Безрученко В.Н., Xотян А.С. Электрические машины

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HbiX nOJIIOCOB?KaK onpe,lll'JIHTb HX nOJIlIpHoCTb?

II.

4TO TaKDe 30Ha KOMMyTaUHH, OT lJero OHa 3aBHCHT, lJeM· OrpaHH'IHBa-

eTClI?

12.

4TO TaKDe KpyroBoli orOHb; nO'ieMy OH MQ}KeTB03HHKHYTb; KaK npe,ll,-

OTBpaTHTb ero nOllBJIeHHe?

13.

KaK MOH<HOHaCTpOHTb,ll06aBOlJHble nOJIlOcbI? 410 xapaK1epH3yer IllH-

pHHa o6JIac1H 6e3bICKpOBOli pa60TbI?

---,

082

3t[,

••

nepBaJI YKa3blB8e'r nOpJl,llKOBblA HOMep 06MOTKH, 8 BTOpaH -

Ha1l8JIO (I) HJIH KOHeu

(2).

HanpHMep, HaliaRO BropO" napaR-

JIeJlbHO" 06MOTKH B036y)f(Jl.eHHfl6y.u.eT HMeTb 0OO3HalleHHe Ul21.

Ur/(R

(6.1)

r.u.e

conpOTHBJIeHHe 06MOTKH B036y)K.u.eHHH, a

nOCJIe.u.OBaTeJIbHOc HelO BKJIlOliaeMOro peryJIHpOBOliHoro pe-

3HCTopa.

MallIHH nOCJIe.u.OBaTeJIbHOrOB036Y)K.u.eHHfI

II'

Cor JIaCHO fOCT 2582-81, BbIBO.u.bIBcex OOMoToKMapKH-

PYIOTCfI cJle.u.YIOw.HM 00pa30M:

51I H 512 - HalIaJlO H KOHeu OOMOTKH flKOPfl;

CI H C2 - HallaJlO H KOHeu nOCJle.n.oBaTeJIbHOH(cepHec-

HOH) OOMOTKH B036Y)K.n.eHHfI;

IIIl

H 1112- HallaJlO H KOHeu napaJlJleJIbHOH (llIyHroBOH)

06MOTKH B036Y)K.u.eHHfI;

KI H K2 - HallaJIO H KOHeu KOMneHcaUHoHHoH 06MOTKH;

HI H H2 - HallaJlO H KOHeu OOMOTKH He3aBHCHMoro

B036Y)K.u.eHHfI;

H ,U2 - HallaJlO H KOHeu 06MOTKH .u.06aBollHbIx nOJlIO-

COB.

B03MO)KHbI CJIyllaH, Kor.n.a MallIHHa HMeeT HeCKOJlbKO OOMO-

TOK o.n.Horo HaHMeHOBaHHH. B 3TOM CJIyllae HX HallaJla H KOH.UbI

nOCJIe oyKBeHHbIX 0603HalleHHH ,llOJl1KHbI HMeTb ,llBe llH(j>PbI:

.74

XapaKTepHCTHKH reHeparopa npe,llCTaBJlflIOT COOO" rpa(j>H•

lIecKoe H306pa)KeHHe 3aBHcHMocTeH Me)K.u.y OCHOBHbIMH BMH-

lIHHaMH, onpe.n.eJIfllOw.HMH ero paooTy H cBOHcTBa. nO.u.po6HbIe

cxeMbI H 061>flCHeHHfI no npaKTHtIecKoMy CHHTHIO xapaKTe-

pHCTHK .n.aHbI B COOTBeTCTBylOIl{HX pyKoBo.u.cTBax HJlH yKa3a-

HHflX no BbIIlOJlHeHHIO JIa60paTopHbIx pa60T. ~.n.ecb paccMoTpHM

TOJlbKO BonpocbI npHHUHnHaJlbHOrO xapaKTepa.

OCHOBHbIMH xapaKTepHcTHKaMH reHepaTopoB nOCTOflHHoro

TOKa flBJlflIOTCfI xapaKTepHcTHKH XOJlOCTOrO xo.u.a, HarpY301l-

Hafl, BHellIHfIfi H perYJlHpOBoliHafi. Bce OHH npe.u.cTaBJlflIOT CO-

00" pa3JlHlIHble <PYHKUHOHaJlbHble 3aBHCHMOCTH npH O.u.HOM

o6w.eM yeJlOBHH: lIatToTa BpaIl{eHHfI reHepaTopa

const.

XapaKTepHCTHKa XOJIOCTorO xo~a.

