Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
61
$ >».
Confirmation of the
European Commission
The Treaties of Maas-
tricht and Amsterda
m
com
p
letel
y
overhaule
d
the procedure for ap-
pointing the Commis-
sion, introducing a con-
firmation procedure.
The
p
rocedure is in two
stages. To begin with the
g
overnments of the
Member States, b
y
common accord, nomi-
nate the person they in-
tend to appoint as Presi-
dent of the Commission.
Their nominee is then
approved by the Euro-
p
ean Parliament. The
Member States nominate
the other
p
ersons the
y
intend to a
pp
oint as
Members, in consultation
with the President-
desi
g
nate. The entire
Commission is then
subject to a vote of ap-
p
roval b
y
the Euro
p
ean
Parliament, after indi-
vidual hearin
g
s b
y
the
appropriate Parliamen-
tar
y
committees, and is
finall
y
a
pp
ointed b
y
the
representatives of Mem-
b
er State
g
overnments
meeting in the Council.
The Treaty of Nice, which
entered into force on 1
February 2003, introduced
further chan
g
es to the
p
rocedure for a
pp
ointin
g
the Commission.
There are still two stages
to the procedure, the first
relatin
g
to the President,
the second to the Com-
mission as a whole, bu
t
the role of the Euro
p
ean
:$ !-
& 6
1
5%,
-
.
; -
)
*
.
B) -
,
)
)
,
) -
;
5%. $ -
) )-
0$) -
. &-
) -
,
) -
, )-
)
;. ' 5-
0
-
$)
) -
)
) -
, -
-
)
-,
)
B.
)$
,
1 -
2003 , -
)
-
5%.
;
%, -
) ;, -
— 5%
,
$ 3-
&
> 6
1 -
) -
5-
, -
.
;
*. -
)
-, -
> -
-
, -
) ;-
5.
@ >
K$-
. 8-
-> -
,
> -
) ,
)) -
;>.
' 5
K$ -
) -
-
)>
$
-
-
,
-
)-
-,
>
#.
$ , -
>$ 1
* 2003 ,
)$
-
5.
;
, -
;-
62
Council has been en-
hanced.
) 0
$)%
B .
, — 5
, ) K-
Responsibility for nomi-
natin
g
the President now
rests with the Euro
p
ean
Council, acting by quali-
fied ma
j
orit
y
and afte
r
a
pp
roval b
y
Parliament.
The Council, actin
g
b
y
qualified majority and by
common accord with the
nominee for President,
then adopts the list of the
other
p
ersons it intends
to appoint as Members of
the Commission. The list
is drawn up in accor-
dance with the
p
ro
p
osals
made b
y
the Membe
r
States, which the Presi-
dent will consult before
a
pp
rovin
g
the names
proposed.
Finally, the President and
the Members of the
Commission are ap-
p
ointed b
y
the Council,
acting by qualified ma-
j
orit
y
, after the entire
b
od
y
has been a
pp
rove
d
by Parliament.
The next Commission,
which will take office on
1 November 2004, will
b
e a
pp
ointed under this
procedure.
'))
;-
)
0
$)
B
,
* -
) -
;
.
B, *-
)
) -
;
,
$
, -
-
5%. #
)
$, -
--
, ;-
)
)
-
.
, ;
5% -
) B,
* )-
,
-
;.
5,
$ 1 -
2004
,
.
$ # >
.
4) -
;
)
K
$$ #,
$ -
*>
)
;-
. #, $
*>
)
;-
>, -
, -
>
) 5-
. # -
> -
, -
> -
,
>
; )-
-
> *-
$.
, ;
> 5 -
#, -
$ *-
> )-
,
;.
#
5,
-
1 2004 ,
J$ .
Constructive abstention
See Alstention, con-
structive (positive ab-
sention)
;
*
$
Consultation
procedure
;
;
63
The consultation proce-
dure enables the Euro-
5)$ -
0-
5
)
-
-
pean Parliament to give its
o
p
inion on a
p
ro
p
osal
from the Commission. In
the cases laid down by the
Treat
y
, the Council mus
t
consult the European Par-
liament before votin
g
on
the Commission
p
ro
p
osal
and take its views into ac-
count. However, it is no
t
bound by the Parliament’s
p
osition but onl
y
b
y
the
obli
g
ation to consult it.
The Parliament should be
consulted a
g
ain if the
Council deviates too fa
r
from the initial
p
ro
p
osal.
The powers of the Parlia-
ment are fairly limited un-
der this
p
rocedure, in so
far as it can only hope that
the Commission takes its
amendments into accoun
t
in an amended proposal.
Apart from the cases laid
down by the Treaties, the
Council has also under-
taken to consult the Par-
liament on most impor-
tant
q
uestions. This
consultation is optional.
