Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
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11
the acquis. The negotia-
tions can be conclude
d
even if the acquis has not
b
een full
y
trans
p
osed, as
transitional arrangements
can be applied after ac-
cession.
The ne
g
otiations
p
ro
p
e
r
take the form of bilateral
Intergovernmental Con-
ferences (European Un-
ion/a
pp
licant countr
y)
,
b
rin
g
in
g
the ministers
to
g
ether ever
y
six months
and the ambassadors
every month. The com-
mon negotiating posi-
tions have been define
d
by
the Commission fo
r
each of the chapters re-
latin
g
to matters of
Communit
y
com
p
etence
and approved unani-
mousl
y
b
y
the Council.
The results of the nego-
tiations are incor
p
orate
d
in a draft accession
treaty. This must be ap-
proved by the Union and
ratified b
y
the Membe
r
States and the a
pp
lican
t
countries.
At the Copenhagen Euro-
p
ean Council
(
12 and 13
December 2002
)
, the
Commission conclude
d
the ne
g
otiations with 10
a
pp
licant countries: the
Czech Republic, Cyprus,
Estonia, Hungary, Lat-
via, Lithuania, Malta,
Poland, Slovakia an
d
Slovenia, thus enablin
g
them to
j
oin the Union
on 1 May 2004. As far as
Bul
g
aria and Romania
are concerned, the goal is
to conclude ne
g
otiations
in time for them to
j
oin
in 2007. The
p
ossibilit
y
of opening negotiations
-
. ; -
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12
with Turkey will be ex-
amined in Decembe
r
2004.
$ ,
2007
. 6) -
<
2004 .
#$ #-
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>
1
2004 . #
. `
{
B
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2004 .
Accession of new
Member States to the
European Union
Accession of new Mem-
ber States to the Euro-
p
ean Union is
p
rovide
d
for in Article 49
(
forme
r
Article O
)
of the EU
Treat
y
. The Council
must a
g
ree unanimousl
y
to open negotiations, af-
ter consulting the Com-
mission and receivin
g
the assent of the Euro-
p
ean Parliament. The
conditions of admission,
an
y
transition
p
eriods
and ad
j
ustments to the
Treaties on which the
Union is founded mus
t
b
e the sub
j
ect of an
a
g
reement between the
applicant country and the
Member State. To ente
r
into force, the agreement
re
q
uires ratification b
y
all the contractin
g
States
in accordance with thei
r
res
p
ective constitutional
requirements.
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.
13
Accession partnership
The accession partner-
shi
p
s concluded b
y
the
Council in 1998 with
each of the a
pp
lican
t
countries (with the ex-
ception of Cyprus, Malta
and Turkey), bring to-
g
ether in one documen
t
the aid
p
rovided b
y
the
Euro
p
ean Communit
y
to
each a
pp
licant countr
y
and set priorities for each
sector in trans
p
osin
g
Community law (the ac-
quis).
Followin
g
the accession
partnership, each country
drew up a detailed pro-
g
ramme for the ado
p
tion
of the Community acquis
so as to organise the im-
p
lementation of these
priorities, committing it-
self to a timetable an
d
indicating the human and
financial resources needed
to achieve it. These pro-
grammes and the acces-
sion
p
artnershi
p
s are
adjusted over time by the
Commission and the
country concerned.
The accession partner-
shi
p
s have served as a
support for other pre-
accession instruments,
including the joint as-
sessment of medium-
term economic
p
olic
y
priorities, the pact on or-
ganised crime, the na-
tional development plans
and other sectoral pro-
g
rammes necessar
y
fo
r
participation in the Struc-
tural Funds after acces-
sion and for the imple-
mentation of ISPA (Instru-
ment for Structural Poli-
cies for Pre-Accession)
*
' , -
B 1998 .
