
JKaHHe 
He,n;ocTyIIHoH 
,ll;JISI 
paCTeHHH 
BJIarH. 
Co-
JIOHu.OBble 
CBOHCTBa 
B03paCTlllOT 
no 
Mepe 
HaCbI-
l..I.I,eHHSI 
KOJIJIOH,ll;OB 
HaTpHeM 
H 
,n;OCTHrSIOT 
MaK-
CHMYMU 
npH 
co,n;epJKaHHH 
HaTpHSI 
60JIee 
20% 
OT 
eMKOCTH 
06MeHa. 
llpHcYTCTBHe 
B 
nO'IBaX 
no-
rJIOl..I.I,ulOl..I.I,ero 
Mg 
YCHJIHBaeT 
COJIOHlI,eBUTbIe 
CBOHCTBa, 
BbI3bIBaeMbIe 
Nil.. 
O,ll;HaKo, 
KaK 
nOKa3a.'lH 
HCCJIe,ll;oBaHH.R 
H.ll.' 
llaHoDll 
H 
H.A. 
rOHqapOBOH, 
npHpO,ll;HbIH 
npo
-
lI,eCC 
COJIOHlI,eBaHHSI 
He.'lb3SI 
CBO,ll;HTb 
TOJIbKO 
K 
Ha.lIH'lHIO 
B 
nOqBe 
06MeHHoro 
HaTpHSI. 
ItI3Y"IaSI 
<paKTbI, 
onpe,n;eJISIIOI..I.I,He 
He6JIarOnpHSITHbIe 
CBOH
-
CTBll 
MaJIOHaTpHeBblX 
COJIOHU.OB, 
OHH 
YCTaHOBH-
JIH, 
'lTO 
<pOpMHpoBaHHe 
HJIJIIOBHaJIbHbIX 
ropH
-
30HTOB 
B 
COJIOHlI,ax 
CBSI3aHO 
C 
HaKOnJIeHHeM 
JIerKO 
no,n;BHJKHbIX 
coe,n;HHeHHH 
Si0
2 
H 
nOTeHlI,H
-
aJIbHO 
nO,ll;BHJKHbIX 
nO
.
lIYTOpHbIX 
OKHCJIOB 
H 
J\Iar
-
HHSI, 
06pa3YIOI..I.I,HXCSI 
npH 
pa3pyureHHH 
MHHepu-
JIOB. 
JIerKOnO,ll;BHJKHbIe 
coe,n;HHeHHSI 
Si0
2 
y'la
-
CTBYIOT 
B 
06pa30BuHHH 
HJIJIIOBHUJIbHOrO 
ropH
-
30HTU, 
BbI3blBaSI 
lI,eMeHTuu.HIO 
nO'lB 
npH 
BbICbI
-
xaHHH 
H 
nenTH3UlI,HIO 
( 
BbICOKYIO 
,n;HcnepcHocTb) 
nOqBeHHOH 
MaCCbI 
no,ll; 
B03,n;eHCTBHeM 
BO,n;bl  H 
,ZlJ>yrIie 
OTpIiu.aTeJIbHbIe 
arpo<pH3H'leCKHe 
CBOH
-
CTBa 
nOqB: 
B.H. 
MHXaHJIH'leHKO 
YCTaHOBHJI, 
'ITO 
OCHOBHbIM 
<paKTOPOM 
YCTOH'IHBOCTH 
,n;HcnepCHoro 
COCTOSIHHSI 
nO'lBeHHOH 
MaCCbI 
COJIOHlI,OB 
SIB JI 
SIeT-
CSI 
rH,n;pO<pHJIbHaSI 
nJIU3MU, 
co,n;epJKal..I.l,aSICSI  B 
Ma-
JIOHaTpHeBblX 
COJIOHlI,ax 
H 
HrpalOl..I.I,aSI 
pOJIb 
nen
-
TH3UTOPU 
H 
CTu6HJIH3UTOPS 
rH,n;po<p06HbIX 
CH
-
CTeM. 
