Yu W., LaBoube R.A. Cold-Formed Steel Design
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Composite Slab Strength,” in Proceedings of the 12th
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11.62 Patrick, M., and R. Q. Bridge: “Review of Concepts
Concerning Bond of Steel Decking,” in Proceedings of the
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Behavior for Concrete Filled SHS Column to Composite
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Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1996.
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CHAPTER 12
12.1 American Iron and Steel Institute: “Specification for the
Design of Light Gage Cold Formed Stainless Steel Struc-
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12.2 Johnson, A. L., and G. A. Kelsen: “Stainless Steel in
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and Connections,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Missouri-
Rolla, 1987.
12.7 Van den Berg, G. J.: “The Torsimonal Flexural Buck-
ling Strength of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Columns,”
D.Eng. Thesis, Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg,
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12.8 Lin, S. H.: “Load and Resistance Factor Design of Cold-
Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members,” Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Missouri-Rolla, 1989.
12.9 American Society of Civil Engineers: “Standard Speci-
fication for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel
Structural Members,” Reston, VA, 1990.
12.10 Coetsee, J. S., G. J. Van den Berg, and P. Van der Merwe:
“The Behaviour of Stainless Steel Lipped Channel Axially
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1990.
12.12 Rasmussen, K. J. R., and G. J. Hancock: “Stainless Steel
Tubular Columns—Tests and Design,” in Proceedings
of the 10th International Specialty Conference on Cold-
Formed Steel Structures, W. W. Yu and R. A. LaBoube,
Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1990.
12.13 Van Wyk, M. L., G. J. Van den Berg, and P. Van der
Merwe: “Lateral Torsional Buckling Strength of Doubly
Symmetric Stainless Steel Beams,” in Proceedings of the
10th International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed
Steel Structures, W. W. Yu and R. A. LaBoube, Eds.,
University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1990.
12.14 Coetsee, J. S., G. J. Van den Berg, and P. Van der Merwe:
“The Effects of Workhardening and Residual Stresses Due
to Cold Work of Forming on the Strength of Cold-Formed
Stainless Steel Lipped Channel Sections,” in Proceedings
of the 10th International Specialty Conference on Cold-
Formed Steel Structures, W. W. Yu and R. A. LaBoube,
Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1990.
12.15 Lin, S. H., W. W. Yu, and T. V. Galambos “ASCE
LRFD Method for Stainless Steel Structures,” Journal of
Structural Engineering, vol. 118, no. 4, Apr. 1990.
12.16 Rasmussen, K. J. R., and G. J. Hancock: “Stainless Steel
Tubular Beams—Tests and Design,” in Proceedings of the
11th International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed
Steel Structures, W. W. Yu and R. A. LaBoube, Eds.,
University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1992.
12.17 Bredenkamp, P. J., G. J. Van den Berg, and P. Van
der Merwe: “The Lateral Torsional Buckling Strength of
Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Lipped Channel Beams,” in
Proceedings of the 11th International Specialty Conference
on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,W.W.YuandR.A.
LaBoube, Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1992.
12.18 Rasmussen, K. J. R., and G. J. Hancock: “Design of Cold-
Formed Stainless Steel Tubular Members. I: Columns,”
Journal of Structural Engineering , vol. 119, no. 8, Aug.
1993.
12.19 Rasmussen, K. J. R., and G. J. Hancock: “Design of Cold-
Formed Stainless Steel Tubular
Members. II: Columns,”
Journal of
Structural Engineering, vol. 119, no. 8, Aug.
1993.
12.20 Bredenkamp, P. J., and G. J. Van den Berg: “The Lateral
Torsional Buckling Strength of Cold-Formed Stainless
Steel Beams,” in Proceedings of the 12th International
Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,W.
W. Yu and R. A. LaBoube, Eds., University of Missouri-
Rolla, Oct. 1994.
12.21 Korvink, S. A., and G. J. Van den Berg: “Web Crippling
of Stainless Steel Cold-Formed Beams,” in Proceedings
of the 12th International Specialty Conference on Cold-
Formed Steel Structures, W. W. Yu and R. A. LaBoube,
Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1994.
12.22 Bruitendag, Y., and G. J. Van den Berg: “The Strength of
Partially Stiffened Stainless Steel Compression Members,”
in Proceedings of the 12th International Specialty Confer-
ence on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,W.W.YuandR.A.
LaBoube, Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1994.
12.23 Rasmussen, K. J. R., and B. Young: “Stainless Steel
Tubular Joints—Test and Design of X- and K-Joints in
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Square Hollow Sections,” in Proceedings of the 12th Inter-
national Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Struc-
tures, W. W. Yu and R. A. LaBoube, Eds., University of
Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1994.
12.24 Rasmussen, K. J. R., and A. S. Hasham: “Stainless Steel
Tubular Joints Tests and Design of X- and K-Joints in
Circular Hollow Sections,” in Proceedings of the 12th
International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel
Structures, W. W. Yu and R. A. LaBoube, Eds., University
of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1994.
