H.

iJIbllIilt

xinsxocri,

Ile

cnpHHJIO p03BHTKOBi

panionansaax

HaHb

ra

zryxoanoi KYnbTYPH, IUO 3HaltllIJIO

CBO€

Bmo6proKeHWI

Ii 3aJHatIeHHX aosauiax.

IIOCTynOBO i B ui

paaoaa

YIqJalHH npOHHKaIOTh eJIeMeHTH

BiD;rBOPIOIOtIOI

exonoxixa.

PbHHMH

llIJIHXaMH AO III THC. AO

e.

6iJIbllIa

tIaCTHHa HaCeJIeHWI, IUO

Melli

Kana na

reparopii

YIqJalHH, Ti€IO tIH iRllIOIO MipOIO sacsoina 3eMJIepo6CTBO i CKO-

rapCTBO. OAHaK

nepeeaxaioxasr tIHHHHKOM JKHTI€3a6e3netIeHWI

HaCeJIeHWI

na

Beilt

reparopii

YIqJalHH 3eMJIepo6cTBO i CKOTap-

CTBO

CTaJIH

3HaqHO nisniure.

IIo-pbHOMY

p03BHBaJIaCH rocnonapcsxa caryania B

iHllIHX

perioaax

CBiTY. B AeHKHx ia HHX 3eMJIepo6cTBO i

CKOTapCTBO

sa

KOpOTKHlt

sac

nicna

CBOfO

BHHHKHeHWI BHTicHHJlH npHBJIaC-

HIOIOtIi q,OpMH

rocnonapcrsa i

CTaJIH

AoMiHyIOtIHMH B )K}fTT€3a-

6e3netIeHHi

MicueBoro

HaCeJIeHWI (3axi.uHa i

IIiBAeHHa

A3iH,

IIiBAeHHo-Cxi.uHa

Cnpona

TOIUO), B

iRmHX

- BOHH ute TpHBa-

JlHlt

xac sanauranacs AOnOMbKHHMH BHAaMH BHpo6HHUTBa. B

Jlemrnx

MicueBOCTHX BmTBOpIOIOtIi q,OPMH rocnonapcraa asarani

He 6YJIH

sanposaaxeni

i 3a6e3netIeHWI

aacenenns

)K}fTT€BHMH

pecypcasor rpyHTYBaJIOCH

aa

cneuianiaauii

'ra

inreacarpixauii

MHCJIHBCTBa,

pH6aJIbCTBa i 36HpanbHHUTBa. .

HaBeAeMO JIHllIe AeKiJIbKa

xapaxrepnnx rrpaxnania.

TaK,

36H-

paxi

caro

aa

p. CeTIHK (HOBa Taiaes)

JaB,llSlKH

iHreHCHq,iKauIT

.

npo

uecy BHp06HHUTBa

OTpHMYBaJIH

raxi

nacoxi

BpO)lGlJ

uiei KYJIb-

TYPH, IUO MOfJIH

Ja6e3neqysarn

UHM

npOJl:YKTOM

He riJIbKH ce6e,

a

It CBOlx cycinia. Cnenianisauia rocnonapcrsa nana 3MOry

urn

rpyni

nanyaciB

3HatIHO sanepeaara aa piBHeM couiansaoro

P03-

BHTKY

aasirs

Aem<HX

paaaix 3eMJIepo6iB Menaneaii, Taxa x cne-

UHq,iKa

eBOJIIOuIT

BHP06HHUTBa

npocrexeaa

eTHOJIoraMH y

pH6a-

JIOK

nieaisno-saxianoro

y36epe)I()I(H AMepHKH (xaana, HyTKa,

ce-

JIHllI

Ta ia.), MHCJIHBuiB

na

MOPCbKOro

ssipa

(ecKiMociB, KopHKiB,

aneyrin),

3611patIiB

mueaaui

IIiBAeHHol

Type'I'IHHH

'ra

in.

OAHaK

KYJIbTYPa

TaK 3BaHHX BHIUHX

pH6anoK,

' 36HpaqiB Ta

MHCJlHBUiB 6yJIa nOB'H3aHa,

nacasmepen,

si

CnpHHTJlHBHMH eKO-

JIOritIHHMH YMOBaMH,

i,

speurroio,

i'xHilt

noreuuian

06Me:>KYBaB-

CH

npllpOAHHMH

MO)I(JIHBOCTHMH

36iJIbllIeHWI )K}fTT€3a6e3ne-

qyIO'UIX

pecypciB,

IUO, Y

CBOIO

sepry,

ranssrynano

3pOCTaHWI

fYCTOTH

HaCeJIeHWI. B TaKHX YMooax

OTIHHHJIOCH

It HaCeJIeHWI,

HKe

aanposanxyaano

KOqOBe

CKOTapCTBO.

Bei

ui HapOAH He

nia-

HHJIHCb

BHlUe nOtIaTKOBHX q,OpM nOJIiTH'lHHX

cycninscra

(paa-

Mix

q,OpM

uaainisauii).

I

xosa

aa

paHHbOMY

erani

CBOro CTaHOBJIeHWI i p03BHTKY

3eMJIepo6cTBo

'ra

CKOTapCTBO

ute

He

MornH

CTBOpHTH

CnpHHTJIH-

aiumx

YMOB

AJIH

nonansmoro BAOCKOHaneHWI

couiansaax

i

CYC-

183

182

ninsnax

CTPyKl'YP

nepsicaof

06mHHH,

HUK

neaxi

BH.llH

npaanac-

HIOIO'IOI eKOHOMiKH BHmHX

MHCJIHBUiB,

pH6arrOK i 36HPa'liB, y

nonansurosry P03BHTOK naponia :3 Bi.!lTBOplOlO'IHMH

<pOpMaMI1

rocrronapcrsa rtiuros 3Ha'iHO BHmHMH TeMnaMH.

Cnpasa

B TO-

M)',

uro cnetradiixa 3eMJIepo6cTBa 3 casroro nO'iaTKY nOTPe6YBa-

JIa

iaurax

rocrronapcsxnx i

couiansaax

Bi.!lHOCHH

Y

cycninscr

ni

(<pOpMYIJaHlUl noWlTTSI BJIaCHocTi

aa

3eMJIIO,

ricniuroi xoorrepa-

uii npaui

ra

IT

pernaaenrauii

SlK

no

cesonax, TaK i

no

BHp06HH-

'lUX

UHKJIaX,

nocrynosoro

3anp0Ba,lVKeHHSI

posnoniny uinnosin-

HO no TPy.nOBOro

BHeCKY).