In addition, this consul-
tation
p
rocedure is use
d
for the adoption of non-
mandator
y
instruments,
especially recommenda-
tions and opinions issued
by
the Council and the
Commission.
The European Conven-
tion established b
y
the
Laeken declaration of
December 2001 has the
task of drawing up pro-
posals aimed at simpli-
f
y
in
g
the
p
rocedures fo
r
adopting various Com-
munity acts and is there-
fore examining the future
$)$
5%.
/ ,
&, B -
) )-
0
$)
-
-
% 5%
$ -
. ' ,
’ ;-
’
)-
. ! -
)-
,
B
-
% %. '-
,
-
, 5 )
$
$ -
%.
4 , -
&, B-
’ -
)
)-
).
+ ) *-
). -
— -
)$
)
$ -
’ -
, -
$ , %
) B 5-
.
0$) 5-
, |-
)
> K
$
>)
-
5. '
, >
&, # -
)-
) K
$
-
-
)
5 )
-
. ' , -
$ ;-
)
))
. #
)-
) ),
# -
) -
. ') -
$ J$
, J
) ),
5 )
-
.
5 , -
> &
,
# )-
) -
)
>
. G
)
*)$. ' -
— J -
) -
)
)-
>
,
-
$ $,
>
> #
5$.
64
of consultation.
2001
,
K$ 5-
,
% -
-
$
#
$
)%.
|$ -
$
2001 ,
$ -
)
-
> -
> #
-
)-
.
Consumer protection
Consumer
p
rotection is
dealt with in Article 153
of the EC Treaty (former
Article 129a), which was
inserted b
y
the Treat
y
of
Maastricht. It is intended
to
p
romote consumers’
health, safet
y
, economic
and le
g
al interests, an
d
their right to information.
Article 153 explicitly re-
fers to another legal basis
for the attainment of its
ob
j
ectives, namel
y
to
Article 95 (former Arti-
cle 100a), which requires
the codecision procedure
for all measures involv-
in
g
closer ali
g
nment of
Member States’ legisla-
tion on completion of the
single market where con-
sumer protection is con-
cerned. At the same time,
it sti
p
ulates that s
p
ecific
action su
pp
ortin
g
an
d
supplementing the policy
p
ursued b
y
the Membe
r
States is to be ado
p
te
d
under the codecision
procedure, after consul-
tation of the Economic
and Social Committee.
A Member State ma
y
keep or introduce stricter
consumer
p
rotection
measures than those lai
d
@( $
!
153
& 0-
$) #-
( 129
«»), -
& 6-
. + )-
-
’, , -
-
%
*.
# 153
% -
)% -
$,
95
(
100 «»), -
)-
$
)
,
) $
-
-
-
, -
) -
. ' $
, -
*
,
) -
-, $-
)
$
), )-
@(
# $
) 153
& K$-
# (>-
) 129 «»
)
,
>
&
6
.
G
),
, J-
>
-
$ -
*.
#) 153 >
> -
)
J $,
) 95
(> ) 100 «»),
-
$ )
$, -
> -
>
) -
- -
)
>, -
-
. '
J -
, *-
$ -
-
,
65
down by the Community,
as long as they are com-
% K
#) .
-
>,
-
p
atible with the Treat
y
and the Commission is
notified of them.
&- -
-
-
, , -
#-
,
&
5%
.
) -
-
$, )-
G
#)> -
.
8- -
)
) -
> -
, -
> #-
,
-
> &
5
.
Convergence criteria
To ensure that the sus-
tainable convergence re-
quired for the achieve-
ment of economic an
d
monetar
y
union
(
EMU
)
comes about, the Treat
y
sets five conver
g
ence
criteria which must be
met b
y
each Membe
r
State before it can take
p
art in the third sta
g
e of
EMU. The Commission
and the European Central
Bank (ECB) draw up re-
p
orts to check whethe
r
the criteria are bein
g
met. The criteria are:
x the ratio of govern-
ment deficit to gross do-
mestic
p
roduct must no
t
exceed 3%;
x the ratio of govern-
ment debt to gross do-
mestic
p
roduct must no
t
exceed 60%;
there must be a sustain-
able degree of price sta-
bility and an average in-
flation rate, observe
d
over a period of one year
;
& -
% %, -
%
-
(EMU), &-
’)
%
%,
-
-
)
$
*
EMU. 5 0-
$)$
)$
(K#') ) -
-
%. +-
:
— -
* -
) -
-
3%;
— -
)
-
60%;
—
) % -
) -
; -
& -
$
,
$ -
J-
-
(EMU), & -
) -
,
> -
) -
-
-
)
)$
*
EMU. 5
K$$ )-
>$
(
K#'
)
>
.
