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McAllister E.W. Pipeline Rules of Thumb
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. - 632 p.
Книга на английском языке посвященная вопросам проектирования и эксплуатации трубопроводных систем для транспортирования нефти и газа.

Contents

GENERAL INFORMATION

Basic formulas
Mathematics - areas
Mathematics - surfaces and volumes

Cables and Ropes

Estimating strength of cable
Find the working strength of Manila rope
How large should drums and sheaves be for various types of wire rope?
Find advantages of block and tackle taking into account pull out friction
Safe loads for wire rope
Stress in guy wires
Strength and weight of popular wire rope
Measuring the diameter of wire rope
Wire rope: field troubles and their causes
Capacity of drums

Belts and Shafts

Determine length of a V-belt
Calculate stress in shaft key
Calculate V-belt length using simple equation
Estimate the horsepower that can be transmitted by a shaft

Miscellaneous

How to estimate length of material contained in roll
Convenient anti-freeze chart for winterizing cooling systems
How to determine glycol requirements to bring a system to a desired temperature protection level
Weight in pounds of round steel shafting
Properties of shafting
Tap drills and clearance drills for machine screws
Common nails
Drill sizes for pipe taps
Carbon steel - color and approximate temperature
Bolting dimensions for raised face weld neck flanges
Steel fitting dimensions
ANSI forged steel flanges
Color codes for locating underground utilities
Approximate angle of repose for sloping sides of excavations
Trench shoring - minimum requirements
Reuniting separated mercury in thermometers
Typical wire resistance
How to cut odd-angle long radius elbows
How to read land descriptions
Size an air receiver for engine starting
Wind chill chart

Pipeline Pigging

Sizing plates
Caliper pigging
Cleaning after construction
Flooding for hydrotest
Dewatering and drying
Estimate volume of onshore oil spill
Estimating spill volume on water

CONSTRUCTION

Project Scoping Data

Project scoping data worksheet for major facilities

Right-of-Way

How to determine the crop acreage included in a right-of-way strip
Clearing and grading right-of-way: labor/equipment considerations
Estimating manhours for removing trees
Estimating manhours for removing tree stumps
Clearing and grading right-of-way

Ditching

How many cubic yards of excavation in a mile of ditch?
Shrinkage and expansion of excavated and compacted soil
Ditching and trenching: labor/equipment considerations

Concrete Work

How to approximate sacks of cement needed to fill a form
What you should know about mixing and finishing concrete

Pipe Laying

How to determine the degrees of bend in a pipe that must fit a ditch calling for a bend in both horizontal and vertical planes
How to bend pipe to fit ditch - sags overbends and combination bends
Pipe bending computations made with hand-held calculator
Calculate maximum bend on cold pipe
Determine length of a pipe bend
Length of pipe in arc subtended by any angle
Average pipelay table - Underground
Average pipelay table - On supports
Allowable pipe span between supports
How engineers make pipe fit the ditch

Pipe Lowering

How to lower an existing pipeline that is still in service

Welding

When should steel be preheated before welding?
Welding and brazing temperatures
Mechanical properties of pipe welding rods
Lens shade selector

Pipeline Welding

How many welds will the average welder make per hour?
How much welding rod is required for a mile of schedule pipeline?
How many pounds of electrodes are required per weld on line pipe?
Welding criteria permit safe and effective pipeline repair
Cross country pipeline - vertical down electrode consumption pounds of electrode per joint
Guidelines for a successful directional crossing bid package