%--
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, 6) <-
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14
and SAPARD
(
S
p
ecial
Accession Programme for
A
g
riculture and Rural
Development). They have
also been the startin
g
p
oint for the develo
p
men
t
of action plans to improve
administrative and judicial
ca
p
acities in the a
pp
lican
t
countries.
)) -
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-.
Access to documents
See Transparancy (ac-
cess to documents)
< <
Animal welfare
The
q
uestion of animal
welfare was first ad-
dressed in a declaration
attached to the EC Treaty
on the occasion of the
1991-92 Intergovern-
mental Conference on
political union.
In its «Protocol on pro-
tection and welfare of
animals», the Amster-
dam Treat
y
la
y
s down
new rules for EU action
in this area. It recognises
that animals are sentien
t
b
ein
g
s and obli
g
es the
Euro
p
ean institutions to
p
a
y
full re
g
ard to the
welfare re
q
uirements of
animals when formulat-
in
g
and im
p
lementin
g
Community policies.
Community legislation in
the field of animal wel-
fare aims to save animals
from any unnecessary
=
& -
$ -
-
%, $
& 0$-
) #
6
%
5*% 1991—
1992 .
/
«;
» 1)-
$
$ 0-
$) #
$
*
. ' ,
$) -
$ -
,
*
#.
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5
>
) -
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& K$-
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1991—1992 .
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>» 1-
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> $-
$ K$$ #-
J$ *. 4 -
, >
)-
> -
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) -
>) -
>,
*
#.
15
sufferin
g
in three main
areas: farmin
g
, trans
p
or
t
and slau
g
hter. As
p
art of
a comprehensive strategy
on food safet
y
, othe
r
Community policies (ag-
riculture, transport, in-
ternal market and re-
search
)
are also re
q
uire
d
to take account of this
necessity.
In coo
p
eration with the
com
p
etent authorities of
the Member States, the
Food and Veterinary Of-
fice
(
FVO
)
carries ou
t
on-the-spot checks to en-
sure com
p
liance with
Community legislation.
-
)
)-
), -
, ) -
*: *-
,
%. ( -
%
%
),
#-
(
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)
#.
Anti-competitive busi-
ness praetice
See Abuse o
f
dominant
position
9 -
9
Antitrust
Field of com
p
etition law
and
p
olic
y
. In the EU
context, both the rules
governing anti-competiti-
ve agreements and prac-
tices
(
cartels and othe
r
forms of collusion) based
on Article 81 EC of the
Treaty and the rules pro-
hibiting abuses of (ex-
isting) dominant posi-
tions based on Article
82 of the EC Treaty are
9
8
)
. /
0$)-
#
— ,
, -
-
( *
), )
81 &
0$) #-
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9
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>
-
> $ -
($ -
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)
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) 81 & K-
$ #-
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16
commonly referred to as
Antitrust.
(), -
,
)
82 & 0-
$) #-
, — %, $, -
) .
-
(-
)
, -
) 82 &-
K
$
#, — ,
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.
Applicant countries
Euro
p
e’s economic an
d
p
olitical stabilit
y
is a
magnet for many Euro-
p
ean countries, which
have the right to apply to
b
ecome members of the
Euro
p
ean Union
(
Article
49).
The countries that have
applied are:
x Turke
y
: a
pp
lication
received on 14 A
p
ril
1987;
x Cyprus: 3 July 1990;
x Malta: 16 July 1990;
x Hun
g
ar
y
: 31 March
1994;
x Poland: 5 April 1994;
x Romania: 22 June
1995;
x Slovakia: 27 June 1995;
x Latvia: 13 October 1995;
x Estonia: 24 November
1995;
x Lithuania: 8 December
1995;
x Bul
g
aria: 14 Decembe
r
1995;
x Czech Re
p
ublic: 17
January 1996;
x Slovenia: 10 June 1996.
At the Co
p
enha
g
en
Euro
p
ean Council
(
12
and 13 December 2002
)
,
the Commission con-
cluded ne
g
otiations with
10 applicant countries —
Cyprus, the Czech Re-
public, Estonia, Hungary,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,
; —
K
)) 0
)
$) %,
) -
,
0
$) #
( 49).