12.25 Rasmussen, K. J. R., and J. Rondal: “An Explicit Approach
to Design of Stainless Steel Columns,” in Proceedings
of the 13th International Specialty Conference on Cold-
Formed Steel Structures, W. W. Yu and R. A. LaBoube,
Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1996.
12.26 Reyneke, W., and G. J. Van den Berg: “The Strength of
Partially Stiffened Stainless Steel Compression Members,”
in Proceedings of the 13th International Specialty Confer-
ence on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,W.W.YuandR.A.
LaBoube, Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1996.
12.27 Prestorius, J., P. Van der Merwe, and G. J. Van den Berg:
“Burst Strength of 304L Stainless Steel Tubes Subjected
to Internal Pressure and Internal Forces,” in Proceedings
of the 12th International Specialty Conference on Cold-
Formed Steel Structures, W. W. Yu and R. A. LaBoube,
Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1996.
12.28 Rasmussen, K. J. R., and J. Rondal: “Explicit Approach to
Design of Stainless Steel Columns,” Journal of Structural
Engineering, vol. 123, no. 7, July 1997.
12.29 Macdonald, M., J. Rhodes, and G. T. Taylor: “Compres-
sional Behaviour of Stainless Steel Short Struts,” in
Proceedings of the 14th International Specialty Conference
on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,W.W.YuandR.A.
LaBoube, Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1998.
12.30 Van den Berg, G. J.: “The Local Buckling Strength of
Partially Stiffened Type 3CR12 Stainless Steel Compres-
sion Elements in Beam Flanges,” in Proceedings of the
14th International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed
Steel Structures, W. W. Yu and R. A. LaBoube, Eds.,
University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1998.
12.31 Van den Berg, G. J., and P. Van der Merwe: Collected
Papers of the Chromium Steels Research Group,Rand
Afrikaans University, vol. 1, 1992.
12.32 Van den Berg, G. J., and P. Van der Merwe: Collected
Papers of the Chromium Steels Research Group,Rand
Afrikaans University, vol. 2, 1993.
12.33 Van den Berg, G. J., and P. Van der Merwe: Collected
Papers of the Chromium Steels Research Group,Rand
Afrikaans University, vol. 3, 1994.
12.34 Van den Berg, G. J., and P. van der Merwe: Collected
Papers of the Chromium Steels Research Group,Rand
Afrikaans University, vol. 4, 1995.
12.35 Van den Berg, G. J.: Collected Papers of the Chromium
Steels Research Group, Rand Afrikaans University, vol. 5,
1998.
12.36 Van der Merwe, P., and G. J. Van den Berg: “Design of
Stainless Steel Structural Members and Connections,” in
Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Steel and
Aluminum Structures, Helsinki University of Technology,
Finland, June 1999.
12.37 Euro 3: Part 1.4, “Design of Steel Structures: Supplemen-
tary Rule for Stainless Steels,” European Committee for
Standardization Brussels, Mar. 1994.
12.38 South African Bureau of Standards: “Draft Code of
Practice—Limit State Design of Cold-Formed Stainless
Steel Members,” SABS 0162-4, Johannesburg, 1996.
12.39 American Society of Civil Engineers: Specification for
the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural
Members, ASCE Standard, SEI/ASCE 8-02, Reston, VA,
2002.
12.40 Lin, S. H., W. W. Yu, and T. V. Galambos: “Revised
ASCE
Specificatio
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less Steel Structural Members,” Journal of Engineering
Structures, vol. 27, no. 9, Aug. 2005.
12.41 Rasmussen, K. J. R.: “The Development of an Australian
Standard for Stainless Steel Structures,” in Proceedings
of the 15th International Specialty Conference on Cold-
Formed Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu,
Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 2000.
12.42 Rasmussen, K. J. R., and B. Young: “Tests of X- and K-
Joints in SHS Stainless Steel Tubes,” Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE , vol. 127, no. 10, Oct. 2001.
12.43 Rasmussen, K. J. R., and A. S. Hasham: “Tests of X-
and K-Joints in CHS Stainless Steel Tubes,” Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE , vol. 127, no. 10, Oct. 2001.
12.44 Rasmussen, K. J. R., T. Burns, and P. Bezkorovainy:
“Design of Stiffened Elements in Cold-Formed Steel
Sections,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE , vol.
130, no. 11, Nov. 2004.
12.45 Lecce, M., and K. J. R. Rasmussen: “Design of Stainless
Steel Sections Against Distortional Buckling,” in Proceed-
ings of the 17th International Specialty Conference on
Cold-Formed Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W.
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12.46 Lecce, M., and K. J. R. Rasmussen: “Experimental Inves-
tigation of Distortional Buckling of Cold-Formed Stainless
Steel Sections,” in Proceedings of the 17th International
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A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds., University of Missouri-
Rolla, Nov. 2004.