CouiaJIbHO-eKoHoMrun

Bi.nuOCHHH.

3anpOBaJOKeHHSI

3eMJIe-

poficraa Ta

CKOTapCTBa,

a

TaKO)l(

iHTeHcH<piKa.UUl i cneuianisauia

npHBJIaCHIOIO'Ioro

rocnonapcrsa

B neoniri H eneoniri

CynPOBO.n

-

)l(yBarrHCb

cratiinisauieio eKoHoMiKH

nepsicxoi

06mHHH,

a sro-

.nOM

i BHP06HHUTBOM nanmnuxoeoro nponyxry

ra

B'HHHKHeH-

HSlM

TaK

asaaoi

npeCTH)I(HOI eKOHOMiKH.

Ilopan

ia UHM 3a3Ha-

10Th

nonansuroi esomouii couiansni

'ra

cycninsni

crocyaxa

B

06mHHi

: BHHHKalOTb HOBi

<pOPMH

BJIaCHOCTi,

ciMefrnHx

crocyn-

KiB, ynpaBJIiHHSI,

BJIaAH

rouro.

Opraaiaauiaaoio

OCHOBOIO

rocnonapcraa

niaasonepeicnoi

06mHHH

sarrauranacs

npocra

xoonepauis

si

CTaTeBHM

noninost

npaui,

Ilpore

SlK

casta BHp06HH'la xoonepauis, TaK i

CTaTeBHH

posnonin

npaui

3a3HaIOTh

cyrresax

3MiH.

Hacasmepen 3a3Ha'lHMO, uio nounrpene B Y3ararrbHIOIO'IHX

npausx H

OC06JIHBO

B rrinpyxaaxax

ySlBJIeHHSI,

uto 3eMJIep06-

CTBO

Ha nO'IaTKOBHX eTanax CBOro p03BHTKY 6yJIO nepeBa)l(Ho

xiHO'lHM

3aHSlTTSlM,

He Ma€

nia

c06010

peansnoi

iCTOpH'lHO'i

nmOCHOBH, OKPiM

xi6a

uio

6a)l(aHHSI

.neSlKHX

.nOCJIi.!lHHKiB

UHM

«nOJIO)l(eHHSlM»

nimcpimrra

sacrapiny

xonuenuuo

npo

nepsaa-

nicrs

MaTepHHcbKOro

pony,

-iH

nasirs

MaTPiapxaTY B

icropii

cycninscrea.

Hacnpasni

3eMJIepo6cTBO

nOBCIO.nH

3aCHOBaHe

aa

xoonepa-

uii

xononisoi

Ta

xiHo'iol

rrpaui. Cninninnourexaa

oficary

i BH-

nis

npaui

pi3HHX

CTaTeBHX

rpyn

y

rrpoxonxenai

3eMJIep06cbKO-

ro

UHKJIY

B

pbHHX

aaponis

6yJIO i

3aJ1Hllla€TbCSI

pi3HHM:

eia

no-

MiTHoro

rrpeaamoaarrnn

'1oJIOBi'lOI

npaui

no,

nasnaxa,

nOMiTHO-

ro

nepesaxaaaa

xiHO'IOI.

Taxa p036bKHiCTh

3yMOBJIIOBarraCSI

SlK

npHpo.nHO-KJIiMaTH'lHHMH yMOBaMH, TaK i BHP06HH'lHMH TPa-

.nHUUlMH

. .B

ycix

sanamcax

na

.nOJIIO

'10JIOBooB

sananana

HaH-

6iJIblll TPy.noMicTKi

BH.llH

p06iT

(rrinrorosxa rpYHTY

nin

sacia,

BHpo6Ka

rpanox,

nepsaaaa

p03'1HCTKa 3eMJIepo6cbKoro nOAA

rouio).

B

fiararsox

sananxax

'1oJIOBiKH

.nonoMararrH

xiHKaM

i B

nornani

aa

nociaasor

Ta B 36HpaHHi ypoxaio. :

I,

HaBnaKH, y paHHbOM)'

CKOTapCTBi

3Ha'iHY

POJIb

sinirpasa-

JIH )l(iHKH. Binsure

roro,

.neSlKi

.nOCJIi.!lHHKH

B3ararri BBa)I(alOTb,

ansae

UJ.O

npHpyqeHHSI TBapHH

6YJIO

crrpasoio

xiHOK

i nirea. I

naure

sronoa

nornaa aa TBapHHaMH

nepemuos

no IOHaKiB i nianirxia,

ue

cnocrepiraerscs

y naponis Cxi,nHOI A<ppHKH. TIpOTe H y

HX

naponis, ne

'1oJIOBiKH

.noMiHYIOTh y nornani aa TBapHHaMH,

'1aCTKa

xiHO'IOI

npaui y TBapHHHHUTBi sanauraersca 3Ha'iHOIO,

OC06JIHBO

B rrepepofiui nponyxria

xapsysaaas.

Ilopxn

is rrpocroio xoonepauicio B niaasonepaicnin

06mHHi

npOCTe~€TbCSI

CTaTeBa

cneuianisauia rtpaui. TaK, cepen

.neSlKHX

·

3eMJIep06iB

name

'1oJIOBiKH

3aHMarrHCSI

BHP0mYBaHHSlM

coni-

npecTIDKHHX

KYJIbTYP,

SlKi

CnO)I(HBarrHCSI

aa

Ba)l(JIHBHX,

OC06JIHBO

npeCTIDKHHX uepenoniax.

ICHYBaJIH

if imui

<POPMH

i

BH.llH

CTaTeBOI

xoonepauii i cneuianiaauii, uio

OXOnJIIOBaJIH

sci

cll>epH

:lICHTTSI

nepsicaoi

06mHHH. TaK, 6y.lliBHHUTBO

)l(HTeJI

6y-

JIO

crrpasoio

'1oJIOBOOB,

a

BHroTOBJIeHHSI

xepajdxaoro rrocyny,

nepesaxno,

-

xiHOK

i T. in. Y.neSlKHX

06mHHax

rrpocrexyerscs

B)I(e

peMicHH'la

cneuianisauia,

KOJIH

snpaaai

peMicHHKH sains-

HCSI

Bin yxacri y BHp06HHUTBi nponyxris xap'IYBaHHSI.