PIPE DESIGN

Steel pipe design
Properties of pipe
Length of pipe in bends
Calculation of pipe bends
Spacing of pipe supports
American standard taper pipe threads
British standard taper pipe threads
Normal engagement between male and female threads to make tight joints
Hand-held computer calculates pipe weight contents velocity
Formulas and constants of value in solving problems relating to tubular goods
How to calculate the contraction or expansion of a pipeline
Estimate weight of pipe in metric tons per kilometer
How to find pipe weight from outside diameter and wall thickness
What is the maximum allowable length of unsupported line pipe?
Identify the schedule number of pipe by direct measurement
Determine buoyancy of bare steel pipe
Determine buoyancy of bare and concrete coated steel pipe in water and mud
Weights of piping materials
Allowable working pressure for carbon steel pipe
Find the stress in pipe wall due to inteal pressure
How to calculate stress in above/below ground transition
How to identify the series number of flanged fittings
Dimensions of three-diameter ells with tangents
Polypipe design data

ELECTRICAL DESIGN

Electrical design
Hazardous locations
NEMA Enclosure Types
Size portable electric generators
Typical wattages for tools and applicances
Knockout dimensions
National Electrical Code Tables
Electrical formulas
Full load currents - single phase transformers
Full load currents - three phase transformers
Motor controller sizes
Voltage drop on circuits using V copper conductors in steel conduit
Determine the most economical size for electric power conductors
How to find the resistance and weight of copper wires
What you should remember about electrical formulas
How to calculate microwave hops on level ground
For quick determination of the horsepower per ampere for induction motors (2 phase) at different voltages
Chart gives electric motor horsepower for pumping units
Pumping stations

Floodlighting Concepts

Terms
Floodlighting calculations
Point-by-point method
Beam-lumen method
Design procedure
Conductor size coversion chart - Metric to AWG

HYDROSTATIC TESTING

Hydrostatic testing for pipelines

Appendix A

Volume of water required to fill test section
Volume required at test pressure

Appendix B

How to use charts for estimating the amount of pressure change for a change in test water temperature
Compressibility factor for water

: PIPELINE DRYING

Pipeline Dewatering Cleaning and Drying

Dewatering
Cleaning pipelines
Brush pig run with gas
Brush pig run with liquid
Inteal sand blasting
Chemical cleaning
Pipeline drying
Moisture content of air
Commissioning petrochemical pipelines
Vacuum drying

CONTROL VALVES

Control valve sizing formulas
Sizing control valves for thruput
Control valve selection

Relief Valve Sizing Selection Installation and Testing

Rupture disc sizing
Rupture disc sizing using the resistance to flow method (KR)
Variable orifice rotary control valves

Sizing Valves for Gas and Vapor

Basic valve flow-capacity coefficient (Cv)

CORROSION/COATINGS

Hand-held computer determines concrete coating thickness
NAPCA specifications
How much primer for a mile of pipe?
How much coal-tar enamel for a mile of pipe?
How much wrapping for a mile of pipe?
Estimating coating and wrapping materials required per mile of pipe
Coefficient of friction for pipe coating materials
Troubleshooting cathodic protection systems: Magnesium anode system
Cathodic protection for pipelines
Estimate the pounds of sacrificial anode material required for offshore pipelines
Comparison of other reference electrode potentials with that of copper-copper sulfate reference electrode at 25°C
Chart aids in calculating ground bed resistance and rectifier power cost
How can output of magnesium anodes be predicted?
How to determine the efficiency of a cathodic protection rectifier
How to calculate the voltage drop in ground bed cable quickly
What is the most economical size for a rectifier cable?
How to estimate the number of magnesium anodes required and their spacing for a bare line or for a corrosion hot spot
How can resistivity of fresh water be determined from chemical analysis?
What will be the resistance to earth of a single graphite anode?
How to estimate the monthly power bill for a cathodic protection rectifier
What will be the resistance to earth of a group of graphite anodes in terms of the resistance of a single anode?
How can the current output of magnesium rod used for the cathodic protection of heat exchanger shells be predicted?
What spacing for test leads to measure current on a pipeline?
How many magnesium anodes are needed for supplementary protection to a short-circuited bare casing?
Group installation of sacrificial anodes
How can the life of magnesium anodes be predicted?
How to find the voltage rating of a rectifier if it is to deliver a given amount of current through a given ground bed (graphite or carbon)
Determining current requirements for coated lines
Determining current requirements for coated lines when pipe-to-soil potential values are estimated
HVDC effects on pipelines
Troubleshooting cathodic protection systems: Rectifier ground bed
How to control corrosion at compressor stations
Project leak growth