12.47 Lecce, M., and K. J. R. Rasmussen: “Distortional Buckling
of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Sections: Experimental
Investigation,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE ,
vol. 132, no. 4, Apr. 2006.
12.48 Lecce, M., and K. J. R. Rasmussen: “Distortional Buckling
of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Sections: Finite-Element
Modeling,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE , vol.
132, no. 4, Apr. 2006.
12.49 Young, B., and W. Hartono: “Compression Tests of Stain-
less Steel Tubular Members,” Journal of Structural Engi-
neering, ASCE, vol. 128, no. 6, June 2002.
12.50 Young, B., and Y. Liu: “Experimental Investigation of
Cold-Formed Stainless Steel RHS Columns,” in Proceed-
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12.51 Young, B., and Y. Liu: “Experimental Investigation of
Cold-Formed Steel Columns,” Journal of Structural Engi-
neering, ASCE , vol. 129, no. 2, Feb. 2003.
12.52 Zhou, F., and B. Young: “Design of Cold-Formed
Stainless Steel Sections with Single Web Subjected to
Web Crippling,” in Proceedings of the 17th International
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A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds. University of Missouri-
Rolla, Nov. 2004.
12.53 Young, B., and W. M. Lui: “Material Properties of Cold-
Formed High Strength Stainless Steel Tubular Sections,” in
Proceedings of the 17th International Specialty Conference
on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W.
W. Yu, Eds. University of Missouri-Rolla, Nov. 2004.
12.54 Zhou, F., and B. Young: “Tests of Cold-Formed Stainless
Steel Tubular Flexural Members,” Thin-Walled Structures,
vol. 43, no. 9, Sept. 2005.
12.55 Young, B., and W. M. Lui: “Behavior of Cold-Formed
High Strength Stainless Steel Sections,” Journal of Struc-
tural Engineering, ASCE , vol. 131, no. 11, Nov. 2005.
12.56 Zhou, F., and B. Young: “Cold-Formed Stainless Steel
Sections Subjected to Web Crippling,” Journal of Struc-
tural Engineering, ASCE , vol. 132, no. 1, Jan. 2006.
12.57 Young, B., and W. M. Lui: “Tests of Cold-Formed Stain-
less Steel Compression Members,” Thin-Walled Struc-
tures, vol. 44, no. 2, Feb. 2006.
12.58 Zhou, F., and B. Young: “Cold-Formed High Strength
Stainless Steel Tubular Sections Subjected to Web Crip-
pling,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE , vol. 133,
no. 3, Mar. 2007.
12.59 Zhou, F., and B. Young: “Experimental Investigation
of Cold-Formed High Strength Stainless Steel Tubular
Members Subjected to Combined Bending and Web Crip-
pling,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE , vol. 133,
no. 7, July 2007.
12.60 Feng, R., and B. Young: “Experimental Investigation
of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Tubular T-Joints,” Thin-
Walled Structures, vol. 46, no. 10, Oct. 2008.
12.61 Macdonald, M., J. Rhodes, and G. T. Taylor: “Mechan-
ical Properties of Stainless Steel Lipped Channels,” in
Proceedings of the 15th International Specialty Conference
on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W.
W. Yu, Eds. University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 2000.
12.62 Rhodes, J., M. Macdonald, and W. McNiff: “Buckling
of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Columns Under Concen-
tric and Eccentric Loading,” in Proceedings of the 15th
International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel
Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds. University
of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 2000.
12.63 Macdonald, M., and J. Rhodes: “Finite Element Modeling
of Stainless Steel Columns with Variation in Mechan-
ical Properties,” in Proceedings of the 16th International
Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,R.
A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds., University of Missouri-
Rolla, Oct. 2002.
12.64 Macdonald, M., and J. Rhodes: “Stainless Steel Stub
Columns Subjected to Combined Bending and Axial
Loading,” in Proceedings of the 17th International
Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,R.
A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds., University of Missouri-
Rolla, Nov. 2004.
12.65 Liang, A., G. J. van den Berg, and R. F. Laubscher:
“Distortional Buckling of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel
Compression Members,” in Proceedings of the 15th Inter-
national Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Struc-
tures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds., University of
Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 2000.
12.66 Oliphant, Q. C., G. J. van den Berg, and P. van Ponder:
“Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections for Type 304
and 3CR12 Stainless Steel Lipped Channels,” in Proceed-
ings of the 15th International Specialty Conference on
Cold-Formed Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W.
Yu, Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 2000.
12.67 Gardner, L., and D. A. Nethercot: “Tests on Stainless
Steel Structural Hollow Sections,” in Proceedings of the
Annual Technical Session and Meeting
, Structural Stability
Research
Council, Rolla, MO, 2003.
12.68
Gardner, L., D. A. Nethercot, and I. Estrada: “An Effi-
cient Method for Designing Stainless Steel Structures,” in
Proceedings of the Annual Technical Session and Meeting,
Structural Stability Research Council, Rolla, MO, 2003.