Eno

3aBHCHMOCTb 3)lC

06MOTKH flKOpH npH pa30MKHyToH BHellIHeH uenH OT TOKa

B036y)K.u.eHUH, T. e.

(10)

npH

III

npH XOJlOCTOM

xo.u.e, Kor.u.a ue&f Harpy3KH pa30MKHyTa, HanpH)KeHHe Ha 3a-

)KHMaX reHeparopa' paBHo 3)lC, T. e.

cen<:D

= c:<:D

r.u.e

c:'= cen,

nOCKOJIbKY

const. 3HallHT, Hanpfl-

1KeHHe

3aBHCHT TOJlbKO OT MaruHTHoro nOTOKa

<:Do,

T. e. OT

TOKa B036y)K,lleHHH

n03TOMY xapaKTepHCTHKa

(10)'

npe.n.cTaBJIeHHafi KpHBOH

Ha pHC. 6.2,

aHaJlOrHtIHa

MarHHTHOH xapaKTepHcTHKe

<Do

(10)

Ha pHc.2.5.

.llJlfl CHHTHH xapaKTepHcTHK XOJlOCTOrOXO,llaBHallaJIe yCTa-

HaBJIHBaIOT TOK B030Y)K.u.eHHfI TaKHM,tIT06bI

(1,2-+-

1,25) U

HOM

3aTeM YMeHbllIalOT TOK

.u.0 HyJlH H BHOBb

YBeJIHlIHBaIOT .u.onepBOHatIaJIbHOrO aHatIeHHH. npH 3TOM nOJlY-

tIaIOTCH HHcxo.u.HIl{aH H BOCXO,llHIl{aH BeTBH xapaKTepHcTHKH, "'"

BbIXO,llHUI.HeH3 O.u.HOHTOtIKH. PaCXO)K.u.eHHe3THX BeTBeH 061>HC-

HHeTCH l:IaJlRtIReM rHCTepe3HCa (neTJlH rHcTepe3Hca) B l>j:aruHro-

npol3o,lle MallIHHbI.. npH

0 BOJlbTMeTp 3a<pnKcHpyeT «OCTa-

TOtIHoe» Hanpfl)KeHRe (HJlH 3)lC), paBHoe 1-3

l!HOM'~~

JIHtIRe

ocT

06'bHcHHeTCH OCTaTOllijbIM MarHeT~3M9M BCTa;iIH

nO.TJIOCOB.. _ . .

11m!

npaJ{THtI~KHXUeJIeH HCnOJIb3YeTCfI He TaIfJlH~H~H

BeTEb X8paKT.epHCTHKH, a cpe.n.HHH JlHHHH, npoBe.u.eHHast Me*~

-,lly HUMH. ITo HeM CY.u.HT0 cBOHCTBax MarHHTHOHuenH MaIlIHHbl,

CTCnem-l ee HaCbImeHHH, HeKOTopbIX TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHtIeCKRX

nOKa3aTeJIHX, KaK 06 3TOM y)Ke rOBOpHJlOCb B n. 2.3.

PHC.

6.1.

CxeMbl 9J1eKTpH'IeCKHXM8lIIHH nocrollHHoro TOK8 He38BHCHMO.

(a),

n8p8J1JIeJIbHOrO

(6),

nOCJIe.n.OB8TeJIbHOrO(8) H CMelII8HHoro

(e)

B036Y*,lleHKA

Bo BCeX MallIHHaX Ha B036y)K.u.eHHe pacxo.u.yeTCH OT 0,5

,ll0

HOMHHaJlbHOH MOIl{HOCTHMallIHHbI, npHtIeM nepBoe 3Ha-

lIeHHe OTHOCHTCHK OtIeHb MOIl{HbIM MallIHHaM, a BTopoe - K Ma-

llIHHaM MOIl{HOCTblO OKOJlO 1 KBT.

KaK BH.u.HOH3 pHC. 6.1, 3HatIeHHe TOKa B036y)K.u.eHHH

MallIHHbI He3aBHCHMoro B036y)K.u.eHHH He 3aBHCHT OT TOKa HKO-

pH H onpe.u.eJIHeTCH HanpHiKeHHeM HCTOtIHHKa nHTaHHH, npHtIeM

)lJIH peryJIHpOBaHHfI TOKa

nOCJle.n.OBaTeJIbHOB uenb 06MOTKH

B036y)K.u.eHHH BKJllOtIalOT pe3HCTOp.

