Creighton J. Britannia. The creation of a Roman province
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BRITANNIA
BRITANNIA
The creation of a Roman province
John Creighton
First published 2006
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2006 John Creighton
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN10: 0–415–33313–X
ISBN13: 978–0–415–33313–9
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.
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FOR MY FATHER, ANDREW CREIGHTON
CONTENTS
List of fi gures viii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements x
Abbreviations xi
Note on translations used xii
Introduction: writing history 1
1 Friendly kings and governors 14
2 The trappings of power 35
3 Force, violence and the conquest 46
4 The idea of the town 70
5 The creation of the familiar 93
6 The creation of order 108
7 The memory of kings 123
Conclusion 157
References 162
Index 174
vii
FIGURES
viii
1.1 Conquests, friendly kingdoms and provinces 18
1.2 Late Iron Age and Early Roman rulers in southeast Britain 23
1.3 Changes in imagery on British Iron Age coin 26
2.1 Representation of regalia on the coinage of friendly kingdoms 38
2.2 Bust identifi ed as Gaius, found near Colchester in the
nineteenth century 39
2.3 Coins of Cunobelin and Victory on chairs 40
2.4 Silver medallion of Augustus from the Lexden tumulus, Colchester 42
2.5 The Winchester hoard 43
2.6 Two children on the Ara Pacis wearing torcs 44
3.1 The 1961–9 excavations at Fishbourne 56
3.2 Fishbourne as envisaged before and after the conquest 60
3.3 The fort in the Gosbecks area at Camulodunum 62
3.4 The basilica excavations at Silchester 66
4.1 The construction of the buildings of Insula XIV at Verulamium 74
4.2 The layout of the legionary fort at Caerleon 90
4.3 The plan of Waldgirmes 92
5.1 The development of Roman London, c.AD 55 and 95 103
5.2 The development of Roman London, c.AD 130 104
6.1 The development of Colchester 114
6.2 The development of Wroxeter 118
7.1 The development of Verulamium 126
7.2 The monuments at Gosbecks in relation to the Stanway and
Lexden burials 134
7.3 The epigraphy found at the forum in Silchester 137
7.4 The possible development of Silchester 139
7.5 The plan of Caistor St Edmund in relation to the temple enclosure 143
7.6 The plan of the centre of Canterbury 146
7.7 The location of Cirencester in relation to Tar Barrows Hill 147
7.8 The Flavian mosaic in room N7 from Fishbourne 153
7.9 Impression of the pre-funerary rites in the mortuary chamber
at Folly Lane 156
PREFACE
ix
Yet another book on Roman Britain perhaps deserves some explanation.
One of the problems in the way the discipline of archaeology is usually
studied and taught is that chronological boundary areas between two period
specialisms often get neglected. Romanists illuminated with classical sources
avoid the darkness of prehistory; while many prehistorians blanch at the
scale of the material culture that the classical period throws up, let alone the
texts. Sometimes this division is encapsulated in some Iron Age specialists
saying that they ‘hate the Romans’. It is a curiously emotive response, though
I suppose the invading legions did rudely end their period of study. The frus-
trating thing is that in order to appreciate fully the transformation, a work
is needed which crosses that divide of prehistory and classical world. This
book attempts to do that. It comes fi rmly from the conviction that Early
Roman Britain cannot possibly be understood without a thorough grounding
in what was happening in Britain in the century before. This work is in many
ways a successor volume to Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain (Creighton
2000). In it I focused upon coinage; but I was very aware of all the other
material culture and settlement evidence that could be brought into a debate
about changing power relations. Also, while I felt that book had highlighted
much of the contribution of Rome to the Late Iron Age, I had not followed
the story through to show the legacy of that period as the new province was
created. That is what I have taken the opportunity to do here. The book
shamelessly plays around with ideas, and it is a tribute to the generations of
scholars beforehand that they have created such a rich playing fi eld within
which to do so.
John Creighton
Reading
February 2005