12.69 Gardner, L., and D. A. Nethercot: “Numerical Modeling
of Stainless Steel Structural Components: A Consistent
Approach,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol.
130, no. 10, Oct. 2004.
12.70 Gardner, L., A. Talja, and N. R. Baddoo: “Structural
Design of High-Strength Austenitic Stainless Steel,” Thin-
Walled Structures, vol. 44, no. 5, May 2006.
12.71 Ashraf, M., L. Gardner, and D. A. Nethercot: “Finite
Element Modeling of Stainless Steel Cross Sections,”
Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 44, no. 10, Oct. 2006.
12.72 Nethercot, D. A., L. Gardner, and M. Ashraf: “Improved
Design of Stainless Steel Structural Members,” in Steel—A
New and Traditional Material for Building, D. Dubina and
V. Ungureenu, Eds., Taylor & Francis, New York, 2006.
12.73 Lin, S. H., S. I. Yen and C. C. Weng: “Simplified Design
Approach for Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Compression
Members Subjected to Flexural Buckling,” Thin-Walled
Structures, vol. 43, no. 12, Dec. 2005.
12.74 Lin, S. H., C. L. Pan, and C. P. Yu: “Computed Flex-
ural Buckling Stress for Cold-Formed Stainless Steel
Columns,” in Proceedings of the 19th International
Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,R.
A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds., Missouri University of
Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, Oct. 2008.
12.75 Kiymaz, G.: “Strength and Stability Criteria for Thin-
Walled Stainless Steel Circular Hollow Section Members
under Bending,” Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 43, no. 10,
Oct. 2005.
12.76 Ellobody, E.: “Nonlinear Behavior of Concrete-Filled
Stainless Steel Stiffened Slender Tube Columns,” Thin-
Walled Structures, vol. 45, no. 3, Mar. 2007.
480 REFERENCES
12.77 Kim, T. S., and H. Kuwamura: “Finite Element Modeling
of Bolted Connections in Thin-Walled Stainless Steel
Plates under Static Shear,” Thin-Walled Structures, vol.
45, no. 4, Apr. 2007.
12.78 Australian/New Zealand Standard: Cold-Formed Stainless
Steel Structures, AS/NZS 4673:2001. Sydney, Australia.
12.79 Becque, J., and K. J. R. Rasmussen: “Experimental Inves-
tigation of the Interaction of Local and Overall Buckling
of Stainless Steel I-Columns,” Journal of Structural Engi-
neering, ASCE , vol. 135, no. 11, Nov. 2009.
12.80 Becque, J., and K. J. R. Rasmussen: “Numerical Investi-
gation of the Interaction of Local and Overall Buckling
of Stainless Steel I-Columns,” Journal of Structural Engi-
neering, ASCE , vol. 135, no. 11, Nov. 2009.
CHAPTER 13
13.1 American Iron and Steel Institute: North American Stan-
dard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing —General Provi-
sions, AISI S200-07, Washington, DC, 2007.
13.2 American Iron and Steel Institute: North American Stan-
dard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing —Product Standard,
AISI S201-07, Washington, DC, 2007.
13.3 American Iron and Steel Institute: North American Stan-
dard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing —Floor and Roof
System Design, AISI S210-07, Washington, DC, 2007.
13.4 American Iron and Steel Institute: North American Stan-
dard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing —Wall Stud Design,
AISI S211-07, Washington, DC, 2007.
13.5 American Iron and Steel Institute: North American Stan-
dard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing —Header Design,
AISI S212-07, Washington, DC, 2007.
13.6 American Iron and Steel Institute: North American Stan-
dard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing —Lateral Design,
AISI S213-07, Washington, DC, 2007.
13.7 American Iron and Steel Institute: North American Stan-
dard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing —Truss Design,AISI
S214-07, Washington, DC, 2007.
13.8 American Iron and Steel Institute: North American
Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing —Prescriptive
Method for One and Two Family Dwellings, AISI S230-07,
Washington, DC, 2007.
13.9 Bolte, W. G: “Behavior of Cold-Formed Steel Stud-to-
Track Connections,” thesis presented to the faculty of the
University of Missouri-Rolla in partial fulfillment for the
degree Master of Science, Rolla, MO, 2003.
13.10 Daudet, L. R.: “Recent Research on Stud/Track Connec-
tions,” Newsletter, Light Gauge Steel Engineers Associa-
tion, Washington, DC, Oct. 2001.
13.11 Elhajj, N. R., and LaBoube, R. A: “L-Header Testing,
Evaluation and Design Methodology,” in Proceedings
of the 15th International Specialty Conference on Cold-
Formed Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W.
Yu, Ed., Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Missouri-Rolla, 2000.
13.12 Fox, S. R., and Schuster, R.:“LateralStrengthof
Wind Load Bearing Wall Stud-to-Track Connections,” in
Proceedings of the 15th International Specialty Conference
on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W.