MallIHHbI napaJlJleJIbHOrO B036Y)K.u.eHHH, COrJlaCHO3aKoHy

OMa,

u,=

••••

~+-

---

::s

IHDM

III

PHC. 6.2. XapaKTepHcTHKH reIJp.paTopa ue3aBHCHMoro B030YlK.AeHHII

HarpY30lfHaH xapaKTepHCTHKa.::no 3aBHCHMOCTb HanpH-

>KeHHH Ha BbIBO)lax HKOpH reHepaTopa OT TOKa B036y>K)leHHH

npH HeH3MeHHOM TOKe Harpy3KH, T. e.

(IB)

npH

cqnst (KpHBaH

Ha pHC.

6.2, a).

HanpH}KeHHe Ha 3a>KHMaX reHepaTopa Bcer)la MeHbUIe 3,UC

BCJIe)lCTBHe na)le~HH HanpH.H<.eHHHB HKOpHOR ueIIH H pa3Mar-

HHllHBalO~ero )leHCTBHSIpeaKUHH HKOP5J, n03ToMY HarpY30qHaH

~ xa~a,~!~HCTHKa pacnOJIaraeTCH HH.H<.eH npaBee xapaKTepHcTH-

KJi XOJIOCTOrO XO)la.

r ..

,UJIH CHHTHH)laHHOR xapaKTepHcTHKH reHepaTopy co06~alOT

HOMHHaJIbHYIO qaCTOTy BparueHHH, a 3aTeM, nOCTeneHHO BbIBO-

,nH peryJIHpOBOqHblR pe3HCTOp B uenH B036Y.H<..n:eHHH,no BbI-

UIalOT 3'uC)l0 3HaqeHHH, npeBbIUIalO~ero HOMHHaJIbHOe HanpH-

.H<.eHHeHa

10-15

DocJIe 3Toro BKJIlOqalOT Harpy3Ky H

yCTaHaBJIHBalOT HOMHHaJIbHbIR TQK B HeR. DPH HOMHH.aJIbHbIX

3HaqeHHHX TOKa H HanpH.H<.eHHH 3anHCblBalOT 3HaqeHHe TOKa

B036y.H<..n:eHHH.3aTeM C nOMo~blO peryJIlfpOBOQHOrO pe3HCTOpa

H3MeHHIOT TOK B036y.H<.)leHHH H 3anHCbIBalOT HecKOJIbKO nORa-

3aHHR aMnepMeTpa BuenH B036y.H<.)leHHH.

KaK BH)lHO H3 ,rpa<pHKa, HarpY30QHaH xapaKTepHCTHKa no-

A06Ha xapaKTepHcTHKe XOJIOCTOrO xO)la, nOToMy QTO nocJIe)l-

H~H HBJIHeTCHlJaCTHbIMCJIyqaeM HarpY30QHOR xapaKTepHCTHKH;

Kor.n:a TOK Harpy3KH paBeH HyJIIO.

3HaHHe HarpY30QHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK Heo6~o)lHMO AJIa

nocTpoeHHs .n:pymx xapaKTepHCTHK, B TOM QHCJIe.xapaKTe~

pHCTHK -TOPM03HblX pe>KHMOB JIOKOMOTHBOB; KOrJla ax ,nBltra-

TeJIH pa60TalOT B reHepaTopHOM pe1imMe.··· . .

BHeWHSUI xapaKTepaCTHKa •. ::no 3aBHCHMOCTb Hanj>H1KeHHH

u.aBbIBOAax HKOpH' reHepaTopa OT TOKa Harpy3KH

r(I

(pRC.

6.2, 6)

npu HeH3MeHHOM TOKe B036Y)K)l.eHHSI.

pe>KItMe

Harpy3KH, COrJIaCHO (B.lO),

E - /sR

r)le B )laHHOM

CJIYQae nO)l

CJIe)lyeT nOHHMaTb conpOTHBJIeHHe Bcex 06MO-

TOK, BKJIIOQeHHblX nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHOB uenb HKOpH, T. e. ca-

MOro JlK8PH, JlO(SaBOQHblXnOJlIOCOB H KOMneHCaUHOHHOA

o(s..

MOTKH•

KaK BH.!UIO, npH YBeJIHqeHHH TOKa Harpy3KH HanpH1KeHHe

YMeHbwaeTCH no )lByM npHqHHaM:

H3-3a na)leHHH Hanpa-

1KeHHH BO BHyTpeHHeM conpOTHBJIeHHH

MaUIHHbl H

H3-3a

YMeHbweHHH 3,UC

B pe3YJIbTaTe pa3MarHHQHBalO~ero ,neRcT-

BHH peaKII,HH HKOpH. ,UeRCTBHTeJIbHO,'

cen<I>,

HO nO)l

B03,neRcTBHeM peaKII,HH HKOpH MarHHTHIJfR nOTok

<I>

yMeHb-

waerCH (CM. n.