Ilpo-

re

BOHH

MarrH satieane-ryaara 06mHHY

CBOWH

peMicHH'IHMH BH-

p06aMH: naCKaMH, CiJIJIlO; 6apa6aHaMH,

KYJIbTOBHMH

npaxpaca-

MH

rouro

, 3

'1aCOM

Ha6YJIa

nourapemot i

cnanxoeanlcrs

.neSlKHX

eK3OTH'IHHX peMicHH'IHX cnenianiaauia.

OC06JIHBOrO 3Ha'ieHIDI B nepion niansonepnicnoi 06mHHH

Ha6YB MUK06mHHHHH

poanonin npaui,

KOTPHH

CnpHSlB

p03111H-

peHHIO

<pOPM

06MiHY, 3Ha'leHHSI

axoro

B rronansiuosry p03BHT-

KY

cycrrinscrsa

Ba)l(KO

nepeouiaara.

P03BHTOK

3eMJIep06cbKO-CKOTapCbKOro BHp06HHUTBa

cnpa-

SIB

3MiUHeHHIO

.nOBroTPHBarrOI

ocinocri,

sxa,

y

CBOIO

xepry,

06-

Me)I(HJIa

nocryn

phHHM

06mHHaM

no

.neSlKHX

npapoznorx

pecyp-

cia

, aeotixlnxax He

naure

- B

nOBCSlK.lleHHOM)'

BHp06HHUTBi

(KaM'SlHa

CHpOBHHa

.llJISI

BHfOTOBJIeHHSI

saapans

npaui),

a H

.llJISI

BHrOTOBJIeHHSI

OKpeMHX

eK3OTH'IHHX (npeCTIDKHHX) BHp06iB.

Bonaosac

nonansura

irrrencadiixauis

BHpo6HHUTBa

crrpaana

HaKOnH'leHHIO

nannaurxis

npOJlYKTiB. TaKHM

'1HHOM,

SlKmO

06-

Me)l(eHHH

nocryn

OKpeMHX

06mHH

no

npaponmrx

pecypcis

po-

6HB

06MiH

6a)1(aHHM,

'1H

nasrn, Heo6xmHHM, TO BHp06HHUTBO

aaanaurxin

nponyxria

CnpHSlJIO

HOro

peanisauii

.

3

P03BHTKOM

ocinocri .i

3poCTaHHSlM

i30AAUil 06mHHH 06MiH

a6YBaB

BaJKJIHBOrO

couiansnoro 3Ha'leHHSI,

aaxe

BiH

3aCTOCO-

BYBaBCSI

MUK()6mHHaMH He

mnue

3

o.nHaKOBHM

piBHeM

couians-

noro

H eKOHOMi'lHOro po3BHTKY, a H MeHlll p03BHHeHHMH,

uto

npHSIJIo

cratiinisauii

)I(HTT€.niSIJIbHOCTi

OCTaHHix

i

nonansuroay

03BHTKY

BHp06HHUTBa

nepunrx

.

Apxeonorixai Ta

ernonerixai

)l)I(epeJIa

naiors

MO)I(JIHBiCTb

i.!lTBOPHTH

P03BHTOK

CHCTeMH

06MiHY B paHHb03eMJIep06cbKHX

eMeH. THnOBi

.llJISI

ni3HbonepBicHoi

06mHHH

CHCTeMH

06Mi

-

185

184

Hy, axi

OXOITJUOBanH

pisai

xareropii

cninsnor,

iCH)'Ba1IH

B MOlY

HOBol

Fainei,

Ilepura

CHCreMa

6yna

aanposanxena

ycepenam

caxroi

cninsxora

MOry,

.n.e

06MiH

BiBCSI

Mix

HaH6nIDK'lHMH

cy-

ciaasra

na

OCHOBi

naPTHepCTBa, rooro

oxpesri

mona

, a60

rpynu,

nocrasana

O.n.HH

O.n.HOMY

HaJJ.nHWKOBi

nponyxra

, a

HaTOMicTb

OTpHM}'BaJIH

imni,

He06xi.n.HiiM.

Inoni

oxpesd

BHp06H

BHrOTOB-

JISUIHCSI

MaHCTPaMH

na

JaMOBJIeHHSI.

,Upyra i

TPeTSi

CHCTeMI1

,

OXonmOBanI1

B)I(e

06MiH

Mix

rrneveaaxa.

I

SlKlUO

06MiH

Mix

cy-

ci.n.HiMH

nneMeHaMH

nepinxo

npoBo.n.HBCSI

6eJnOCepenHbO

neae-

nHKHMH

rpynasra

npe.n.CTaBHHKiB

06IllHH,

qH

aaairs

iHJJ.HBi.n.y-

aJIbHO,

TO

,U)ISI 06MiHy J

.n.aneKHMH

nneMeHaMH

CTBOPIOBanHCh

cneuiansai

roproaensni

excnenauii.

Ilocrijnre

nosropenus

06MiHHHX

onepanin

CnpHl.{HHHnO

CnOqaTKY

IxHIO

perynapaicrs,

a sronosr i

rreofixiaaicrs

SlK

eye-

ninsaoro

npouecy,

uro B 6araTbOx

sananxax

6yno

nOB'SlJaHO

He

rnbKH

J eKonoriqHHMH qH

npaponao-reorparpi-raasra

qHHHI1

-

KaMH, a H ia

cneuianiaauieio

06IllHHHoroTa

iHJJ.HBi.n.yaJIbHOrO

BHp06HHUTBa. 3

qaCOM

npHHaHMHi

qaCTI1Ha

nponyxris

rtepaic-

noro

BHp06HHUTBa

nosmrae

BHrOTOBnSlTHCb

cneuiansao

,lI.JUI.

nOTPe6 06MiHy,

uto

CTHMYnlOBaJIO

nOnaJIbWHH

cycnlnsnaa

p03-

noztin

npaui.

