Dignas B., Winter E. Rome and Persia in late Antiquity. Neighbours and Rivals

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

General index

Achaemenid Empire 1, 55, 118

Achaemenid goals 60, 118

Achaemenid legacy 16, 17, 24, 58, 234

Achaemenid royal inscriptions 58 n. 24

Achaemenid succession 18, 55–62

Achaemenid territories 60, 71

Achaemenid tradition (see ‘Achaemenid

succession’)

adaptation (artistic) 257–58

address (between rulers) 138, 140 n. 115; 149 n.

149, 232

Adiabenicus maximus 86

adoption (see also ‘guardianship’ and ‘family of

kings’) 104, 239 n. 28

aeramentum et ferrum 199 n. 129

ambassadors 106–7, 114, 123, 123 n. 14, 138–9,

141, 193, 204, 219, 227, 245–9

amicitia 13

, 15, 128 n. 43, 273

Arabia policy 152–72

Arabic sources (character of) 165 n. 88

archapet

es 124

archers 113, 164

architects 255–7

Arianism 274

armament 63–9

Armenia problem 94, 173–88

Armeniacus maximus 86

Armenia Maior 176, 185, 208

Armenia Minor 176, 185, 208

army (see ‘armament’ and ‘tactics’)

art (Sasanian) 66, 82

artists (see also ‘craftsmen’) 23

aurei parens saeculi 29

barbaros 1 n. 3

battle of Mi

ık 77–9, 119, 121

battle techniques 63–9

biographies (see Historia Augusta)

bishops 221–4, 227, 244, 250–

1, 255

border areas 97, 146, 203, 208–9, 243

border cities 100–4, 116

border regions (see also ‘border areas’) 38, 137,

244

border trafﬁc 203 n. 158, 205, 251

borderline(s) 126–8, 145, 171

breviaria 132, 273

brotherhood of kings (see ‘family of kings’)

calendars 143 n. 126

camel riders 164

camps (Roman) 197–9

captives (see also ‘prisoners’) 124, 130, 151, 255–7,

259–60

capture of Valerian 80–4, 86, 123, 125, 130,

254–5

caravan 234

caravan cities 154, 199

caravan route(s)

19, 129, 152, 200

Caspian Gates (see portae Caspiae)

catafractarii 75 n. 17, 75 n. 18, 273

catholicos 186

Caucasian Gates (see portae Caucasiae)

Caucasian passes 188–92

cavalry (Sasanian) 64–5, 75, 135 n. 93, 164

centre(s) of trade 156, 163–4, 199–200, 202 n.

150, 203, 205

ceremonial (see also ‘diplomatic protocol’) 245–8

Chaboras-Singara line 15

channels of transmission 209

characterisation (of emperors) 74

Christian (vocabulary) 149

Christian Byzantium 147; 151, 218, 220, 230

Christian Church 212, 223

Christian communities 223

Christian population (in the Persian

Empire) 226, 255

Christianisation 33, 105 n. 151,

128, 172

Christianity 23–4, 33, 35, 112, 180, 210—31, 275

Christianity (in Armenia) 180–3

Christianity (promotion of) 218

Christianity (spread of) 112, 261 n. 76

Christians 23, 117, 208, 254

343

344 General index

Christians (in the Persian Empire) 24, 33, 35–6,

137, 182, 218 n. 51, 219, 221–5, 225–31, 230

Christians (persecution of) 35, 112, 219–21, 224–5

Christological controversies 35, 226–31, 273–4

Chronicon Paschale 148–9, 150

Church ofﬁcials (see also ‘bishops’) 23, 223

churches (building of) 222–3

clergy (see also ‘priesthood’) 224

clibanarii 66, 75 n. 18, 274

client kings (see also ‘vassal kings’) 170

client kingdoms 144, 153

climatarch

es 110

climate 244

codes of honour 136

Codex Iustinianus 204

coercendi intra terminos (see also intra terminos

imperii)

coins 29, 76–7, 121, 161

Collatio legum Mosaicarum et

Romanarum 216–18

colonies (of prisoners of war) 259

comes 274–5

comes commerciorum 203–4, 206, 274–5

comes foederatorum 135, 275

comes (sacrarum) largitionum 203 n. 158, 252, 275

Constantinian Revolution 33, 210, 275

conversion 222 n. 68

coronation 48

corrector totius Orientis 160

Council of Chalcedon 36, 226

Council of Ephesus 36, 226

couriers 141

craftsmen 255–7, 260

crises (domestic) 119

cultural exchange 4, 262

cultural interest 263–5

cultural policy 2

customs 208, 217

customs duties 145–6, 200–1, 206

customs posts

141, 145–6

dastgerd 214

defection 32, 142

defence (payments for) 137

deportations (of prisoners) 132 n. 73

deportations (see also ‘resettlement’) 23, 109, 151,

226, 226 n. 86, 254–63

dikastai (see ‘judges’)