4.3).

DPH CHHTHH )laHHbIX AJIH nocTpoeHHH BHeUIHeR xapaKTe-

pHCTHKH reHepaTop Harpy.H<.alOT )loero HOMHHaJIbHOrO TOKa

II'IOM

npH HOMHHaJIbHOMHanpH}KeHHH. U

HOM'

a 3aTeM YMeHbUIaI01'

Harpy3Ky BnJIOTb )l0 HanpH2KeHHH XOJIOCTOrO XO)la

(npH

0).

O.n:HoBpeMeHHo onpe)leJIHIOT

U3MeHeHue HanpR:JICeHUJI,

(npH nepexo.n:e OT HOMHHaJIbHOR Harpy3KH K XOJIOCTOMyXO)ly)

B npOII,eHTaX

KOTopoe COCTaBJIHeT

5-15

PeryJIHpOBO'lHaH xapaJ<TepHCTHKa. ::no 3aBHCHMOCTb TOKa

B036y.H<.)leHHH OT TOKa Harpy3KH /

(Is)

npH

const

(pHC.

6.2,

8). OHa noKa3bIBaeT, KaKHM 06pa30M CJIe)lyeT pery-

JIHpOBaTb TOK B036y.H<.)leHHH, 'lT06bI nOJljlep.H<.aTbnOCTOHHHbIM

aanpH.H<.eHHe reHepaTOpa npH H3MeHeHHH Harpy3KH.

He06xo)lHMOCTb YBeJIHqeHHH TOKa B036y.H<.)leHHH)lJIH

nO)l-

,nep}KaHHH nOCTOHHCTBa HanpH}KeHHH npH pOCTe Harpy3KH

OqeBH)lHa: Hy.H<.HOYBeJIHqHTb MarHHTHbIU nOTOK

<1>,

T. e. 3,UC

QT06b1HanpH.H<.eHHeOCTaBaJIOCbBcer)la paBHbIM HOMHHaJIbHoMy.

PeryJIHpOBOQHylO xapaKTepHcTHKy, KaK H Bce .n:pyme,

MO.H<.HOCHHTb, c06paB cxeMy Ha PHC,

6.3.

DPH TOKe HKOpH

/JI

yCTaHaBJIHBalOT B II,enH B036y}K)leHHH TaKOR TOK

lBO'

npH KOTOpOM HanpH}KeHHe Ha BbIBO)laX reHepaTopa paBHO HO-

MItHaJIbHoMy. 3aTeM, YBeJIuqHBaH Harpy3Ky, nOBblwalOT TOK

B036Y}K)leHHSI,. coxpaHHH HanpH>KeHHe HeH3MeHHbIM.

6.3.

YcnOBHJI caMoBo36Y*AeHMJI reHepaTopo8

3JIeKTpRQeCKHe MaUIHHbI, 06M:OTKH B036y>K)leHHH KOTOpbIX

(~'OTJIRQlie OT lie3aBHCHMoro B036Y>K)leHHH) nHTalQTCH TOKOM

HKQPSlCaMoH MalliHHbI Herrocpe,lJ.CTBeHHo ItJIH Qepe3 npeo6pa-

30B8TeJIbHOe yCTpORCTBO (Cr C3B

169-75),

nOJIyqHJUi Ha3Ba·

HIf£.:Ma/UUHC caM08036jplCoeHueM.

Dpouecc caMoB036y.H<..n:eHHHreifepaTopoB napaJIJIeJIJ>Horo

H.cMewaHHoro· Bo36y.H<.)leHHR nponcxoAHT npM pa30MKlfYTOR

+!L.

" ~9'

'- A2 .

11._I,

PHC.

6.4.

I1JIJIIOCTpaUHlInpouerca

caMoBo36y~~eHHlI reHepaTopoB

napaJIJleJlbHOrO H CMelllaHHoro

B036y~~eHHH

PHC.

6.3.