5
%,
:
— <: -
14 1987 .;
— 5: 3 1990 .;
—
6): 16
1990 .;
— /: 31 -
1994 .;
—
;): 5
1994 .;
—
B
: 22
1995 .;
— #: 27 -
1995 .;
—
|: 13
1995 .;
— K: 24 -
1995 .;
—
|: 8
1995 .;
—
{
: 14
1995 .;
—
`
) B
:
17 1995 .;
—
#: 10
1996 .
)$ 0-
$)$ B (12 13
2002 .) 5
10 %--
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G -
))
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-
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# () 49).
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—
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:
14
1987 .;
— 5: 3 1990 .;
—
6): 16
1990 .;
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: 31
1994 .;
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1994 .;
—
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>: 22
1995 .;
—
#: 27
1995 .;
—
|: 13
1995 .;
—
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1995 .;
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|: 8
1995 .;
— {: 14 -
1995 .;
— ` B-
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— #: 10
1996 .
K-
$ # (12
13 2002 .) 5-
17
Poland, Slovakia an
d
Slovenia — thus ena-
b
lin
g
them to
j
oin the
Union on 1 Ma
y
2004.
As far as Bul
g
aria an
d
Romania are concerned,
the
g
oal is to enable
them to
j
oin b
y
2007. I
t
ma
y
be
p
ossible to o
p
en
negotiations with Turkey
in December 2004 if i
t
has fulfilled the Copen-
hagen criteria.
For the record, Switzer-
land, Liechtenstein an
d
Norway have also all ap-
p
lied for membershi
p
of
the Euro
p
ean Union a
t
various times. However,
Norwa
y
twice re
j
ecte
d
accession following ref-
erenda in 1972 and 1994,
while the applications by
Switzerland and Liech-
tenstein were shelve
d
after Switzerland decided
by
a referendum in 1992
not to
j
oin the Euro
p
ean
Economic Area.
— 5, `)
B, K,
/
, |,
|, 6), ;)-
, #
#, -
, %
% #-
1
2004 .
) {
%
B%, -
,
%
2007 . 6 -
)
<
2004 ., -
)
%.
& , — $-
, |$
-
0$)-
#. ' -
, -
-
*
1972 . 1994 .,
$% |-
$ -
-
, $
* 1992 .
-
0$)-
-
.
-
> 10 -
— 5
,
`
$ B
$,
G$, '
$,
|$, |$, 6)-
$, ;)$, #-
$ #$, -
, -
>
#
1
2004 . `
{
B
>,
) ,
> ) -
) -
) 2007
.
' -
> <
$
2004 .,
> -
.
& , — $-
, |$
-
>
K
$$ #.
' , -
> > -
-
*
1972 .
1994 .,
$
|$ >
> -
$-
*
1992 . -
) K-
$ J-
.
Area of freedom, secu-
rity and justice
The
p
ro
g
ress made since
1993 as a result of coop-
eration in the fields of
j
ustice and home affairs
led to more ambitious
ob
j
ectives bein
g
enshrine
d
: ,
;
,
$
1993 ., ) -
*
-
,
$ $, -
: /, -
;, >$
1993 .,
)
*-
-
,
> ,
18
in the Treaty of Amster-
dam. It was decided to
establish an area of free-
dom, security and jus-
tice, the aim being to en-
sure
g
enuine freedom of
movement for individu-
als on the territor
y
of the
Euro
p
ean Union an
d
more effective action
a
g
ainst or
g
anised crime
and fraud.
Matters relating to jus-
tice and home affairs
used to be dealt with
solely under the inter-
g
overnmental rules lai
d
down in Title VI of the
EU Treat
y
(
the «thir
d
p
illar»
)
. With the entr
y
into force of the Treat
y
of Amsterdam, these
fields have been divide
d
u
p
between the first an
d
third pillars.