Advances in Pipeline Protection

Methods of locating coating defects
Case histories
Estimate the number of squares of tape for pipe
coating (machine applied)
Estimate the amount of primer required for tape
Tape requirements for fittings

Induced AC Voltages on Pipelines May

Present a Serious Hazard

Measuring Unwanted Alteating Current in Pipe


Minimizing shock hazards on pipelines near HVAC lines

GAS - GENERAL

Know the gas laws
Calculate gas properties from a gas analysis
Physical properties of selected hydrocarbons and other chemicals and gases
Nomograph for calculating density and specific volume of gases and vapors

Considerations for Selecting Energy Measurement Equipment

Facts about methane and its behavior
Conversion table for pure methane
Categories of natural gas and reserves terminology
Glossary of common gas industry terms

Gas - Compression

Compressors
Performance calculations for reciprocating compressors
Estimating suction and discharge volume bottle sizes for pulsation control for reciprocating compressors
Compression horsepower determination
Generalized compressibility factor
Nomograph aids in diagnosing compressor cylinder ills

Centrifugal Compressor Data

Centrifugal compressor performance calculations
Nomographs for estimating compressor performance
Estimate hp required to compress natural gas
Estimate compressor hp where discharge pressure is psi
Calculate brake horsepower required to compress gas
How to find the size fuel gas line for a compressor station
Estimate engine cooling water requirements
Estimate fuel requirements for inteal combustion engines
Estimating fuel requirements for compressor installation

GAS - HYDRAULICS

Gas pipeline hydraulics calculations
Equivalent lengths for multiple lines based on Panhandle A
Determine pressure loss for a low-pressure gas system
Nomograph for determining pipe-equivalent factors
How much gas is contained in a given line section?
How to estimate equivalent length factors for gas lines
Estimating comparative capacities of gas pipelines
Determination of leakage from gas line using pressure drop method
A quick way to determine size of gas gathering lines
Energy conversion data for estimating
How to estimate time required to get a shut-in test on gas transmission lines and approximate a maximum acceptable pressure loss for new lines
How to determine the relationship of capacity increase to investment increase
Estimate pipe size requirements for increasing throughput volumes of natural gas
Calculate line loss using cross-sectional areas table when testing mains with air or gas
Flow of fuel gases in pipelines
Calculate the velocity of gas in a pipeline
Determining throat pressure in a blow-down system
Estimate the amount of gas blown off through a line puncture
A practical way to calculate gas flow for pipelines
How to calculate the weight of gas in a pipeline
Estimate average pressure in gas pipeline using up and downstream pressures
Chart for determining viscosity of natural gas
Flow of gas
Multi-phase flow
Nomograph for calculating Reynolds number for compressible flow friction factor for clean steel and wrought iron pipe

LIQUIDS - GENERAL

Determining the viscosity of crude
Chart gives API gravity of blends quickly
Liquid gravity and density conversion chart
Nomograph for calculating viscosities of liquid hydrocarbons at high pressure
Calculate viscosity of a blend
Calculate gravity of a blend
Convert viscosity units
Convert specific gravity to API gravity
Calculate bulk modulus
Viscosities of hydrocarbon liquids
Nomograph for calculating viscosity of slurries
Nomograph for calculating velocity of liquids in pipes
Nomograph for calculating velocity of compressible fluids in pipes
Nomograph for calculating velocity of liquids in pipes
Derivation of basic ultrasonic flow equations
How fast does oil move in a pipeline?
Estimate the volume of a pipeline per linear foot using the inside diameter
What is the linefill of a given pipe in barrels per mile?
Estimate leakage amount through small holes in a pipeline
Table gives velocity heads for various pipe diameters and different rates of discharge