CxeMa Mll CHlITHlIxa-

paKTepHCTHKreHepaTopa He3aBH-

CHMoro B036Y~AeHHlI

BHeIiIHert lI.enH 3a ClJeT OCTaTOlJHOrO MarHeTH3Ma B nOJIlocax

MalllHHbi. BJIarO,lI.apH OCTaTOlJHoMY MarHeTH3MY npH BpameHHH

HKOpH reHepaTopa B HeM B036Y>K,lI.aeTCHOCTaTOlJHaH3,UC

OCT

O,02+0,03E

HOM

.Uenb HKOpH B npoll.eCce 3anycKa 3aMKHyTa

Ha lI.enb B036Y>K,lI.eHHH, n03TOMY no,lI. ,lI.eHCTBHeM OCTaTOlJHOH

3,UC B03HHKaeT TOK B036Y>K,lI.eHHH

EOCTIR

, (6.3)

r,lI.e

conpOTHBJIeHHe 06MOTKH B036y>K,lI.eHHH.

3TOT TOK, npOTeKaH no 06MOTKe B036Y>K,lI.eHHH, yCHJIHBaeT

MafHHTHblH nOTOK nOJIIOCOB(npH yCJIOBHH cor JIaCHOrO BKJIlOlJe-

HHH 06MOTOK HKOpH H B036Y>K,lI.eHHH), KOTOpbIH HaBO,lI.HTCOOT-

BeTCTBYlOmylO 3,UC B 06MOTKe HKOpH.

C YBeJIHlJeHHeM 3,UC B03paCTalOT TOK B036Y>K,lI.eHHH H Mar

HHTHblH nOTOK nOJIIOCOB,lI.OyCTaHOBJIeHHH HOMHHaJIbHOrO TOKa

B lI.enH B036Y>K,lI.eHHH. npollecc YBeJIHlJeHHH TOKa B036Y>K,lI.eHH~

npeKpamaeTCH, KOf,lI.a HacTynaeT paBHOBeCHe na,lI.eHHH HanpH.~· ,,/

>KeHHH Ha o6MoTKe B036y>K,lI.eHHH H 3,UC Ha BbIBO,lI.aX reHepc:(-

Topa. I

npoll.ecc caMoBo36Y>K,lI.eHHH reHeparopa MO>KHO xapaKTe-

pH30BaTb 3aBHCHMOCTblO HanpH>KeHHH Ha 06MOTKe B036Y>K,lI.e-

HHH eT tOKa B036Y>K,lI.eHHH

(/0)

npH

const (KpH-

BaH

Ha pHC.

6.4).

3Ta KpHBaH eCTb xapaKTepHcTHKa XOJIOCTOrO

XO,lI.areHeparopa. npH npoTeKaHHH TOKa no 06MOTKe B036y>K-

,lI.eHHHHa HeHC03,lI.aeTCfI na,lI.eHHe HanpH>KeHHH

IBR.,

KOTopOe H306pa>KaerCH npHMoH

Ha pHC.

6.4

(na,lI.eHHeM Hanpfl-

>KeHHH BlI.enH SlKOpH MO>KHO npeHe6pelJb, TaK KaK"OOnpOTHBJIe-

HHe HKOpH

3HalJHTeJIbHO MeHbwe conpoTMBJIeHHH

06MOT-

KH B036Y>K,lI.eHHSI).

TOlJKe

nepecelJeHHH J1H1Udi

J "

npoll.ecc caMoB036y>K"

.neRH" npeKpa1UaeTC~. nOCKonbKY naJleHHe HanpH>KeHHH

Ha o6MoTKe B036Y>K,lI.eHHH ypaBHoBelllHBaeTCH 3,UC,

HaBO,lI.HMOHB o6MoTKe SlKOpH, T. e.

loRD

Eo.

3TOM

cnylJae B o6MoTKe B036Y>K,lI.eHHH yCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH nocToHHHbIH

TOK, KOTOpOMy npH

COOTBeTCTByeT nOCTOHHHoe HanpH-

>KeHMe Ha 3a>KHMaX reHepaTOpa. ,

npoll.ecc caMoBo36Y>K,lI.eHHH reHepaTOpa MO>KeT 3

aKaHlJH-

BaTbCH H npH ,lI.pyrux nOJIO>KeHHHX TOlJKH

Ha KpHBOH

novo

nO>KeHHe 3TOH TOlJKH onpe,lI.eJIHeTCH yrJIOM HaKJIOHa

npHMoH

KOCH a6ClI.HCC, KOTOpblH 3aBHCHT OT conpOTHBJIeHHH

06MOTKH B036Y>K,lI.eHHH. lleM MeHbllle3TO conpOTHBJIeHHe, TeM

npH OOJIbllleM HanpH>KeHHH 3aKaHlJHBaeTCH npOll.ecc. caMOB03-

6Y>K,lI.eHHH (TOlJKa

Ha KpHBOH

H Hao6opoT (TOlJKa

KpHBOH

1).