Bee

6UlbwOro

JHaqeHH.SI

Ha6YBalOTb

couiansni

qHHHHKH,

SlKi

BHJHalJalOTb

pOJBHTOK

norpefi

aa

pexi,

uto

He

E:

)l(HTI€BO Heo6xi.n.HHMH.

Ba)l(RHBHM

MOMeHTOM

pOJBHTKY

06MiHy

6yno

BHHHKHeHH.SI

neBHHX 06MiHHHX

eKBiBaJIeHTiB

- «nepaicnax rpourea», Y pis -

HHX

uaponis

q,YHKUll

«nepaicnax

rpouiea»

BHKOHYBaJIH

pisa

i

pexi

qH

aaairs

)!(HBi

iCTOTH

(sepenaunor,

c06aqi

Jy6H y

sarna

-

ni

HHJOK, 6paCneTH,

HaMHCTa,

UHHOBKH,

rrraurane

nip'a,

CBHHi

,

xynofia

aaarani).

O.n.Hi€1O

J

BaJK.IIHBHX

ocoonaaocrea

«nepsicna

x

rpourea-

6yno

re,

iuo

BOHH

me He Ha6ynH

aaransnoro

craryc

y

SlK

JaC06H 06MiHy qH

nnarexy

i He

BHTHCHynH

iauri

JaC06H 06 -

MiHy. ToMY B

pisaax

cacreaax

06MiHy

aasirs

B

O.n.HOMY

CYC

-

ninscrsi

MornH

BHKOPHCTOBYBaTHCb

'

nexinsxa

eKBiBaneHTIB

no

-

P.SIJl

is

HaTYPaJIbHHM

06MiHOM. IHWOIO

Ba)l(RHBOIO

ocobnasicno

«nepaicanx

rpouiea»

6yna

ixHSI

nonirpymcnionansnicrs.

KpiM

06cnyroBYBaHHSI 06MiHy,

BOHH

CTanH

aTPH6YT3MH

6araTCTB

a,

CHMBonaMH

BHCOKOro

couiansnoro

CTaHOBHIlla ix

anacnaxis,

a

KpiM

roro

CRyrYBaJIH

npHKpacaMH, aMYneTaMH,

BHKOpHcTOByBa-

nHCb y peniriHHHX PHTYanax i uepeMoHisIx.

, Y

UUlOMY

06MiH Y niJHbOnepBicHiH

06IllHHi

BHKOHyBaB

He

nHwe

rocno.n.apcbKi, a H

COUiaJIbHi

q,YHKUll i Bi.n.irpaBaB

BaJK.IIH-

By

ponb

y

pOJBHTKY

Bci€i

CHCTeMH

cycnUlbHHx

Bi.n.HOCHH.

3pocTaHHSI

npOJJ.YJ<THBHOCTInpaui

B niJHbonepBicHiH

06IllH-

Hi

nOcTYTIoBO

npHBeno

no

nOMiTHoro J6UlbWeHHSI

HaJJ.nHWKO-

Boro

npoJJ.YKTY,

IllO, y

CBOIO

qepry

, cnpHSIJIo pOJWHpeHHIO TPY-

.n.OBOro

posnoniny

nponyxris

BHp06HHUTBa, a aronosr i

napue-

nSluii

BJIaCHOCTI

. HacaMnepen,BHJHaql1MO TPH

npamnrnoao

Ba)I(RHBi

JMiHH,

nOB'SlJaHi

J

CHCTeMOIO

anacnocri

B

niaasonep-

DicHm:

06IllHHi

,

uto

Bi.n.6ynHcSI

y

JB'SlJKY

J

Janp0Ba,lOKeHHSlM

nin-

TBOPlOlOqoi eKoHoMiKH.

1. 'u11q,epeHuiauiSlBJIaCHOCTI aa

crsopeay

CBO€1O

npaueio

i

°TPI1MaHy

Bi.n.

npeaxia Ilepury xareropiro

CTaHOBHnH

JHap.SIJlJlSl

npaui,

XaTH€

HaqHHHSI,

nocyn,

xyaooa, nepeaa

rotuo,

ztpyry _

3eMnSl.

Ile

CTanOCSI

JaBJlSlKH

TO

MY,

uto

JeMnSl

crana

OCHOBHHM

JaC060M BHp06HHUTBa.

2.

BHHHKHeHHSI

nop.SIJlKY

cnaJ(KOBOCTI

BJIaCHOCTI,

xoro

npaKTHqHO He

6yno

B paHHbOnepBicHiH

06IllHHi,

KonH

OC06HC-

TI

pesi

nosrepnoro

3HHIllYBanHCb, a

napuensaoi

BJIaCHOCTI

aa

JeMnIO

rue He

iCHYBaJIo.

3.

<l>oPMYBaHH.SI

ciMeHHoi

BJIaCHOCTi,

uio

BHHHKna

.SIK

Hacni-

.n.OK

pOJBHTKY

nepumx

nBOX

q,OpM

BJIaCHocTi.

, EKOHOMiqHy

OCHOBy

cycniascraa,

SlK

i paaiure,

CTaHOBHna

KOneKTHBHa

anacaicrs

na JeMnIO (J

pOJBHTKOM

JeMnep06cTBa

OnHH ia HaHBa)l(RHBiwHX Jac06iB BHp06HlfUTBa

nponyxrin

)l(HTT€3a6eJneqeHH.SI),

npore

Jne6Ulbworo

ue

B)I(e

6yna

xonex-

THBHa

anacaicrs

He 06lUHHH, a pony. B

6UlbWOCTi

nepnicmrx

naponis

BBa)I(anOCSI,

lUO

JeMnSl

nepenaerscn

nlOJJ.SIM

npenxaaa,

TOMY

IT

cnia

ofiepirarn

H

perensno

06p06n.SITH.

Boxa

HiKonH, Hi-

KHM i Hi aa

SlKHX

06CTaBHH

He

MO)l(e

6yrH

Bi.n.lJy)KeHa,

a B nOB-

Hm:

UUlOCTI

Ma€

6yrH

nepeaaaa

HalUaJ(KaM

.

3eMnSl,

~K

anacnicrs

pony,

perensso

ofepiranacs

yciMa PO-

nHqaMH J THM, lU06

BOHa

He

OnHHHnaCSI

sa

Me)l(aMH

HOro

nnmr-

By.