LIQUIDS - HYDRAULICS

Marine Hose Data


CALM system
SALM system
Tandem system
Multi-point mooring system
Pressure loss in hose string
Pressure drop calculations for rubber hose
Examples of pressure drop calculations for rubber hose
Typical formulas used for calculating pressure drop and flow rates for pipelines
Hydraulic gradients
Equivalent lengths
Series systems
Looped systems
Calculate pressure loss in annular sections
Calculate pressure and temperature loss for viscous crudes ?cP
Determine batch injection rate as per enclosure

Pressure Loss through Valves and Fittings

Representative resistance coefficients (K) for valves and fittings
Nomograph for calculating Reynolds number for flow of liquids and friction factor for clean steel and wrought iron pipe
Nomograph for calculating pressure drop of liquids in lines for turbulent flow

Drag-Reducing Agents

The basics of drag reduction
How drag-reducing agents can outweigh looping or boosting
How active passive drag affect DRA injections
How to estimate the rate of liquid discharge from a pipe
Predict subsurface temperature ranges
Sizing pipelines for water flow
How approximate throughput of a line can be estimated from pipe size
Gauge liquid flow where no weir or meter is available
Estimate crude gathering line throughput for a given pipe diameter
How to determine head loss due to friction in ordinary iron pipeline carrying clear water
How to size lines estimate pressure drop and optimum station spacing for crude systems
Estimate the optimum working pressures in crude oil transmission lines
How to size crude and products lines for capacity increases
How to determine the maximum surge pressure in liquid-filled pipeline when a main valve is closed suddenly
What is the hydrostatic pressure due to a column of oil H feet in height?
Transient pressure analysis
Tank farm line sizing

PUMPS

Centrifugal pumps
Speed torque calculation

Pulsation Control for Reciprocating Pumps

Key Centrifugal Pump Parameters and How They Impact Your Applications - Part
Key Centrifugal Pump Parameters and How They Impact Your Applications - Part


Estimate the discharge of a centrifugal pump at various speeds
How to estimate the head for an average centrifugal pump
Find the capacity of reciprocating pump
How to estimate the horsepower required to pump at a given rate at a desired discharge pressure
Nomograph for determining reciprocating pump capacity
Nomograph for determining specific speed of pumps
Nomograph for determining horsepower requirement of pumps
How to select motors for field gathering pumps
Reciprocating pumps
Understanding the basics of rotary screw pumps

MEASUREMENT

Pipeline flow measurement - the new influences
Liquid measurement orifice plate flange taps
Mass measurement light hydrocarbons
Pipeline measurement of supercritical carbon dioxide

Gas Measurement

Master meter proving orifice meters in dense phase ethylene
Gas or vapor flow measurement - orifice plate flange taps
Properties of gas and vapors
Determine required orifice diameter for any required differential when the present orifice and differential are known in gas measurement
Estimate the temperature drop across a regulator
Estimate natural gas flow rates
How to estimate the average pressure differential on the remaining meter runs of a parallel system when one or more runs are shut off
Sizing a gas metering run
List of typical specifications for domestic and commercial natural gas
Determine the number of purges for sample cylinders
Find the British thermal units (Btu) when the specific gravity of a pipeline gas is known
Estimate for variations in measurement factors
Rules of measurement of gas by orifice meter
How to measure high pressure gas
Four ways to calculate orifice flow in field
Practical maintenance tips for positive displacement meters
Sizing headers for meter stations


INSTRUMENTATION

Types of control systems

Developments in Pipeline Instrumentation

Flow measurements
Proving devices
Valves
Acoustic line break detectors
Smart pressure sensors
Densitometers
Pipeline samplers
Pipeline monitoring systems
Computer systems
SCADA systems
Cathodic protection
System design guidelines
Future trends