diplomacy 245–54

diplomatic interaction 119, 134, 136

diplomatic protocol 12, 122, 126, 138–44, 233

diplomatic solutions 119–51

diplomats (see also ‘ambassadors’) 32, 106, 146

disintegration (of Sasanian Empire) 47

divine support 143, 239

documents 144

downfall (of Sasanian Empire) 48, 118

duel 81, 87

dux 275

dux Armeniae 208 n. 182

dux Mesopotamiae 251

dynasty (see ‘Sasanian dynasty’)

dyophysitism

274

economic clause(s) 129

economic interests 19

economy 195–209

Edict against the Manichaeans 28, 216–18

eir

e peras ouk echousa (see also ‘eternal peace’

and ‘peace treaty of 532’) 171

engineers 23

envoys (see ‘ambassadors’)

epitomes 89

equality (between rulers) 238–41

espionage 32, 146, 221, 245–54

eternal peace (of 532)(see also ‘peace treaty

of 532’) 26, 38–9, 107, 171, 174, 264

eurocentrism 2, 5, 53

exarchos 116, 158

exchange of goods (see ‘goods, exchange of’)

exchange of information 242–65

expansion (Islamic) 49

expansion (of Roman rule) 9 n. 6

expansion (of Sasanian rule) 9, 53, 100, 117

expansion (Parthian)

190

expansion (Roman policy of) 28

expansion (Sasanian policy of) 28

false doctrines 215

family (royal Sasanian) 86, 99, 124, 129–30

‘family of kings’ 45, 141, 149, 232–41

father-son relationship (see ‘family of kings’ and

‘guardianship’)

ﬁre cult (see also ‘ﬁre sanctuaries’) 182, 213

ﬁre sanctuaries 57, 213, 215

ﬁscal advantages 146

ﬁxed prices 29 n. 67, 200

foedus (see ‘peace treaty’) 275

foedus aequum 275

foedus iniquum 275

foreign policy (programmatic) 56–69

foreign policy (programmatic, Arsacid) 17

foreign policy (Roman) 12–13

foreign policy (Sasanian) 53, 60, 85, 100, 118, 133,

206

formation 65

fortiﬁcation (of border) 15 n. 40, 37–8, 100–4,

107 n.

162, 130–1, 137, 142, 244, 248

fortresses 19–20, 31, 37, 40, 103, 107–8, 107 n.

162, 110, 120, 124, 128, 131, 193–4

General index 345

foundations (of cities) 109, 256, 261–2

frontier (protection of) 2, 34, 188–95

fugitives of war 146–7

geographic conditions 242

goals (Sasanian) (see foreign policy)

goods (exchange of) 141–2, 145–6, 163–4, 195–6,

199–200, 202, 205

guarantee clauses 146–7

guardianship (see also ‘family of kings’) 94–6, 239

hierarchical structures (religious) 212

Historia Augusta 26, 29, 74–6, 159–61

historiography 179 n. 30, 186

Holy Cross 47, 49, 117, 151, 230

hostages 98

Huns 141, 194

hunting 66

hyparch 191

iconography (see ‘visual representations’; ‘visual

testimonies’)

ideology 2, 17, 53, 60, 232

imperial propaganda (see also ‘

Inscription’) 79

imperium maius 160, 276

imperium sine ﬁne 13, 53

incense 195

incense route 276

information (exchange of) 173, 242–64

intermarriage 208

international arena 119

international balance of power 39

international law 13, 62, 70, 241

international trade (see also ‘trade’) 203

interpreters 140, 140 n. 112, 144, 249–50, 253–4

intra terminos imperii 13

investiture 93

Iranisation 211, 213

Islam (advance of) 47–9, 172, 231

ius Italicum 158

ivory 195

Jews 208, 210

n. 184, 215–16, 225, 254, 259

judges 142

Ka‘ba-i Zardu

st 56–9, 77, 80, 119

Khagan 46

King of kings 57, 232

kingship (Sasanian) 98–9, 210–16, 224

esiph

on oracle 26

language(s) 1, 5, 58, 144, 208, 219 n. 57, 249, 253

n. 41

laws (Sasanian) 229

legal action 142, 146

legitimacy (of rule) 43, 60, 232–41

legitimacy of succession 45, 47

limes (see also ‘borderline(s)’ and ‘frontier’) 32,

127, 163 n. 71, 244

luxury goods 19,

156, 195, 202

Magians 186, 212–13, 216, 222, 224, 227,

234

magoi (see ‘Magians’)