AsTOp 
npHureJI 
K 
BbIBO,n;y, 
'ITO 
06PU30BU
-
HHe 
COJIOHlI,OB 
He 
OrpaHH'lHBUeTCSI 
06MeHOM 
HO
-
HOB 
MeJK,ll;Y 
nO'lBeHHO
-nOrJIOl..I.I,aIOI..I.I,HM 
KOMnJIeK
-
COM 
(TITIK) 
H 
nOqBeHHbIM 
PSCTBOpOM. 
<PH3HKO-
XHMH'lecKHe 
YCJIOBHSI 
06PU30BUHHSI 
COJIOHU.OB 
cno
-
C06CTByroT 
rH,ll;pOJIH3Y 
aJIIOMOCHJIHKaTOB 
C  OCBO-
60JK,n;eHHeM 
KpeMHHSI, 
UJIIOMHHHSI, 
JKeJIe3U, 
MsrHHSI 
H 
,ZlJ>yrHX 
3JIeMeHTOB, 
'ITO 
conpOBOJK,lI;aeTCSI 
CHHTe
-
30M 
nOJIHKpeMHHeBbiX 
KHCJIOT, 
aJIlOMHHaTOB, 
PU3
-
Ho06pa3HbIX 
KOJIJIOH,ll;HO-
H 
MOJIeKYJISIpHonO,ll;BHJK-
HbiX 
Bern;ecTB, 
npH,ll;aIOll.I,HX 
nO'lBaM 
COJIOHu.OBbl
e 
CBOHCTBa. 
B 
npOll,eCcax 
COJIOHlI,006pS30BaHHSI 
60JIburoe 
)
3HIl'leHHe, 
KaK 
nOKa3UJIH 
pa60TbI 
B.B
. 
EropOBS, 
~ 
HMelOT 
BO,ll;HOpaCTBOpHMbIe 
COJIH 
HUTPHSI, 
3aJIe-
.'
rUIOI..I.I,He  B 
nO,ll;COJIOHU.OBOM 
COJIeBOM 
ropH30HTe 
H 
f 
nHTalOI..I.I,He 
npH 
nepHo,n;H'leCKOM 
YBJIUJKHeHHH 
Ii. 
L 
BbICblXUHHH 
COJIOHlI,OBblH 
ropH30HT. 
COJIeBOH 
I 
ropH30HT 
COJIOHlI,OB 
SIBJISIeTCSI 
nOCTOSIHHbIM 
pe-
I-
3epBOM 
HaTpHSI, 
06eCneqHBaSI 
OTHOCHTe.TJbHYIO 
n 
YCTOHqIiBOCTb 
COJIOHlI,U 
B 
npHpo,n;e 
H 
B03MOJK
-
r 
HOCTb 
pecTaBpau.HH 
COJIOHlI,OBbIX 
CBOHCTB_ 
TIpo-
B 
u.ecc 
OCOJIOHI.I,eBaHHSI 
B03HHKueT 
H a 
opOllIueMbIX 
nOqBaX 
npH 
co,n;epJKUHHH 
B 
nOJIIiBHOH 
Bo,n;e 
OCTU
-
D 
TO'lHbIX 
KOJIH'leCTB 
6HKap60HUTa 
HUTpHSI, 
KOTO-
'I 
pbIe 
onpe,n;eJISIIOTCSI 
no 
<popMYJIe 
HTOHU: 
E 
NaHCOs=(HCO
a
+COa)-(Ca+Mg) 
M.
-
3KB/JI. 
lj 
llPH 
oll,eHKe 
OPOCHTeJIbHOH 
BO,n;bl 
no 
3TOMY 
lj 
nOKU3aTeJIIO 
MOJKHO 
PYKOBO,n;CTBOBUTbCSI 
CJIe-
E 
,n;yrolII,HMH 
npH,ll;epJKKaMH 
(TIonOB). 
BO,ll;bl 
C  CO-
11 
,n;epJKUHHeM 
OCTaTOqHblX 
Kap60HUTOB 
HaTpHSI 
,n;o 
0,6 
M.