W. Yu, Ed., University of Missouri-Rolla, 2000.
13.13 Fox, S. R.: “The Strength of Stiffened CFS Floor Joist
Assemblies with Offset Loading,” American Iron and Steel
Institute, Washington, DC, 2003.
13.14 Fox, S. R.: “The Strength of CFS Floor Assemblies with
Clip Angle Bearing Stiffeners,” in Proceedings of the 18th
International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel
Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Ed., Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, 2006.
13.15 Gerloff, J. R., P. Huttelmaier, and P. W. Ford: “Cold-
Formed Steel Slip-Track Connection,” in Proceedings
of the 17th International Specialty Conference on Cold-
Formed Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu,
Ed., University of Missouri-Rolla, 2004.
13.16 Harper, M. M.: “Cold-Formed Steel in Residential
Trusses,” thesis presented to the faculty of the Univer-
sity of Missouri-Rolla in partial fulfillment for the degree
Master of Science, Rolla, MO, 1995.
13.17 Koka, E. N.: “Structural Behavior of Coped Web Elements
of Cold-Formed Steel Members,” thesis presented to the
faculty of the University of Missouri-Rolla in partial fulfill-
ment for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, Rolla, MO,
1997.
13.18 LaBoube, R. A.: “Strength of Single L-Headers,”
Summary Report, Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed
Steel Structures, Department of Civil Engineering, Univer-
sity of Missouri-Rolla, 2004.
13.19 Lee, Y. K.: “Analysis of Gypsum-Sheathed Cold-Formed
Steel Wall Stud Panels,” Engineering Report in partial
fulfillment of the degree Masters of Science, Department
of Civil Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
OR, 1995.
13.20 Lutz, D. G., and R. A. LaBoube: “Compression Behavior
of Thin Gusset Plates,” in Proceedings of the 17th Interna-
tional Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Struc-
tures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Ed., Department of
Civil Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, 2004.
13.21 Miller, T. H.: “Studies on the Behavior of Cold-Formed
Steel Wall Stud Assemblies,” Ph.D. Thesis, Department of
Civil Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1989.
13.22 Rieman, J. A.: “The Behavior of Compression Web
Members
in Cold-Formed
Steel Truss Assemblies,” thesis
presented University of Missouri-Rolla, in partial fulfill-
ment for the degree Master of Science, 1996.
13.23 Sokol, M. A., R. A. LaBoube, and W. W. Yu: “Determina-
tion of the Tensile and Shear Strengths of Screws and the
Effect of Screw Patterns on Cold-Formed Steel Connec-
tions,” Civil Engineering Study 98-3, Cold-Formed Steel
Series, Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures, Univer-
sity of Missouri-Rolla, 1999.
13.24 Stephens, S. F., and R. A. LaBoube: “Structural Behavior
of Cold-Formed Steel Header Beams for Residential
Construction,” in Proceedings of the 15th International
Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,
REFERENCES 481
R. A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds., Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, 2000.
13.25 Stephens, S. F.: “Behavior of Cold-Formed Steel Header
Beams,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Missouri-Rolla.
13.26 Winter, G.: “Lateral Bracing of Columns and Beams,”
Transactions, No. 125 , ASCE, Reston, VA, 1960.
13.27 Dolan, J. D.: “Monotonic and Cyclic Tests of Long Steel-
Frame Shear Walls with Openings,” Report No. TE-1999-
001, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, VA, 1999.
13.28 Dolan, J. D., and W. S. Easterling: “Monotonic and Cyclic
Tests of Light-Frame Shear Walls with Various Aspect
Ratios and Tie-Down Restraints,” Report No. TE-2000-
001, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blackburg, VA, 2000.
13.29 Dolan, J. D., and W. S. Easterling: “Effect of Anchorage
and Sheathing Configuration on the Cyclic Response of
Long Steel-Frame Shear Walls,” Report No. TE-2000-
002, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blackburg, VA, 2000.
13.30 Serrette, R. L.: “Light Gauge Steel Shear Walls —Recent
Test Results,” in Proceedings of the Third International
Conference on Steel and Aluminum Structures,A.Aalberg
and P. K. Larsen, Eds., MAS Printing Co., Instanbul,
Turkey, 1995.
13.31 Serrette, R. L.: “Shear Wall Values for Light Weight Steel
Framing,” Final Report, Santa Clara University, Santa
Clara, CA, 1996.
13.32 Serrette, R. L.: “Additional Shear Wall Values for Light
Weight Steel Framing,” Final Report, Santa Clara Univer-
sity, Santa Clara, CA, 1997.
13.33 Serrette, R. L.: “Peformance of Cold-Formed Steel-Framed
Shear Walls: Alternative Configurations,” Final Report,
LGSRG-06-02, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA,
2002.
13.34 LaBoube, R. A., and W. W. Yu: “Recent Research
and Developments in Cold-Formed Steel Framing,” Thin-
Walled Structures, vol. 32, nos. 1–3, 1998.