magister 245–8, 277

magister equitum 277

magister memoriae 125

magister militum per Orientem 135–6, 142, 145,

277

magister militum praesentalis 104 n. 146, 138, 141,

143, 277

magister ofﬁciorum 36, 141, 277

magistrianus 246

Manichaeism 24, 215–18, 277–8

Manichaeans (persecution of) 28, 218, 277–8

markets 196, 202, 208

martyrology 220–1, 259

martyrs 259

marzban 186

maxima imperia 13

Mazdaism (see also ‘Zoroastrianism’) 180

Mazdakism (see also ‘Mazdakite movement’) 105

Mazdakite movement 37, 43, 99, 105

Medicus maximus 86

merchants 112, 141–2, 146, 174, 196, 199–200,

203, 205

mobility (of the army) 86

monarchy (Sasanian) (see also ‘kingship’) 37, 138,

237

monks 208

monophysites (see ‘monophysitism’)

monophysitism 226–7, 230, 274

monopoly 200

natio molestissima 241

national literature(Persian) 264

national security (linked with foreign trade) 146

naxarars 176

negotiations 64, 138–44

Nestorianism 36, 273–4

Nestorians 36, 226–7, 230, 273–4

nobility (Armenian) 127, 176, 180

–1, 186

nobility (Parthian) 179

nobility (Persian) 35, 99, 223, 229

nomadic invasions 120

nomadic peoples 190, 192, 194

nomadic population 244

nomadic tribes 9, 97 n. 104, 98, 103–4, 163,

172

346 General index

occident vs. orient (see also ‘West vs. East’) 2, 173

oracles 1

orthodoxy 216

osb

an 115, 115 n. 207

Paikuli (Inscription of) 169, 190

Palmyrenicus maximus 161

panegyric literature 29, 76

Parthicus maximus 25–6, 76, 120

partition of Armenia 184–6, esp. 185 n. 56

patrons (kings, of religion) 211, 213

pax fundata cum Persis 120–1

payments (see also ‘tribute’ and

‘protection’) 38–9, 98, 120, 137, 140, 143 n.

128, 193–4

peace treaty (see foedus)

peace treaty of 244 22, 119–22, 190

peace treaty of 298 30–2, 88, 122, 122 n.

18,

122–31, 200–2, 205

peace treaty of 363 34, 131–5, 202

peace treaty of 422 135–8

peace treaty of 441 137–8

peace treaty of 562 41, 109–10, 114, 138–48, 171,

227, 248, 249 n. 24, 41

peace treaty of 628 148–51

Persian Church 223

Persicus maximus 25–6, 76, 86, 120

Persikos megistos 25 n. 36

philosophers 254

philosophy 263–5

phylarch 168 n. 92, 169, 170, 278–9

phylarchos (see ‘phylarch’)

portae Caspiae 38, 188, 194

portae Caucasiae 188

–9, 192

portae Hiberiae 188

praefectus praetorio (see ‘praetorian prefect’)

praefectus praetorio Orientis 191 n. 83

praefectus praetorio Orientis 204

praefectus urbis 246

praetorian prefect 79–80, 279

precious stones 195

priesthood (hereditary) 214

priesthood (Zoroastrian) 23, 27, 35, 99, 214–15,

215 n. 30, 277

priestly cast 214

priests (Christian) 23

princeps bonus 75

prisoners (see also ‘captives’) 23, 120 n. 4

products (see ‘goods’ and ‘luxury goods’)

propaganda 4, 215

protection 110, 163, 188–95

protocol (see ‘diplomatic protocol’)