Under the first
p
illar,
which is governed by the
Communit
y
method, a
new Title IV has been
added to the EC Treat
y
(«Visas, asylum, immi-
gration and other policies
related to free movement
of persons»). Meanwhile
the new Title VI of the
EU Treat
y
now covers
fewer fields, but its ob-
j
ectives are s
p
elled ou
t
more clearl
y
, namel
y
to
establish close coopera-
tion between
p
olice
services, customs and ju-
dicial authorities.
The third pillar provi-
sions still include a
«bridge» allowing Mem-
ber States to transfer ar-
eas of com
p
etence fro
m
Title VI to Title IV. The
transfer
p
rocedure is ver
y
complex and has never
1)-
. {
,
-
)%
% 0-
$) # *-
% %
% -
$.
;, )-
-
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19
been applied, but its ex-
istence su
gg
ests that in
time all areas concerning
j
ustice and home affairs
ma
y
be brou
g
ht within
the Community frame-
work.
If some Member States
wish to advance more
q
uickl
y
in certain
fieldsand establish closer
cooperation, they may do
so within the Euro
p
ean
Union as s
p
ecified in the
new Article 40 of Title
VI, without creatin
g
a
se
p
arate le
g
al s
y
stem as
happened with Schen-
gen.
- -
%
VI -
IV. ; -
-
, %%
,
, )
-
, ) -
#.
( -
) -
-
-
, -
)
0
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#,
$ 40 -
VI,
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VI
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#.
K > -
-> -
) >-
>
)
-
,
J )
K
$ #,
J
$ ) 40
VI, -
)$ )$ -
>, J -
) .
Assent procedure
The assent
p
rocedure
was introduced b
y
the
Single European Act.
It requires the Council to
obtain Parliament’s as-
sent before certain im-
p
ortant decisions are
taken. The Euro
p
ean
Parliament may accept or
re
j
ect a
p
ro
p
osal bu
t
cannot amend it. If the
Euro
p
ean Parliamen
t
does not
g
ive its assent,
the act in question cannot
be adopted.
The assent
p
rocedure
mainly applies to the ac-
>
;
0
0$) 1.
' , B-
-
$
-
). 0$)$ -
$
-
,
% -
. ( 0$-
)$
% , ,
),
$$.
>
;
> K>
K$ 1.
4 , > #-
> >
$. K
$$
-
) ) -
,
-
. K K
$$
-
, -
>$
>) .
20
cession of new Membe
r
States
(
Article 49 of the
EU Treat
y)
, association
a
g
reements and othe
r
fundamental a
g
reements
with third countries (Ar-
ticle 300 of the EC
Treaty), and the ap-
pointment of the Presi-
dent of the Commission.
It is also required with
regard to citizenship is-
sues, the specific tasks of
the Euro
p
ean Central
Bank (ECB), amend-
ments to the Statutes of
the Euro
p
ean S
y
stem of
Central Banks and the
ECB, the Structural an
d
Cohesion Funds, and the
uniform
p
rocedure fo
r
elections to the European
Parliament.
Since entr
y
into force of
the Treaty of Amster-
dam, the Parliament’s as-
sent has also been re-
q
uired for sanctions
im
p
osed on a Membe
r
State for a serious an
d
persistent breach of fun-
damental rights under the
new Article 7 of the EU
Treat
y
. The Treat
y
of
Nice has made the Par-
liament’s assent manda-
tor
y
where reinforce
d
coo
p
eration between
certain Member States is
envisa
g
ed in an area
which is sub
j
ect to the
codecision procedure.
The European Conven-
tion established b
y
the
Laeken Declaration in
December 2001 has been
asked to propose simpli-
fications to the proce-
dures for the ado
p
tion of
the various t
yp
es of
Community act and is
; -
-
) $ -
- (-
49 & 0-
$)$ #),
*
)
%
(
300 &
0$) #-
) -
; 5-
%.
' )-
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