<l>aKTIfllHO

JeMnSl

6yna

anacaicno

nopocnax

'UIeHiB pony,

SlKi

poanoninana

IT

aa oxpesri

nUlSlHKH

Mix

CiM'SlMH

qH iHWHMH

npenCTaBHHKaMH

pony,

KOTPi

MaJIH

npaso

naure

KOpHCTYBaTH-

CSI

cBoiMH

nUlSlHKaMH

. B oKpeMHX

BHnaJ(KaX

JeMnelO MornH KO-

pHcTYBaTHCSI

TaKO)l(

He 'UIeHH

pony

(xiHKH

a60 qonoBiKH

cno

-

pinaeaax

ponis),

npore

BOHH

He

MaJIH

npasa

BJIaCHOCTi,

a

THM

6Ulbwe

rrpasa

nepenasara

y

cnaaunnry

ninsnxa,

SlKHMH

BOHH

neBHHH "lac

KOPHCTYBaJIHCSI.

Iauri JaC06H BHp06HHUTDa Ta

npenxern

CnO)I(HBaHHSI,

CTBO-

peni

CBO€1O

npaueio

-

xvnoea,

nepesa,

JHap.SIJlJlSl

npaui

TOlUO,

crasana

OC06HCTOIO

BJIacHiCTIO

i J.n.e6Ulbworo

Bi.n.q}')KyBanHCb,

a

B 6araTbOX BHnaJ(Kax MornH

nepe.n.aBaTHCSI

y cna.n.mHHy.

npoTe

Ja

TPa.n.HUi€1O

y 6araTbOX HaponiB

OC06HCTI

peqi

nOMepnoro

Ille

TPHaanHH "lac

JHHIUYBaJIHCb

.

nepeBa)l(aHHSI

pO.n.OBOi"

nnaCHOCTI

HaKnaJ(aJIO

CBO€pi.n.HI1H

Bi.n.6HTOK

Ha pOJnOnUl

npoJJ.YKrlB

xapqyBaHHSI. PiBHOJa6eJne-

"IY!OqHH

pOJno.n.Ul,

lUO nOMiHyBaB y paHHbOnepBicHiH 06lUHHi,

JanpOBaJ].)I(YBaBCSI

renep

nHwe

B

eKCTPeMaJIbHHX

YMOBaX,

nepe-

186

187

BaJKHO

cepea

l'0.ulRm

no

KpOBi

a60

mmotiy

. IloBCRK,ZlcHHO 3CM-

JICP06CbKa

rrponyxuia B

nhHbOncpBicHHX

06mHHax

cnoxasana-

CR

B ·caMHX .uOMorocno.uapcTBax, T06TO TaM,

ne

BOHa

H BHp06-

JIRJIaCR.

Bo.uHOlJ:aC

y

.uCRKHX

3CMJIcpo6cbKHX

06mHHax

MHCJIHB-

csxa,

a

inoni

H pH6aJIbCbKa

3.u06HlJ:

aa TPa,UHui€IO

p03n

o.uiJIRJIa-

CR

MbK

yciMa

.uOMorocno.uapCTBaMH

06mHHH.

TaKHM

lJ:HHOM,

y

paHHb03CMJICp06CbKHX

06mHHax

rrpocrexyerecs naa

BH,UH

p03-

noniny:

mono

3CMJIcp06CbKOi

npo.uyKuii

.uiIDIH

B)I(C

HOBi HOpMH

TPy.uO

BO

ro

poanoniny,

BHP06JICHi B YMOBax BmrnOpIOIOlJ:oi

CKO-

.HOMiKH, a mo.uo MHCJIHBCbKO-PH6aJIbCbKOi -

crapi

,

uto

nicra-

JIHCb y

cnanumny

sin

nonepenasoi

enoxa.

IH.uHBi,UyaJIhau

m

'ra

iHreHCH<l>iKaum

rrpaui,

3pOCTaHHR

BH-

po6HHU

TBa

Ha,UJIHlllKOBHX

rrpoayxrie,

3anpOBa,U)l(CHHR

HOBHX

<l>OpM

BJIaCHOCTI

H, nepenycisr,

OC06HCTOi

BJIaCHOCTI

ua

rrpozryx-

TH iH.uHBi.uyaJIbHOi

npaui,

a TaKO)l(

HOBHX

<l>OpM

posnoainy

npo-

zryxrin

CnpHRJIH

BHHHKHCHHIO

HOBHX

COUiaJIbHO-CKOHOMilJ:HHX

CTocYHKiB, TaK 3BaHOi

rrpecrasoroi

CKOHOMiKH.

Y paHHb03CMJICpo6cbKHX

06mHHax

Ha,wIHlllKOBa

nponyxuis

,

RK npaBHJIO,

HaKonHlJ:YBaJIaCb

i,

B nCBHHH

MOMCHT,

BHTPalJ:aJIa-

CR

na

opraniaauiio

6YQHHX

6CHKCTiB,

CBRT

Ta

UCpCMOHiH

COUiaJIbHO

npecraxaoro

i

peniriaaoro

3HalJ:CHHR.

He BHna,UKo-

BO

CTHOJIOrn

B)I(C

.uaBHO

3BCPHYJIH

ysary

aa

HcnOMipHHH

p03K-

BiT

UCPCMOHiaJIbHO-KYJIbTYPHOi

C<l>CpH

B 3CMJIcp06CbKO-CKOTaP-

CbKHX

cycninscraax HCOmTHlJ:Horo

xacy.

Y

CBOIO

lJ:CPry

nOTPc6a B

aannaurxax

rrponyxuii

,UJIR npOBC-

.uCHIDI 6yqHHX 6aHKCTm ·

nCBHOIO

MipOIO

CTHMYJIIOBaJIa

nonans-

lllHH

p03BHTOK BHp06HHUTBa, HOro iHTCHCH<l>iKauiIO i

crreuiani-

aauno.

Tax.v

.ueRKHX

06mHHax

,UJIR 3a6c3nelJ:CHIDI

npCCTIDKHOIO

npO.uyKUi€1O 6yqHHX 6aHKeTiB

p03lJ:HmaJIaCR

aaairs

oxpesra

zti

-

AAHKa,

na

RKiH

BHpOl.llYBa1lHCR

OC06JIHBi

BH,UH

pOCJIHH.