-
3KB/JI. 
npHrO,ll;HbI 
,n;JISI 
opoureHHSI, 
HO 
He-
06XO,ll;HMbI 
MepOnpHSITHSI 
no 
3Urn;HTe 
nO'lB 
OT 
2, npOUECCbI nOYB006PA30BAHV151 
BOM 
3UeOJIeHHH 
B 
nOrJIOrn;UIOlII,HH 
KOMnJIeKC 
BHe,ZlJ>SIeTCSI 
KUTHOH 
Nu, 
BblTeCHSISI 
KaJIbll,HH 
H 
MarHHH. 
llPH 
paCCOJIeHHH 
COJIOHqIlKOB, 
nOCJIe 
Bblrn;eJIUqHBUHHSI 
H3 
BepxHHx 
ropH30HTOB 
BO,ll;HO-
paCTBOpHMblX 
nOqBeHHblX 
cO.'leH, 
KOJIJIOH,ll;bI
', 
HUCbllll,eHHbie 
HUTpHeM, 
nenTH3HpyroTCSI 
H, 
BMbI-
BaSICb 
Ha 
onpe,ll;eJIeHHYIO 
rJIy6HHY, 
BbIna,ll;slOT 
no,ll; 
,n;eHcTBHeM 
aJIeKTpOJIHTOB 
(cOJIeH) 
B 
oca,n;OK, 
06pS3YSI 
COJIOHlI,OBbIH 
ropH30HT. 
HSH60JIee 
:mep-
rHqHO 
Bcrynse
T  B 
nOrJIOI..I.I,SIOrn;HH 
KOJIJIOH,n;a_'lb
-
HbIH 
KOMnJIeKC 
nO'lB 
H3 
CO,ll;bI. 
06PS30BaHHe 
co
-
JIOHlI,OB 
H 
COJIOHlI,eBaTbIX 
nOqB 
MOJKeT 
npoHcxo,ll;HTb 
npH 
nepeMeJKalOl..I.I,eMcSI 
3SCOJIeHHH 
H 
paCCOJIeHHH 
nO'lB, 
B 
npoll,ecce 
KOTOPbIX 
06MeHHbIe 
KaTHOHbI 
Ca 
H 
Mg 
3uMel..I.l,aIOTCSI 
KaTHOHOM 
HaTpHSI. 
llPH 
HaCbIl..I.I,eHHH 
nOrJIOl..I.I,aIOl..I.I,ero 
KOMnJIeKCa 
HaTpHeM 
nOqBa 
npH06peTaeT 
l..I.I,eJIOqHYIO 
peaKlI,HIO: 
nO'lBa 
Na 
+  H 
2
0  = 
nO'lBa 
- H  + 
NllOH. 
llpHcYTCTBHe 
B 
nOqBeHHOM 
pacTBope 
HOHOB 
2- -
CO
H 
HCO
a 
BbI3bIBaeT 
06PU30BUHHe 
CO,n;bI:
a 
nO'lBa 
2Na 
+  H 
2
CO
a 
= 
nOqBll 
Hz 
+ 
NU2COa 
nOqBa 
-
2Na 
+ 
Ca(HCOah 
= 
nOqBU 
-
Cu 
+ 
2NuHC0
3
• 
B 
CBSI3H 
C 
3THM 
COJIOHlI,OBbIH 
npOll,ecc 
'laCTO 
HU3bIBUIOT 
l4eJLO'lH.b/..llt 
ZlLOPOJLI1-30M. 
BbICOKaSI 
l..I.I,eJIO'lHOCTb  H 
npHCYTCTBHe 
CO,ll;bI 
npHBO,ll;HT 
K 
,ll;HCnepraIJ,HH 
KOJIJIOH,ll;HO-HJIHCTOH 
'laCTl-l 
nO'lBbI, 
KOJIJIOH,ll;bI 
H3 
reJISI 
nepeXO,ll;SIT 
B 
30JIb, 
nepeMe
-
l..I.I,aIOTCSI 
H3 
BepXHHX 
ropH30HTOB 
BHH3, 
06pa3YeTCSI 
ynJIOTHeHHbIH 
KOJIJIOH,ll;HO-
HJIHCTbIMH 
'lSCTHlI,aMH 
HJIJIIOBHUJIbHbIH 
COJIOHu.eBSTbIH 
ropH30HT. 