G -
:
— -
) -
*
>)
3%;
— -
)
66
b
efore the examination,
which does not exceed
*%, -
>) 60%;
by
more than one and a
half
p
ercenta
g
e
p
oints
that of the three best per-
formin
g
Member States
in terms of price stabil-
ity;
x there must be a long-
term nominal interes
t
rate which does not ex-
ceed b
y
more than two
p
ercenta
g
e
p
oints that of
the three best performing
Member States in terms
of price stability;
x the normal fluctuation
mar
g
ins
p
rovided for b
y
the exchan
g
e-rate
mechanism on the Euro-
p
ean Monetar
y
s
y
ste
m
must have been re-
s
p
ected without severe
tensions for at least the
last two
y
ears before the
examination.
The convergence criteria,
then, are meant to ensure
that economic develop-
ment within EMU is bal-
anced and does not
g
ive
rise to any tensions be-
tween the Membe
r
States. It must also be
remembered that the
criteria relating to gov-
ernment deficit and gov-
ernment debt must con-
tinue to be met after the
start of the third sta
g
e of
EMU
(
1 Januar
y
1999
)
.
A stabilit
y
p
act with this
end in view was ado
p
te
d
at the Amsterdam Euro-
p
ean Council in June
1997.
, -
-
,
) -
$
)
$
);
— -
)
),
, )
-
$ )-
$ )-
;
— ) -
,
0$)%
% , -
)
)% , -
$
.
5
%
%
) -
-
EMU,
, -
-
-.
# ’,
%, -
) -
* -
, -
-
)% * EMU (1
1999
.
)
. ;
) -
%
-
)$ 0
$)$
B 1997 .
— >) -
$ ) -
$ )
*-
,
-
-
,
> -
>
,
-
- -
)
$ );
— -
) -
> )-
, -
$ > -
,
-
)-
$ -
));
— )> -
> , -
> -
K$$ -
$ >, >
>) >
)
,
$$ , -
.
— 5 -
-
J-
EMU, -
-
-
-
-. #-
),
,
>
)-
* -
) ,
67
)
)$
*
> EM
U
(
1
1999 .). ; )-
J$ > -
K
$ #
1997 .
Cooperation
procedure
The cooperation proce-
dure
(
Article 252 of the
EC Treaty, formerly Arti-
cle 189c
)
was introduce
d
by
the Sin
g
le Euro
p
ean
Act. It gave the European
Parliament greater influ-
ence in the le
g
islative
p
rocess b
y
allowin
g
i
t
two «readin
g
s». Initiall
y
,
the scope of this proce-
dure was considerabl
y
extended by the Treaty of
Maastricht; the Treat
y
of
Amsterdam then reversed
the trend b
y
encoura
g
in
g
the codecision
p
rocedure
(
Article 251 of the EC
Treat
y)
. The coo
p
eration
p
rocedure will therefore
now a
pp
l
y
exclusivel
y
to
the field of economic and
monetar
y
union
(
Articles
99
(
5
)
and 106
(
2
)
of the
EC Treaty).
The cooperation proce-
dure is alwa
y
s initiated
by
a
p
ro
p
osal from the
Commission forwarded to
the Council and the
European Parliament. In
the context of a first
reading, Parliament issues
an opinion on the Com-
mission
p
ro
p
osal. The
Council, actin
g
b
y
a
q
ualified ma
j
orit
y
, then
draws up a common po-
sition, which is forwarded
>
; -
( 252 &-
0$)-
#, -
189 «»
)
0-
0$) -
. ' 0-
$) -
)$
$
,
$ «
». # -
%
&-
6
;
& 1 -
, -
-
) $ -
) ( 251 &-
0$)-
#. ;-
-
*
-
( 99 (5)
106
(
2
)
&
0$)$ #).
; -
-
)
5%,
B 0$)-
. / -
;
>
; -
() 252 &-
K$-
#, >-
) 189 «»
)
> K>
K
$ .
4 K-
$ -
)
)>$ -
,
« » W-
J$ > >-
) -
& 6-
; & 1-
-
, -
-
$
(
)
251 & K-
$ ).
; -
>
) -
) * J-
(
) 99
(
5
)
106
(
2
)
&
K$ #).
; -
-
5, -
$ # K-
$
.
'
68
to Parliament to
g
ether
with all the necessary
-
% 5%.
; >-
information and the rea-
sons which led the
Council to ado
p
t this
common
p
osition.
Parliament examines this
common position at sec-
ond readin
g
, and within
three months ma
y
ado
p
t,
amend or re
j
ect the
common
p
osition. In the
latter two cases, it mus
t
do so b
y
an absolute
ma
j
orit
y
of its members.
If it re
j
ects the
p
ro
p
osal,
unanimity is required for
the Council to act on a
second reading.
The Commission then re-
examines, within one
month, the proposal upon
which the Council base
d
its common
p
osition an
d
forwards its
p
ro
p
osal to
the Council; at its dis-
cretion it can include o
r
exclude the amendments
proposed by Parliament.