‘proxy policy’ 169–72

proxy war 170 n. 99

pyreion (see also ‘ﬁre sanctuaries’) 223–4

ransom 119, 120 n. 4

rebel(lion) 45

, 96, 98, 149, 236, 239–40

reforms (in Persia) 38–9, 43, 138

refugees (see also ‘fugitives of war’) 254

regiones Transtigritanae 126–9, 131, 133

relics 229

religion 27, 33, 95, 99, 147, 208, 210–31

religion (and kingship) 210–13

religion (ofﬁcial) 214

religious change (see also ‘Constantinian

Revolution’) 216

religious communities 210 n. 184

religious policy (Roman) 2, 24, 217 n. 39

religious policy (Sasanian) 2, 116, 187 n. 65, 217

n. 39

religious restoration 218

religious tolerance (Sasanian) 24, 116, 210–11,

262

renovation imperii 107

reparations 146

–7

Res gestae divi Augusti 56

Res gestae divi Saporis (see also ‘

Inscription’) 56, 119–20

resettlement (see also ‘deportations’) 132, 201,

254–63

resources 69, 174

respect 232

revolt (see ‘rebellion’)

rock reliefs 4, 77–81, 77 n. 17, 92–3, 121–2,

235

rock tombs 58

royal image 236 n. 15

royal palace 257

sacellarius 246

sacrae litterae 140, 143

Sahn

ama 43 n. 152; 82–4

sanctuaries (Zoroastrian) (see also ‘ﬁre

sanctuaries’) 46

ur Inscription 24, 56–9,

77–80, 119, 121, 215

Sasanian dynasty 48, 234–7

satrap 279

scholars 23

scrinium (barbarorum) 246

Scriptores Historiae Augustae (see also Historia

Augusta) 74–6

Scriptores Historiae Augustae 159, 161–2

Seleucid kingdom 9

self-representation 4

shared interests 2, 173–209

shift of trade 196

siege(craft) 64, 91

silentiarius 247

silk people 207 n. 179

Silk Road 156, 195–6, 202 n. 147, 280

General index 347

silk worms (breeding of) 207

silk 114, 195, 202–3, 207

smuggling 146

society (Armenian) 174, 176

society (Persian) 38

solidus 280

sources 3–4

spices 195

spies (see ‘espionage’)

standards 12, 84

Strata Diocletiana 31

strategic location(s) 154–5, 156

succession (in Persia) 28, 47, 236–7

superstition (see also ‘false doctrines’) 216

supplies 91–2, 196, 252

supreme god 218

symbols 4, 79

Synod of B

et L

at 36

tabularius 150, 280

tactics 63–9, 91–2

taxes (see also ‘payments’ and ‘tribute’) 133–4, 201

n. 140

technicians 255

–7

territorial agreements 120

territorial claims 53–6

territorial terms 144–5

tetrarchy 280

tolerance (see ‘religious tolerance’)

towers (see ‘watch-towers’)

trade 19, 32, 145–6, 154–6, 195–209

trade (local) 129

trade (long distance) 163–4, 199

trade (maritime) 200 n. 136

trade (Persian, intermediate) 112

trade (places of) 129, 145–6

trade (Roman) 112

trade and security (link between) 244

trade policy 195

trade route(s) 153, 164, 195–6, 199, 202,

206

traders (see also ‘merchants’) 196

trafﬁc of goods (see also ‘goods, exchange

of ’) 196, 200

Transcaucasian peoples 189

transfer of technology 261

translators (see ‘interpreters’)

transmission of information 221

transport (of goods) 163, 197

trans-shipment (centre)

163–4, 199

Trans-Tigritania 126–9, 131, 133

tribute 39, 81, 98, 110, 113–14, 119, 177, 194

trilingual inscription (see ‘

ur Inscription’)

triumph 87, 162–3

triumphal arch 86–8

triumphal reliefs (see ‘rock reliefs’)

vassal kings (see also ‘client kings’) 113, 152, 168,

177, 276, 281

venue (of negotiations) 126, 143 n. 127

visual representation 4, 79, 121–2, 135–6

visual testimonies 66

walls (see ‘fortiﬁcation’)

watch-towers 31, 101–2, 107 n. 162

West vs. East

1, 2, 70

Western ‘know-how’ 23, 263

Western inﬂuence (artistic) 256–8

‘White Huns’ 36, 97

Will of Arda

ır 211

world domination 1, 13–14, 53, 60, 105 n. 147,

106, 118, 130

xvarna 234

xvarrah (see xvarna)

Zarathustrianism (see also ‘Zoroastrianism’)

210 nn. 1 and 3, 281

Zich 139–43, 139 n. 110

Zoroastrian ‘state cult’ 211–13

Zoroastrian Persia 147, 151, 218, 230–1

Zoroastrianism 106, 182, 187, 210–31, 281

Zoroastrianism (kings patrons of) 24, 213–16

Zoroastrians 137

, 183