113 rpa<pHKa BH,lI.HO, lJTO, COrJIaCHO 3aKoHy OMa,

COnpOTHBJIeHHe

npOnOpll.HOHaJIbHO tg

EcnH YBeJIHlJHBaTb

TO YBeJIHlJHTCH yrOJI

a TOlJKa

6YJleT CKOJIb3HTb no xapaKTepHCTHKe XOJIOCTOrOxo,na B HanpaB-

neHHH K HalJaJIY KOOp,lI.HHaT. npH HeKOTopOM conpOTHBJIeHHH

KOTopoe Ha3b1BaeTCH

KpumUIl£CKU.M,

npHMaSi

CTaHeT

K;;;~eJIbHOH K HalJaJIbHOH traCTH KpHBOH

(TOlJKa

d").

npH

9TOM yCJIOBHH reHepaTOp He B036y>KJlaeTCH.

~t~~

6.••.

reHepaTOp napannenltHOrO B036YHCAeHHSI

XapaxmepucmuKy XO./COCmo20xooa

3Toro reHepaTopa caH-

MalOT onbITHbIM nyTeM TaK >Ke, KaK H reHepaTopa He3aBHCHMoro

"\Vr~,)

Bo36Y>K,lI.eHHH.lnoCKOJIbKY npH XOJIOCTOMXO,lI.ereHepaTopa na-

paJIJIeJIbHOrO B036y>K,lI.eHHH B o6MoTKe B036Y>K,lI.eHHSIH B HKope

'). npoTeKalOT O,lI.HHaKOBble TOKH, T. e.

aID OObItIHO He

V"'/

npeBbIlliaeT

1-3

HOMHHaJIbHOrO TOKa reHepaTopa, naJ:leHHe

~"V/"''I.

HanpH>KemUI B lI.enH HKOpH H peaKlI.HH HKOpH He3HalJHTeJIbHbI ••

\ n03TOMY xapaKTepHCTHKa XOJIOCTOrO XOJla reHepaTopa napaJI;

neJIbHOrO B036Y>K,lI.eHHHnpaKTHlJeCKH COBna,lI.aeTC aHaJIOrHlJHOH

xapaKTepHcTHKOH TaKoro >Ke reHepaTopa He3aBliCHMoro Boa-

6y>K,lI.eHHH (KpHBaH

Ha pHC.

6.2, a)~

HazPY30ltHWl

xapaKmepUCmUKa

reHepaTopa napaJIJIeJIbHOrO

B036y>KJ:leHHH HMeeT TaKOH >Ke BH,lI., KaK H reHepaTopa He3aBH-

CHMoro B036y>K,lI.eHHH (KpHBaH

Ha pHC.

6.2, a)..

BHeUlHMl

xapaKmepUCmuKa

reHepaTopa napaJIJIeJIbHOrO

B036Y>K,lI.eHHH (KpHBaH

Ha pH~.

6.5),

nOKa3b1BalOllI.aH 3aBHCH-

MOCTb HanpH>KeHHH Ha ero 3a>KHMaX OTTOKa Harpy3KH

f (/)

npH nOCTOHHHbIX lJaCTOTe BpameHHH HKOpH

const)

H conpOTHBJIeHHH 06MOTKH B036y>K,lI.eHHH

const),

OTnH-

qaeTCH OT aHanOrHlJHOH xapaKTepHcTHKH reHepaTopa He3aBH-

CHMoro B036y>K)J.eHHH (KpHBaH

Ha pHC.

6.5).

061>HCHHeTCH

9TOTeM,

qto

K .nBYM npHqHH8M,

Bbl3BaBWHM YMeHbWeHHe Ha-

npH)KeHHH y reHepaTOpa He3a-

BHCHMoro B036y)K.neHHH, 3.necb

.n06aBJHleTcH TpeTbH: YMeHbwe-

HHe TOKa B036y)K.n.eHHH, KOTa-

pblii cor JIaCHOBblpa)KeHHIO

(6.1)

3aBHCHT OT CHH)KalOw.erOCH B

pe3YJIbTaTe nepBblx .nByx npH-

tIHH HanpH)KeHHH. n03TOMY y

reHepaTopa napaJIJIeJIbHOrO B03-

·6y)K.n.eHHH HanpH)KeHHe npH

yBeJIHtIeHHH Harpy3KH yMeHb-

waeTCH 60JIee HHTeHCHBHOH npH

npOtIHX paBHblx yCJIOBHHX o.n-

HOMy H TOMy )Ke HOMHHaJIbHoMY TOKy

HOM

COOTBeTcTBylOT pa3-

Hble 3HatIeHHH HOMHHaJIbHbIX HanpH)KeHHii (CM. pHC.