OCOJIOHu.eBuHHe 
nOqB 
npOHcxo,n;HT 
npH 
pllC
-
COJIeHHH 
6e3rHnCOBbIX 
H 
rJIy60KorHncoBbIx 
co
-
JIOH
'l
aKOBbIX 
H 
COJIOH'lIlKOBUTbIX 
nO'lB 
B 
YCJIOBH-
SIX 
opoureHHSI 
3U 
Cqe
T 
KOHlI,eHTpHpOBllHHblX 
XJIOp-HaTpHeBbIX, 
cYJIb<paTHo
-
HaTpHeBbIx 
H  CO,n;O-
cO,ll;epJKaI..I.l,HX 
nO'lBeHHbIX 
PUCTBOPOB 
(llonoB). 
KpoMe 
TOro, 
npH'lHHOH 
COJIOHlI,eBaHHSI 
nOqB 
MO
-
rYT 
SIBJISITbCSI 
HppHrall,HOHHbIe 
BO,ll;bI  C 
nOBbI-
ureHHbIM 
cO,ll;epJKUHHeM 
KaTHOHOB 
HaTpHSI 
H 
MH
-
H 
epUJIH30BaHHbIe 
rpYHTOBbie 
BO,ll;bI  B 
CJIyqae 
HX 
no,n;'beMa 
npH 
opoureHHH 
H 
BHe,ZlJ>eHHH 
B 
npe,n;e
-
JIbI 
nOqBeHHOro 
np0<pHJISI. 
Co,n;epJKarn;HHCSI 
B 
COJIOHlI,aX 
H 
COJIOHu.eBa
~ 
TbIX 
nO'IBaX 
06MeHHbIH 
HaTpHH 
onpe,ll;eJISIeT 
MHO-
r 
He 
XHMH'leCKHe 
H 
BO,n;HO-<pH3HqeCKHe 
CBOHCTBa 
nOqB, 
KOTOpbIe 
Ha3bIBalOT 
CBOHCTBUMH 
COJIOHlI,e-
BUTOCTH. 
B 
npHCYTCTBHH 
nOrJIOrn;eHHOro 
HaTpHSI, 
06YCJIOBJIHBaIOI..I.I,erO 
l..I.I,eJIOqHble 
CBOHCTBa 
nO'lB 
H 
06pa30BaHHe 
CO,ll;bI, 
nOqBeHHbIe 
KOJIJIOH,ll;bI 
npH
-
06peTalOT 
BbICOKYIO 
,n;HcnepCHOCTb 
H 
60JIburyIO 
no,n;BHJKHOCTb 
B 
Bo,n;e. 
CTpYKTypHbIe 
3JIeMeHTbI 
no,n; 
,n;eHCTBHeM 
BOAbI 
pa3pyuralOTCSI, 
pU3MOKaIOT. 
llOqBbI, 
HaCbll..I.l,eHHbIe 
HaTpHeM, 
XUpllKTepH3Y
-
IOTCSI 
BbICOKOH 
nJIaCTHqHOCTbIO 
H 
JIHllKOCTbIO. 
llPH 
CMa'lHBaHHH 
OHH 
CHJIbHO 
Ha6yxalOT. 
B 
CY
-
XOM 
COCTOSIHHH 
06'beM 
HX 
pe3KO 
YMeHburaeTCSI, 
06pa3YIOTCSI 
nJIOTHbIe 
rOpH30HTbI, 
pa36HTble 
Tpern;HHaMH 
Ha 
cTOJI60BH,n;Hble 
HJIH 
rJIbI6HCTbIe 
OT,n;eJIbHOCTH. 
,UJISI 
COJIOHlI,OB 
H 
COJIOHlI,eBUTbIX 
nOqB 
XapaKTepHbI 
BbICOKaSI 
rHrpOCKOnH'lHOCTb, 
HH3KaSI 
Bo,n;onpOHHlI,aeMOCTb 
H 
BbICOKoe 
co,n;ep
-
42