CHAPTER 14
14.1 Klippstein, K. H.: “Computer Program for the Design of
Light-Gage Steel Structures,” presented at the 1st Specialty
Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, University
of Missouri-Rolla, Aug. 1971.
14.2 Nicholls, J. I., and A. T. Merovich: “Minimum Cost
Design of Composite Floor Systems Using Cold-Formed
Steel Decking,” in Proceedings of the 1st Specialty Confer-
ence on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,W.W.YuEd.,
University of Missouri-Rolla, Aug. 1971.
14.3 Douty, D. T.: “Optimization of Light Gage Cold-Formed
Shapes by Parametric Bandwidth Constriction,” presented
at the National Symposium on Computerized Structural
Analysis and Design, George Washington University,
Washington, DC, Mar. 28, 1972.
14.4 Tezcan, S. S., K. M. Agrawal, and G. Kostro: “Finite
Element Analysis of Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells,”
Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE Proceedings, vol.
97, Jan. 1971.
14.5 Buker, P. S.: “Flexibility in Standardization,” Progressive
Architecture, Sept. 1961.
14.6 Seaburg, P. A.: “A Decision Table Formulation of the AISI
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Struc-
tural Members,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee, July 1971.
14.7 American Iron and Steel Institute: “Decision Tables for
Use with the August 19, 1986 Edition of the Specification
for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members,”
Report CF 88-1, Washington, DC, Oct. 1988.
14.8 Zuehlke, M. T.: “Computer-Aided Design of Cold-Formed
Steel Structural Members,” M.S. Thesis, University of
Missouri-Rolla, 1989.
14.9 Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures: “Cold-Formed
Steel Design Computer Programs,” University of
Missouri-Rolla, 1996.
14.10 Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures: CCFSS NEWS ,
vol. 9, no. 2, Feb. 1999, University of Missouri-Rolla.
14.11 Chen, H.: “Example Problems Based on the 1996 AISI
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Struc-
tural Members,” American Iron and Steel Institute, Wash-
ington, DC, 1999.
14.12 American Iron and Steel Institute, Design Flowchart for
Using the North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification
and the AISI Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual ,AISI
Design Tool, Washington, DC, 2008.
14.13 Cold-Formed Steel Engineers Institute, Cold-Formed Steel
Design Software, Tech Note G000-08, Washington, DC,
2008.
CHAPTER 15
15.1 Schafer, B. W.: “Elastic Buckling Stress and Cold-Formed
Steel Design,” CCFSS Technical Bulletin, vol. 7, no. 1,
Feb. 1998, University of Missouri-Rolla.
15.2 Schafer, B. W., and T. Pekoz: “Direct Strength Prediction
of Cold-Formed Steel Members Using Numerical Elastic
Buckling Solutions,” in Thin-Walled Structures: Research
and Development, N. E. Shanmugam, J. Y. R. Liew, and
V. Thevendran, Eds., Singapore, Elsevier, 1998.
15.3 Pekoz, T.: “Possible Future Developments in the Design
and Application of Cold-Formed Steel,” in Proceed-
ings of the Fourth International Conference on Steel
and Aluminum Structures, P. Makelainen, Ed., Helsinki
University of Technology, Finland, June 1999.
15.4 THIN-WALL, “Cross-Section Analysis, Finite Strip
Analysis, and Direct Strength Design of Thin-
Walled Structures,” University of Sydney, www.civil
.usyd.edu.au/case/thinwall.php.
15.5 Schafer, B. W.: “CUFSM User’s Manual,” Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, NY, 1998.
15.6 CUFSM, “Elastic Buckling Analysis of Thin-Walled
Members by Finite Strip Analysis,” www.ce.jhu.edu
/bschafer/cufsm.
15.7 RSG Software, Inc.: “CFS, V5.0,” Lee’s Summit, MO,
www.rsgsoftware.com.
482 REFERENCES
15.8 Davies, J. M., and P. Leach: “First-Order Generalized
Theory,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol.
31, nos. 2–3, 1994.
15.9 Davies, J. M., P. Leach, and D. Heinz: “Second-Order
Generalized Theory,” Journal of Constructional Steel
Research, vol. 31, nos. 2–3, 1994.
15.10 Silvestre, N., and D. Camotim: “First-Order Generalized
Theory for Arbitrary Orthotropic Materials,” Thin-Walled
Structures, vol. 40, 2002.
15.11 Silvestre, N., and D. Camotim: “Second-Order Generalized
Theory for Arbitrary Orthotropic Materials,” Thin-Walled
Structures, vol. 40, 2002.
15.12 Bebiano, R., N. Silvestre, and D. Camotim: “GBTUL—A
Code for the Buckling Analysis of Cold-Formed Steel
Members,” in Proceedings of the 19th International
Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, R.
A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds., Missouri University of
Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, Oct. 2008.