6.5).

PaccMoTpeHHe BHeWHeii XapaKTepHCTHKH (KpHBaH

pHC.

6.5)

nOKa3b1BaeT, tITO yCToiitIHBaH pa60Ta reHepaTopa

B03MO)KHa TOJIbKO Ha sepxHeii

(a)

BeTBH xapaKTepHCTHKH. npH

.n.OCTH)KeHHHTOKa B Harpy3Ke, paBHoro

lip,

reHepaTop nepexo-

.nHT Ha HH)KHIOIO

(6)

BeTBb xapaKTepHcTHKH, r.n.e ero pa60T3

CT,B.HOBHTCHHeycTOiitIHBOii. MOW.HOCTb reHepaTopa npH 3TOM

YMeHbwaeTCH H .n.OXO.n.HT.n.o HyJIH B pe)KHMe KopOTKoro 3aMbI-

K8HHH. TOK KopOTKoro 3aMblKaHHH B 3TOM CJIyllae 6y.n.eT Ma-

JIblM, liTO 06yCJIOBJIeHO MaJIOCTblOOCTaTOtIHOii

3JJ.C

reHepaTopa.

TaKoif BH.n.xapaKTepHCTHKH 06'bHCHHeTCH TeM, qTO C yBe-

JIHtIeHHeM TOKa yCHJIHBaeTCH pa3MarHHIIHBaHHe reHepaTopa

peaKUHeii HKOpH, YMeHbwalOTCH TOK B036Y*.D.eHHH H MarHHTHbIii

nOTOK, MawHHa nepexo.n.HT B HeHacblw.eHHoe COCTOHHHe, npn

l<:OTOpOM.n.a)KeHe60JIbWOe YMeHbweHHe COnpOTHBJIeHHH Harpy3-

Bbl3b1BaeT pe3Koe YMeHbweHHe3JJ.C MawHHbI (CM.pHC.

6.4).

TOK Harpy3KH

Ur/R

n03ToMY npH

1< IIIP,

Kor.n.a

HanpH)KeHHe reHepaTopa YMeH6fl1aeTcH Me.n.JIeHHee, tIeM y6b1-

BaeT conpOTHBJIeHHe

npoHcxo.n.HT B03pacTaHHe TOKa Ha-

rpy3KH. nOcJIe TOro KaK

lip ~ (2+2,5)

HOM,

.n.aJIbHeiiwee

YMeHbweHHe

cOnpOBO)K.n.aeTcH YMeHbweHHeM TOKa

TaK

KaK B 3TOM CJIytIae HanpH)KeHHe

y6bIBaeT 6b1CTpee, tIeM

YMeHbwaeTCH conpOTHBJIeHHe

•

TOK KopoTKoro 3aMblKaHHH

III

He TOJIbKO MeHbwe

IIIP'

HOM'

113 3Toro, o.n.HaKO, He CJIe.n.yeT, tITO reHepaTOp na-

paJIJIeJIbHOrO B036y)K.n.eHHH He 60HTCH KOpOTKHX 3aMbIKaHHii.

TOK

1/1

Ha pHC.

6.5

nOJIylleH B pe3YJIbTaTe nOCTeneHHoro yMeHb-

weHHH 3HatIeHHH

•

DPH BHe3anHOM KOpOTKOM 3aMbIKaHHH

MarHHTHan CHCTeMa reHepaTopa He·ycneBaer pasMarHHTHTbCft

PRC. 6.5. BHeulHRe xapaKTepHC-

TRKH reHepaTopoB napannenbHO-

fO (/) H He3aBHCHMoro

(2)

B03-

6y}KJleHHH

(H3MeHeHHe MarHHTHoto nOTOKa CYIIJ.ecTBeHHO 3ana3)l.blBaeT

B CpaBHeHHH C H3MeHeHHeM TOKa) H TOK

III

.n.OCTHraeTonacHblx

3HatIeHHii; npouecc H3MeHeHHH HanpH)KeHHH 6y.n.eT npH 3TOM

xapaKTepH30BaTbCH KpHBOit

Ha pHC.