Y CKO-

TaPCbKHX

eycninscrnax COUiaJIbHO-npCCTIDKHOIO UiHHicTIO CTa-

JIH

BCJIHKi

crana

.u06pe

nornaayroi

xy.u06H.

CneUH<l>ilJ:HOIO

<l>OpMOIO

npCCTIDKHoi

CKOHOMiKH

6YB ztapo-

06MiM, RKHH BHHHK

ute

sa

sacia

niaasoro

naJICOJIi'ry, a Ha6yB

nOlllHpCHHR B 3cMJIep06cbKO-CKOTapCbKHX

cycninscrsax.

Ila-

PYHKaMH

MOrJIH

6ym

He TmbKH

pexi,

uro

MaJIH

cnoxassy

UiH-

nicrs,

a H

npezntera

na

nepuiaa

norJIR,U30BciM aenorpitinl.

.lla-

p006MiH

npoaonasca

RK Y MC)I(ax

ozntiei

06mHHH,

TaK i

MD!<

cnopinaeaaua,

lJ:H

nasirs

30BCiM

lJ:Y)I(HMH

po.uaMH i

nJICMCHa-

MH. 06MiHIOBaJIHCSI no.uapYHKaMH

iH,UHBi,UyaJIbHO

i

rpynasnr,

lJ:11

uasirs

ponava.

OCHOBOIO

rrepsicaoro

.uapo06MiHY 6YB npHHU

Hn

penanpoxansaocri

- BJa€MHOCTI,

CKBiBaJICHTHOCTI

06MiHY

npenuerasm

a60

nocJIYTaMH.

Bm

meapocri

napynxa

3aJIC)I(aB

pi-

aeas

rrosara

i

rrpecnoxy

.uapYBaJIbHHKa B cycninscrai.

<I>YHKUii npeCTH)I(HO'i eKoHoMiKH 6yJIH phHoMaHiTHHMH.

3 onaoro 60KY, npCCTIDKHa cKOHOMiKa

crrpaana

p03BHTKY CHC-

TCMH

B3a€Mo.uonOMom H

rapanrynana

06111HHHHKaM

MarepiaJIb-

HY

nmTPHMKY B

HCmaCHHX

sananxax.

KpiM

roro,

.uapo06MiH

CnpHRB

y.uOCKOHaJICHHIO

CHCTCMH

lllJII06HHX CTocYHKiB, a

TaKO)l(

JanpOBa,lOKCHHIO

COUiaJIbHHX

rpanauia

y cycninscrai RK

no

BCp-

THKaJIi, TaK i

no

ropH30HTaJIi.

Pis

y TIM, lUO B paHHb03CMJICpo6cbKHX cycninscrsax

crrpas-

Hi

rocnonapi

,UJIR nmBHmCHHR CBOro COUiaJIbHOro

crarycy

no-

lJ:aJIH

aanposanxysarn

.uapo06MiH 3 «ncpCnJIaTOIO)},

T06ro

3a

BJIaCHHH

(<PaxYHOK)}

BJIalliTOBYBaTH

6yqHi

6eHKCTH

. 3 TaKHX «.ua-

PYBMbHHKiB»

CKJIa,UaBCR

HCBeJIHKHH

nOKH

uto

COUiaJIbHHH

npo-

urapox,

RKHH y)l(C nO-HOBOMY 3a6apBJIIOBaB B3a€MOBmHOcHHH

MbK

lJ:JICnaMH

06mHHH.

Ilocrynoao

nOlJ:HHa€

CTBOpIOBaTHCb

BepTHKaJIbHa

iepapxix

COUiaJIbHHX

CTOcYHKiB

.

Bo.uHOlJ:aC

BHHHKa€ i HOBa

xareropia

- «6araTCTBO)),

RKa

aa

nOlJ:aTKOBOMY

erarri

CnpHHMaJIaCR RK

couiansna

xareropia,

T06-

TO

HWlBHicTb

crrpasaoro

rocnonaps,

CHJIbHOro

niaepa,

3axHCHH-

xa

06mHHH. 3ro.uOM

nOHRTTR

«6araTCTBO»

CTaJIH

nOlllHpIOBaTH-

CR

ua

Ha,UJIHlllKOBHH

rrpozryxr,

3aB,URKH

RKOMY

ninep HaMaraBCR

3,ll06YTH mrnaHBHlUHH

COUiaJIbHHH

CTaTyC

B 06lUHHi, a

TaKO)l(

aa

IT

MC)I(aMH.

MbK06mHHHHH

06MiH

nonapyaxaxa

YCCpe.uHHi

CTHilJ:HHX

crtinsaor (rtnexea)

3YMOBHB

<l>oPMYBaHHR

CBO€pmHOi

iepapxii

MbK 06mHHaMH 'ra

ixHiMH

niaepaaa,

TaK

asaaoi

roPH30HTaJIb-

Hoi

iepapxii,

51K

BCpTHKaJIbHa, TaK i roPH30HTaJIbHa

iepapxia

3

lJ:aCOM

Ha6YJIH

B~HBOro

3HalJ:CHHR,

OC06JIHBO

na

paHHbOMY

erarti

BHHHKHCHHR

nOJIiTHlJ:HHX

CTPYKTYP.

O.uHaK npeCTIDKHa

CKOHOMiKa

B

paanix

3eMJIcp06iB i

CKOTa-

pis

MaJIa ute

cynCPClJ:JIHBHH

xapaxrep, 3

onaoro

60KY, BOHa CTH-

MYJIIOBaJla

iniuiarany,

crreuianiaauijo,

3anpOBa,U)I(cHHR

HOBHX

aacofiia

rocnozrapioaaaas,

uto

.uaBaJIO

MO)I(JIHBiCTb

OTPHMaTH

Ha,UJIHlllKOBHHnpO.uyKT, RKHH cnpHHMaBcR

SIK

6araTCTBO

i

CTaB

Ba)l(JIHBHM

CTHMYJIOM

noaansmoro

p03BHTKY BHp06HHUTBa. 3

iauroro

-

CTHOJIOm

HaBOMTb

BHna,UKH,

KOJIH

npccTIDKHHH

CCKTOp,

HaBnaKH, aaaaaeaa

urxona

)l(HTT€3a6c3nClJ:CHHIO

06mH-

HH.