15.13 Schafer, B.W.: “Progress on the Direct Strength Method,”
in Proceedings of the 16th International Specialty Confer-
ence on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and
W. W. Yu, Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 2002.
15.14 Rusch, A., and J. Lindner: “Remarks to the Direct Strength
Method,” Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 39, no. 9, Sept.
2001.
15.15 Quispe, L., and G. J. Hancock: “Direct Strength Method
for the Design of Purlins,” in Proceedings of the 16th
International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel
Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds., University
of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 2002.
15.16 Schafer, B.W., and S. Adany: “Understanding and Clar-
ifying Local, Distortional and Global Bucking in Open
Thin-Walled Members,” in Annual Stability Conference
Proceedings, Structural Stability Research Council, Rolla,
MO, 2005.
15.17 Adany, S., and B. W. Schafer: “Bucking Mode Decom-
position of Single-Branched Open Cross-Section Members
via Finite Strip Method: Application and Examples,” Thin-
Walled Structures, vol. 44, no. 5, May 2006.
15.18 Schafer, B. W., and S. Adany: “Buckling Analysis of Cold-
Formed Steel Members using CUFSM: Conventional and
Constrained Finite Strip Methods,” in Proceedings of the
18th International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed
Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds.,
University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 2006.
15.19 Silvestre, N., R. Bebiano, and D. Camotim: “On the Distor-
tional Post-Buckling Asymmetry of Cold-Formed Steel
Channel Columns with Different Stiffener Configurations,”
in Annual Stability Conference Proceedings, Structural
Stability Research Council, Rolla, MO, 2005.
15.20 Silvestre, N., P. Dinis, and D. Camotim: “Direct Strength
Method for Lipped Channel Columns and Beams Affected
by Local-Plate/Distortional Interaction,” in Proceedings
of the 18th International Specialty Conference on Cold-
Formed Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu,
Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 2006.
15.21 Aziz, A., J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald, and D. Nash: “A
Detailed Examination of Interactive Buckling in Plain
Channel Sections,” in Proceedings of the 18th Interna-
tional Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Struc-
tures, R. A. LaBoube and W. W. Yu, Eds., University of
Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 2006.
15.22 Yap, D. C. Y., and G. J. Hancock: “Post-Buckling in the
Distortional Buckling Mode and Buckling Interaction of
Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Sections with Edge Stiffeners,”
in
Proceedings of the 18th International Specialty Confer-
ence
on Cold-Formed
Steel Structures, R. A. LaBoube and
W. W. Yu, Eds., University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 2006.
15.23 Chen, H., B. Schafer, and R. LaBoube: “Direct Strength
Method for Cold-Formed Steel,” Structure, Aug. 2007.
15.24 Schafer, B. W.: “Review: The Direct Strength Method
of Cold-Formed Steel Member Design,” Journal of
Construction Steel Research, vol. 64, nos. 7–8, July–Aug.
2008.
15.25 Pham, C. H., and G. J. Hancock: “Direct Strength Design
of Cold-Formed Purlins,” Journal of Structural Engi-
neering, ASCE, vol. 135, no. 3, Mar. 2009.
15.26 Batista, E. M.: “Local-Global Buckling Interaction Proce-
dures for the Design of Cold-Formed Columns: Effective
Width and Direct Method Integrated Approach,” Thin-
Walled Structures, vol. 47, no. 11, Nov. 2009.
15.27 Basaglia, C., D. Camotim, and N. Silvestre: “GBT-Based
Local, Distortional and Global Buckling Analysis of Thin-
Walled Steel Frames,” Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 47, no.
11, Nov. 2009.
APPENDIX A
A.1 American Iron and Steel Institute: “Sheet Steel—Carbon,
High Strength Low Alloy, and Alloy Coils and Cut
Lengths,” Steel Products Manual , Washington, DC, Oct.
1979.
A.2 American Society for Testing and Materials: “Stan-
dard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galva-
nized) or Zinc—Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by
the Hot-Dip Process,” ASTM Designation A653-97 West
Conshohocken, PA.,
A.3 Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures: CCFSS Tech-
nical Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 2, Aug. 1999, University of
Missouri-Rolla.
A.4 Steel Stud Manufacturers Association: Product Technical
Information, Chicago, IL.
A.5 Iron and Steel Society: “Sheet Steel—Carbon, High-
Strength Low-Alloy, Alloy, Uncoated, Metallic Coated,
Coil Coated, Coils, Cut Lengths, Corrugated Products,”
Steel Products Manual, Ann Arbor, MI, Sept. 1999.
APPENDIX B
B.1 American Institute of Steel Construction: “Torsional Anal-
ysis of Steel Members,” Chicago, IL, 1983.
B.2 Fang, P. J.: “Torsional-Flexural Buckling of Thin-Walled
Open Sections,” Report No. 320, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, 1965.
B.3 Gotluru, B. P., and T. Pekoz: “Torsion in Cold-Formed
Steel Beams,” Final Report, Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY, Feb. 1999.