6.5,

III

(8+12) I

ROM"

OrpoMHblH TOK Bbl30BeT, COrJIaCHO Bblpa)KeHHIO

(3.29),

3Ha-

tIHTeJIbHbIii TOpM03HOii MOMeHT H B pe3YJIbTaTe HCKa)KalOw.ero

.neiicTBHH peaKUHH HKOpH cyw.ecTBeHHoe nOBblweHHe Me)KJIa-

MeJIbHOrO HanpH)KeHHH (CM. n.

4.4),

KOTOpoe MO)KeT HBHTbCH

npHtIHHOH B03HHKHOBeHHH KpyroBoro orHH.

HOMHHaJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe I;ianpH)KeHHH

(6.2)

Y reHepaTopa

napaJIJIeJIbHOrO B036y)K.n.eHHH COCTaBJIHeT

10+30

I1Hor.na,

tIT06b1 YMeHbwHTb 3TO 3HalleHHe, Ha nOJllOCax YCTaHaBJIHBalOT

He60JIbwylO

(2-3

BHTKa) nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHYIO06MOTKy B036Y)K-

,neHHH, KOTopaH C pOCTOM Harpy3KH YBeJIHIIHBaeT MarHHTHblH

nOTOK.

V\.~.

~teir:

6.5.

reHepaTop

nocneAoBaTen"H~ro

B03«5YHCAeHNJI

3TOM reHepaTope (CM. pHC.

6.1,

8) TOK B036y)K.n.eHHH paBeH

TOKy B HKope, T. e. TOKy Harpy3KH

Iill

H n03TOMY

npH nOCTOHHHOH tIaCTOTe Bpaw.eHHH HMelOTCH TOJIbKO .n.Be He-

3aBHCHMbIe nepeMeHHble: HanpH)KeHHe

H TOK

CJIe-

.n.OBaTeJIbHO, TaKoii reHepaTOp HMeeT -TOJIbKO O.n.Hy xapaKTe-

pHCTHKy -

8fleUl1U01O

(I) .•

Ee BH.n.MO)KeT 6bITb 06'bHc-

HeH HCXO.n.H H3 CJIe.n.YIOw.HX co06pa:>KeHHH. DPH

const

HanpH)KeHHe

c:<D -

I s.Rg.

ECJIH 6b1 B reHepaTope nOCJIe-

.nOBaTeJIbHOrO B036y)K.n.eHHH He 6b1JIO HH pa3MarHHtIHBalOw.ero

.n.eiicTBHH peaKUHH HKOpH, YMeHbwalOw.ero nOTOK

<1>,

HH qane-

HHH HanpH)KeHHH B HKOpHOH uenH

gR,!,

TO npH yBeJIHtIeHHH

- TOKa Harpy3KH

MarHHTHblii nOTOK H3MeHHJICH 6b1 COrJIaCHO

MarHHTHoii xapaKTepHCTHKe, H HanpH)KeHHe B TOtIHOCTH COOT-

BeTCTBOBaJIO 6b1 xapaKTepHCTHKe 'XOJIOCTOrO xo.n.a (KpHBaH

Ha pHC.

6.2). B

.n.eiicTBHTeJIbHOCTH cyw.eCTByeT H pa3MarHHtIH-

BalOw.ee .n.eiicTBHe peaKUHH HKOpH, H na.n.eHHe HanpH)KeHHH,

KOTopble YMeHbwalOT HanpH)KeHHe

n03TOMY BHellIHHH xa-

paKTepHcTHKa XOTb H no.n.06Ha KpHBOii

Ha pHC.

6.2,

HO npo-

".n.eT HH)Ke ee, npIilleM pa3HHua Me)K.n.y HHMH 6y.n.eT yBeJIHIIH-

BaTbCH CpOCTOMTOKa Harpy3KH, Kor.n.a CTaJIb HaCblTHTCHH POCT

MarHHTHoro nOTOKa 3aMe.n.JIHTCH, a peaKUHH HKOpH H na.n.eHHe

HanpH)KeHHH 6y.n.yT npo.n.OJI)KaTb paCTH CTOKOM

HanpH)KeHHe

MO)KeT .n.a)Ke HeCKOJIbKO YMeHbwHTbCH: BHewHHH xapaKTepHC-

THKe CTaHOBHTCH cJIa60 cna.n.alOw.eii.

• nOCKOollbKY HanpH)KeHHe

CHJIbHO H3MeHHeTCH npH H3Me-

HeHHH Harpy3KH, a npH XOJIOCTOMxOAe OHO 6JIu:3l<:0 K HyJIIO,

,.e--'

;