TaK,

narryaca

o. KOJIenOM

Ha,UaBaJlH

nepesary

rOJIO,UYBaH-

HIO,

3a,UOBOJIbHRIOlJ:H

csoi

nQTPc6H

y60roIO

~CIO,

a6H

BHpOCTH-

TH 6YJIb60nJIO.uH RMCy ,UJIR

npCCTIDKHHX

6aHKCTiB.

Y

scix

sarranxax

p03BHTOK

npecnosnoi

CKOHOMiKH

B

nis-

nsonepsicaia

06lUHHi

me

CTPHMYBaBCR

rJIH60KHMH TPa,UHumMH

nepsicnoro

cycninscrsa H,

nacasmepen,

TPa.uHUiHHHMH

aopua-

MH posrroniny. :.llOCHTb

lJ:aCTO

Ha,UJIHlllKOBHH

rrponyxr

ysarani

p03no:uiJIRBcR piBHOMipHO MbK ycisra

lJ:JICHaMH

06mHHH. KOJICK-

THBHa

anacnicrs

na

3CMJIIO

nepenrxorosana

'U

nepeposnoniny,

uto

CTPHMYBaJIO

HaKOnHlJ:eHHR

6araTCTBa JImCpaMH, ocKiJIbKH

189

188

BOHH 06Me)l(}'B3J1HCH B

3aC06ax

BHpo6HHuma.

3HaqHOlO

3a.1UI-

uranaca H

sacrxa

KO.1IeKTHBHOi

npaui.

C.1IUl

6paTH no

yearn

Ii

TaKHH qHHHHK, HK norpaoynamra nociais i

amp

3eMJIep06iB ra

CKOTapiB

ixHiMH

cYClnaMH -

nepsicnaxa

MHC.1IHBUHMH

i 36Hpa -

qaMH.

IIOTpi6eH

6yo

me

sac

.ll.1UI

WHpOKOro BnpoBa,lOKeHHH

e$eKTHBHHX

MeTO.uiB

aiarsopenosol eKoHoMiKH,

m06

.uOCHrHy-

TH

pervnspnoro

Ha.llX0,lOKeHHH

Ha.uJIHWKOBOro nponyxry H

ne-

peTBOpeHHH HOro

aa

npHBaTIfY anacnicrs -

OCHOBy

MaH6YTHix

fJl06anbHHX

nepefiyzroa y

cycnimcrsi.

TaK

qH iaaxure, ·C

.1I

Ul BH3HaTH, mo

BCUKJIHBHM

HaC.1IlnKOM

no

-

crynosoro

P03BHTKy aimnopioioaoi eKoHoMiKH

6Y.1Ia

crafiiniaa-

uis )I(IfIT£3(l6e3neqeHHH moncraa, HKa, y

CBOIO

xepry, cnpIDIJIa

YTBep,lOKeHHJO

ocinocri,

Ili

HaHBIDK.1IHBimi cxnaaosi

e.1IeMeHTH

)KJfIT€.uiHJIbHocri

cycnimcrsa

CTHM}'.1IIOBaJIH

nOMiTHe

3pOCTaHHH

~Ce.1IbHocri

i ryCTOTH

HaCe.1IeHHH

B

Heo.1IiT~HHH

sac.

3a

ninpaxyacaser aMepHKaHcbKoro .ueMorpaepa E. ,llHBeH qH-

censaien,

aacenerma

sexnol

Ky.1Ii

y BepXHbOMY naneoniri

(25 000 p.

zro

H. e.)

CTaHOBH.1Ia

3,34 M.1IH

qO.1IOBiK,

Y

Me30.1IiTi

(10 000 p• no H. e

.)

- 5,32 MJIH, a B neoniri (6 000 p. no H. e.)

- 86,5 MJIH

qO.1IOBiK.

Hasirs

6epyqH

no

ysara

rrenay YMOBHicTb

UHX

nizrpaxynxia, He MO)KHa He nOMiTHTH pi3KHH CTpH60K

qH-

censaocri

HaCe.1IeHHH

MbK MeJOmTOM i

Heo.1IiTOM.

TaK,

ycsoro aa

4 THC. poxis nicns

YTBep,lOKeHHH

BUlTBOPlOlOqoi eKoHoMiKH

qH-

censnicrs

xacenenna

3eMHoi

Ky.1Ii

3poC.1Ia

B 16 pasis, roni HK aa

15 THC. poxis erroxa

panasonepeicaoi

06mHHH,

B

YMOBaX

npa-

BJIaCHIOlOqoro

rocnonapcrsa,

BOHa

36iJIbWH.1IaCH

.1IHwe B 1,5

pa-

aa. Pi3KHH cTpH60K qHCeJIbHocri

HaCe.1IeHHH

B neoniri mCTaB

HaJBy c.ueMorpaepiqHOi

peBO.1IIOu.ii~.

BIDK.1IHBoro 3HaqeHHH Ha6yBa€, nOqHHaIOqH 3

usoro

xacy,

3pOCTaHHH

rycrora

Hace.1IeHHH,

nacasmepen, B eKO.1IoriqHO

CnpIDIT.1IHBHX

.ll.1UI

P03BHTKy 3eMJIep06CTBa i

CKOTapCTBa

perio-

nax, Ilisniure iareacmpixauia 3eMJIep06cma

icxorapcrsa,

a Ta-

KOX

3pOCTaHHH

qHCeJlbHocri Ta rycTOTH

HaCe.1IeHHH

cnpaxa

-

HH.1IH

TYT

nOqaTOK yptianisauii B cycrrinscrsi H

-BHHHKHeHHH

nepurax MicT.

1IIJDo6

1'3

ciM'JI. 3p03}'MiJI0,

uto

3

xacy

CBOro BHHHKHeHHH

W.1II06

i CiM'H

CTa.1IH

HaHBa)l(JIHBimHM iHCTHTyrOM

einraopenas

.1I1O.uCTBa.