INDEX
A
Abbreviations, 413
Acronyms, 413
AISI specification (S100):
allowable strength, 53
allowable strength design (ASD), 53
bolted connections, 281
bracing requirements for beams, 182
bracing requirements for columns, 209
closed cylindrical tubular members, 251
cold work of forming, 26, 37
combined axial load and bending, 223
compression members, 191
definitions of terms, 47, 397
design basis, 50
design strength, 55, 58
development of, 17
direct strength method, 371
effective design width, 62, 64, 75, 82, 92,
see also Effective design width
elements, 47, see also Effective design width
flexural members, 47
light-frame construction, 359
limit states design (LSD), 57
load and resistance factor design
(LRFD), 54
load factors, 51
loads, 53, 55, 58
materials, 27
nominal strength, 53, 56, 58
resistance factors, 51
roof systems, 340
safety factors, 51
screw connections, 293
second-order analysis, 248
special tests, 25
stiffeners:
bearing, 157
edge, 79, 82
intermediate, 86
shear, 158
tension members, 224
wall studs, 220, 321, 363
welded connections, 263
yield stress, 27, 33
Allowable loads:
bolted connections:
bearing, 283, 287
shear and tension in bolts, 288
spacing and edge distance, 282, 285
tension in connected part, 284, 286
thickness limitations, 285
closed cylindrical tubular members in
compression, 256
compression members, 191
screw c onnections:
shear, 293
tension, 294
tension members, 224
web design:
bearing stiffeners, 157
bending strength, 165
crippling strength, 168
shear strength, 159
welded connections:
arc seam welds, 269, 276
arc spot welds, 265, 272
fillet welds, 269, 276
flare groove welds, 270, 277
groove welds, 263, 272
thickness limitations, 271
483
484 INDEX
Allowable moments:
closed cylindrical tubular members, 257
flexural members, 97
Allowable strength design (ASD), 53
Appendices, 381
Applications, 2, see also Cold-formed Sections
Arch, 3
Area factor, Q
a
, 200
Aspect ratio, 59, 61, 71, 72, 76, 79
B
Beam-columns, 225
amplification factor, 226
coefficient C
m
, 227, 233
coefficient C
TF
, 230
critical moment, 230
design criteria, 232
design of, 235
flexural buckling, 225
flexural-torsional buckling, 227
interaction formulas, 225, 232
shapes:
doubly symmetric, 225, 235
singly symmetric, 227, 243
Beams, 97, see also Flexural members
Bending brake, see also Forming methods
Bending coefficient, C
b
, 125, 129
Bending strength,
combined with shear strength, 166
combined with web crippling, 175
inelastic reserve strength, 114
initiation of yielding, 98
Bend radius-to-thickness ratio, 37, 39
Bolted connections, see also Connections
Bolts:
high-strength, 282, 288
unfinished, 282, 288
Box sections, 97, 134, 150
Bracing members, 182
Bracing requirements for beams:
Continuous bracing, 189
I-sections, 189
C-sections, single channels, 182
Z-sections, 188
Bracing requirements for columns, 209
Bridge forms, 343, 348
Buckling:
distortional, 140, 142, 201, 204, see also compression
and flexural members,
of beam-columns:
flexural, 225
torsional, and flexural-torsional, 227
of compression members:
flexural, 192, 203
flexural-torsional, 194, 204, 206
torsional, 194, 204
lateral-tosional:
of box sections, 134
doubly symmetric sections, 123, 128
of I-beams and channels, 123
point symmetric sections, 128
singly symmetric sections, 123, 128
unbraced compression flanges, 135
of Z-shaped sections, 128
local:
closed cylindrical tubes, 252, 255
effect of, on column strength, 200
stiffened compression elements, 59
unstiffened compression elements, 75
of webs:
bending, combined bending and shear, 165, 166
combined web crippling and bending, 175
crippling, 168
shear, 159
Buckling coefficients, 60, 61, 71, 72, 75, 79, 81, 83, 89,
91, 143, 205
Building codes, 53, 55, 58
Buildings, industrialized housing, 8, 359
modular systems, 8
panelized systems, 8
standardized buildings, 8, 359
C
Channels, see also Cold-formed sections
Cold-formed sections:
advantages of, 1
applications of, 2
depth of, 2, 5, 6
design considerations of, 20
development of, 1, 17, 359
framing members, 2, 359
method of forming, 12
shapes:
angles, 3, 14, 48, 191, 195, 197, 362, 384
box sections, 2, 47, 49, 68, 74, 134, 150, 153, 235
C-sections, see also Channels
channel sections, 2, 14, 25, 47, 49, 77, 78, 81, 85,
93, 102, 128, 133, 140, 145, 148, 160, 173, 179,
182, 191, 195, 197, 204, 216, 218, 243, 320, 324,
362, 373, 379, 384, 388, 395