Choosing the Right Technology for Integrated SCADA Communications

LEAK DETECTION

Pipeline Leak Detection Techniques


Causes and economic aspects of leaks
Simple leak detection systems
Pig-based monitoring systems
Computer-based monitoring systems
Pipeline leak phenomena
Background philosophy of pipeline modeling
Basic pipeline modeling equations
Impact of instrument accuracy
System design aspects and guidelines
Development of pipeline monitoring systems

TANKS

Charts give vapor loss from inteal floating-roof tanks
Estimating the contents of horizontal cylindrical tanks
How to gauge a horizontal cylindrical tank
Use nomograph to find tank capacity
Correct the volume of light fuels from actual temperature to a base of 600°F
Volume of liquid in vertical cylindrical tanks
Chart gives tank’s vapor formation rate
Hand-held calculator program simplifies dike computations

MAINTENANCE

How to Plan for Oil Pipeline Spills


Regulatory requirements
Contingency plan objectives
Related studies
Planning concepts
Contingency response
Immediate response
Immediate response actions
Flexible response actions
Training

ECONOMICS

Rule of thumb speeds payroll estimates
Rule of thumb estimates optimum time to keep construction equipment
How to estimate construction costs
Cost estimating strategies for pipelines stations terminals
Economics

Time Value of Money: Concepts and Formulas

Simple interest vs compound interest
Nominal interest rate vs effective annual interest rate
Present value of a single cash flow to be received in the future
Future value of a single investment
The importance of cash flow diagrams
Analyzing and valuing investments/projects with multiple or irregular cash flows
Perpetuities
Future value of a periodic series of investments
Annuities loans and leases
Gradients (payouts/payments with constant growth rates)
Analyzing complex investments and cash flow problems

Decision and Evaluation Criteria for Investments and Financial Projects

Payback method
Accounting rate of retu (ROR) method
Inteal rate of retu (IRR) method
Net present value (NPV) method

Sensitivity Analysis

Decision Tree Analysis of Investments and Financial Projects

Accounting Fundamentals


Estimate the cost of a pipeline in the US (based on data)
How to compare the cost of operating an engine on diesel and natural gas
How to estimate energy costs for different pipeline throughputs
Comparing fuel costs for diesel and electric prime movers
Nomograph for calculating scale-up of equipment or plant costs
Nomograph for calculating scale-up of tank costs
Nomograph for determining sum-of-years depreciation
Nomograph for estimating interest rate of retu on investment (profitability index)
Nomograph for determining break-even point
Chart gives unit cost per brake horsepower of reciprocating compressors with various types of prime movers
Chart shows influence on unit cost of numbers of reciprocating compressor units installed in one station
Chart gives unit cost per brake horsepower of centrifugal compressors with various types of prime movers

REHABILITATION - RISK EVALUATION

When does a pipeline need revalidation? The influence of defect growth rates and inspection criteria on an operator’s maintenance program
Pipeline risk management

CONVERSION FACTORS

Units of measurement from one system to another
Viscosity - equivalents of absolute viscosity
General liquid density nomograph
Chart gives specific gravity/temperature relationship for petroleum oils
Weight density and specific gravity of various liquids
Metric conversions - metric to English English to metric
Temperature conversion - centigrade to Fahrenheit Fahrenheit to centigrade
Viscosity - equivalents of kinematic viscosity
Viscosity - equivalents of kinematic and Saybolt Universal Viscosity
Viscosity - equivalents of kinematic and Saybolt Furol Viscosity at 122°F
Viscosity - general conversions
Pressure conversion chart
A simple method to determine square root
SI data
Energy conversion chart
Flow conversion chart
Conversions involving different types of fuel
Weight of water per cubic ft at various temperatures
Engineering constants
Mensuration units
Minutes to decimal hours conversion table
How to compare costs of gas and alteate fuels
Typical characteristics of fuel oils

Index
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