Bmue

Bxe

3ra.uYBaJIOCH,

uto

npecraxna

exoaosrixa

crrpasna

<PoPMyoaHHIO

mapoxoi

couiansnoi

Mepexi,

BKJIIOqaIO-

qH 1IVlI06Hi

CTOCyHKH,

ia 3aJIyqeHHHM. He TiJIbKH

ponmis,

a »

CBOHKiB

y

CHCTeMY

nmTpHMKH

couiansaoro

ninepcrsa,

a

sronoa

H

yciei

iepapxixaoi

CTpYKTYPH

cycninscrsa

.

<I>opMa 1IVl106y B nepiozt

rriaasonepaicnoi

06mHHH

y

nopis-

HHHHi 3 W.1II060M

paHHbonepBicHol

06mHHH

npaKTHqHO He

3Mi-

HH.1IaCb.

llI.1II06

3aJIHWaBCH

napHHM i Mir 6YTH

.1I~I1<O

p03ipBa-

HHM sa 6axaHHHM KO)KHOro ia

no.up~

.

Ha

BillMilfY

BUl

no-

nepennsoi

cranii, 6iJ1bworo nOWHpeHHH

Ha6Y.1Ia

noniriaia

(6a

-

raTOxeHCTBO),

OC06.1IHBO

copoparaa

-

W.1II06

ia .llBoMa qH 6iJIb-

we

cecrpasor

OJlHOqaCHO,

a nisniure -

;J

cecrpoio rrostepnoi

)l(iHKH.

Illnpoxe

3anpOBa,lOKeHHH

nonirinii BUl6yoanoCH, nacasr-

nepen, cepen

3eMJIepo6cbKHX

nneuen,

B HKHX 3HaqHO

3pOC.1Ia

nHTOMa

sara

)I(iJIoqoi npaui, Y BHmHX

MHC.1IHBUiB,

pH6aJIOK

ra

36HpaqiB, HaBnaKH, no.ueKyJUf

36epiranacb

rroniaanpia, nepur sa

Bee nesiparna -

W.1II06

is

.uBOMa

qH

6iJIbwe

6paTaMH, a niani-

we

- 3 6paTOM nOMep.1Ioro

qO.1IoBiKa.

O.uHaK Tpa.uHuiHHi

epOpMH

W.1II06y B nepion niansonepsic-

Hoi

06mHHH

Ha6Y.1IH

HOBOro

3Micry

.

IIpaKT~Ho

B

ue»

rrepion

3HHKa€ KPOCKy3eHHHH

(nepexpeCHO-Ky3eHHHH)

w.1II06 _

1IVlI06

ia

.uOqKOIO

6paTa

Marepi

a60

.uOqKOIO

cecrpa

6aTbKa,

no-

wHpeHHH

y panasonepetcala

06mHHi,

HKH»

.1IOKaJIi3YBaB

1IVl106Hi 3B'H3KH B

Mexax

eK30raMHOrO

KO.1IeKTHBY

- cnopinne-

HHX

pO.uOBHX

opranisaula. 3 qaCOM COUiaJIbHi

3B'H3KH

MbK

cno-

pmHeHHMH

ponaaa,

oxonneaaua

paniure KPocKy3eHHHM

W.1II060M, 3MiuHiJIH i He nOTpe6YOaJIH

aanani YKPinneHHH xepea

W.1II06Hi

CTOCyHKH

. ToMY

W.1II06

nosan

naxopacroayaamci,

.ll.1UI

HaJIaro,lOKeHHH

COUiaJIbHHX

3B'H3KiB aa

MexaMH

Tpa.uHuiHHOi"

eK30raMii" cniJIbHOTH --:

PO.uiB,

uro

ninrpaaysann

MbK c06010

W.1II06Hi 3B'H3KH. .

BHHeceHHH W.1II06y

sa Me)l(i KPOCKy3eHHoi"

«€.uHOCTi»

CBm-

qH.1IO

rrpo 3MmHeHHH caxtocrijnrocri ciM'i"

ra

ynopH.llKyoaHHH

BJIaCHHUbKHX

BmHocHH. Bonae-rae 3HHKHeHHH KPocKy3eHHHX

w.1II06iB

nopyurano rocnonapcsxan 6aJIaHC. MbK 06mHHaMH i

.uoMorocno.uapCTBaMH.

Hacaxsrrepejr, ue

CTOCyoanOCb

)I(iJIOK,

npaua

HKHX

BHCOKO

uinysanaca B nepnicaosry cycninscral. Y

3B'H3Ky 3 0.llPyxeHHHM )l(iHKH, .uOMorocno.uapCTBO, HKe

iI

BHPOC-

TH.1I0

H

BHXOBanO,

BTpaqaJIO p06iTHHUIO, uto nOTpe6YOaJIo

nes-

HOI

xovnencauh

il rrpaui. Y

paHHix

3eMJIep06iB

raxa

KOMneH-

cauia

srpara

po60qol

CH.1IH

HaM 'BmOMa y

.uBOX

epOPMax:

BlnPO-

6iTOK

aa )l(iHKy;

W.1II06HHH

BHKyn .

BlnP06iTOK aa )I(iJIKy 3.lle6iJIbworo 3anpOBa.ll)l(YBaBCH

rrpn

MaTpH.1IOKaJIbHOMY

nOCe.1IeHHi

nonpyxxs,

a

W.1II06HHH

BHKyn _

npa

naTpH.1IOKaJIbHOMY

qH

aByHKy.1IOKaJIbHOMY

-

nocenenai

no-

.llP~

y 6paTa

Marepi.

Ilpore

UH'

CHCTeMa

He

CTaJIa

OCTaToq-

HOIO

HOpMOIO

. Y 6iJIbillOCTi BHna.uKiB epopMa KOMneHCauU 3aJIe-

xaJIa

aia

piBHH 6araTCTBa cycninscraa

i,

30KPeMa,

po.u~iB

no-

.up~.

II.I.rrlo6HHH BHKyn, HK

npaBH.1IO,

sarrpoaanxyaaaca

B

cycninscrnax

,

ne

aaasnoro

P03BHTKy Ha6yBaB .uap006MiH, a 3

HHM i

aanarozrxena

CHcreMa eKBiBaneHriB Ta uiHHHX no.uapyH-

KiD.

- O.uHaK

BaPTO

3a3HaqmH,

mo

3aJ.llaJIeri.ub

BHp06.1IeHHX

HOpM

191

190

Станко В.Н., Гладких М.І., Сегеда С.П. Історія первісного суспільства

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.