Within three months, the
Council ma
y
ado
p
t the
re-examined proposal by
q
ualified ma
j
orit
y
, amen
d
it unanimousl
y
or ado
pt
the amendments not taken
into consideration b
y
the
Commission, also unani-
mously.
In the cooperation pro-
cedure, the Council ma
y
still exercise a veto b
y
refusin
g
to ex
p
ress its
opinion on the amend-
ments
p
ro
p
osed b
y
the
Euro
p
ean Parliament o
r
on the amended proposal
from the Commission,
thereb
y
blockin
g
the
legislative procedure.
The European Conven-
tion established b
y
the
B, *-
), *-
) -
, -
) ; -
*-
,
B
$ % )%
%.
;
)
-
)
$, -
)
. /
-
,
)
)-
% . (
-
, B -
) $)
% .
5 -
,
$ B
B;
-
-
,
;.
; )
B *-
) -
$ -
, %%
$ -
$ $ -
, -
5.
! -
B
$ , -
)
) -
5.
#, $ -
*> )-
,
*
,
$ -
$ *-
$ , -
# -
J$ $ -
.
; -
J -
-
), )
) J
. ' -
,
) J -
> )-
. K
-
, #
$
.
5 -
-
, #-
-
,
-
#
;
-
)
>) -
,
>
;.
'
# *-
> )-
), -
-
, ) -
69
Laeken declaration of
December 2001 has the
-
),
-
) -
task of drawing up pro-
posals aimed at simpli-
f
y
in
g
the
p
rocedures fo
r
adopting various Com-
munity acts and is there-
fore examining the future
of cooperation.
0$) -
, -
%
%
5%,
-
$ .
0$) 5-
, |-
)
2001
,
-
%, -
$ -
#-
, , -
$ -
.
,
>
5$.
; -
#
) ,
>) >)
-
) $, -
> K$
, -
) -
5-
,
)-
>$ .
K$ 5-
,
|$ -
$ 2001 -
,
-
$,
>
-
-
> #
,
,
.
Copenhagen criteria
See Accession criteria
(Copenhasencriteria)
;
;
Coreper
Coreper, the French ac-
ron
y
m b
y
which the
Permanent Representa-
tives Committee is
known, consists of the
Member States’ Perma-
nent Re
p
resentatives
(Ambassadors) and is re-
sponsible, at a stage in-
volving preliminary ne-
g
otiations, for assistin
g
the Council of the Euro-
p
ean Union in dealin
g
with the items on its
; (
5 — *)-
$
,
) 5 $-
, -
) $
(
)
- -
), %,
, -
B 0
$)
#
%%
(-
%
,
; /(
5 — *-
$ , -
5
> -
$, -
> -
$
(
)
-
-
>, -
, $ -
)> -
>, ) #-
K$ #
) -
70
a
g
enda
(p
ro
p
osals an
d
drafts of instruments put
5
)
.
'
(-
> , -
forward by the Commis-
sion). It occupies a piv-
otal
p
osition in the
Community decision-
making system, in which
it is at one and the same
time a forum for dia-
logue (among the Per-
manent Re
p
resentatives
and between them an
d
their res
p
ective national
ca
p
itals
)
and a bod
y
which exercises
p
olitical
control
(
b
y
la
y
in
g
down
guidelines for, and su-
p
ervisin
g
, the work of
the ex
p
ert
g
rou
p
s
)
. It is
in fact divided in two to
enable it to deal with all
the tasks it has to carr
y
out:
x Core
p
er I, consistin
g
of the Deputy Permanent
Representatives, and
x Core
p
er II, consistin
g
of the Permanent Repre-
sentatives themselves.
The smooth runnin
g
of
the Council is de
p
enden
t
on the standard of the
work done in Coreper.
$ ) #-
, -
*
( -
$ -
%
-
)
)
, $ $
$
)
(
)
.
-
$ ,
$
-
,
:
— 5 I, -
)
$ -
,
—
5
"",
)
$ -
.
`
)) B
) -
, % 5-
.
> 5$
)
.
4 -
-
$
#, -
*
(
>
-
-
)-
>
)
, >$ -
-
$ ) (-
>
J
>
)
.
-
, -
> ) -
> )
, -
> >-
):
— 5 I, -
$ $
> -
$,
— 5 "", -
$ -
> -
$.
`
))
# -
>, >-
$ 5.
Coreu (Corespondance
EUropéenne)
Coreu is an EU commu-
nication network be-
tween the Member States
and the Commission fo
r
coo
p
eration in the fields
of forei
g
n
p
olic
y
. I
t
makes it easier for deci-
sions to be taken swiftl
y
in emergencies.
!
54BK/ 0$)-
# -
$
-
5, -
-
% . '
-
$ ) -
3
54BK/ K-
$ # -
$ )
-
5$
$
. 4 -
>