Duiker W.J., Spielvogel J.J. The Essential World History. Volume 2: Since 1500
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Lyons LYOHNH
Maastricht MAHSS-trikht
Ma’at MAH-ut
Macao muh-KOW
Machiavelli, Niccolò mahk-ee-uh-VEL-ee,
nee-koh-LOH
Maginot Line MA-zhi-noh lyn
Magna Graecia MAG-nuh GREE-shuh
Magyars MAG-yarz
Mahabharata muh-hahb-huh-RAH-tuh
maharaja mah-huh-RAH-juh
Mahavira mah-hah-VEE-ruh
Mahayana mah-huh-YAH-nuh
Mahfouz, Naguib mahkh-FOOZ, nah-GEEB
Mahmud of Ghazni MAHKH-mood uv
GAHZ-nee
Maimonides my-MAH-nuh-deez
Maistre, Joseph de MESS-truh, zhoh-ZEF duh
maius imperium MY-yoos im-PEE-ree-um
Malaysia muh-LAY-zhuh
Malaya muh-LAY-uh
Malenkov, Georgy muh-LEN-kuf, gyee-OR-gyee
Mallarmé, Stéphane mah-lahr-MAY, stay-FAHN
Malleus Male carum mal-EE-uss mal-uh-FIK-
uh-rum
Malthus, omas MAWL-thuss
Mamallapuram muh-MAH-luh-poor-um
Manchukuo man-CHOO-kwoh
Manetho MAN-uh-thoh
Mao Dun mow DOON
Mao Zedong mow zee-DOONG
Marconi, Guglielmo mahr-KOH-nee, gool-
YEL-moh
Marcus Aurelius MAR-kuss aw-REE-lee-uss
Marcuse, Herbert mar-KOO-zuh
Marie Antoinette muh-REE an-twuh-NET
Marius MAR-ee-uss
Marquez, Gabriel Garcia mar-KEZ
Marseilles mar-SAY
Marsiglio of Padua mar-SIL-yoh uv PAD-
juh-wuh
Masaccio muh-ZAH-choh
Masaryk, omas MAS-uh-rik
Mästlin, Michael MEST-lin
Matteotti, Giacomo mat-tay-AHT-tee, JAHK-
uh-moh
Maxentius mak-SEN-shuss
Maximian mak-SIM-ee-un
Maya MY-uh
Mazarin maz-uh-RANH
Mazzini, Giuseppe maht-SEE-nee, joo-ZEP-pay
Megasthenes muh-GAS-thuh-neez
Mehmet meh-MET
Meiji MAY-jee
Mein Kampf myn KAHMPF
Meir, Golda may-EER
Melanchthon, Philip muh-LANK-tun
Menander muh-NAN-dur
Mencius MEN-shuss
Mendeleyev, Dmitri men-duh-LAY-ef, di-MEE-
tree
Mensheviks MENS-shuh-viks
Mercator, Gerardus mur-KAY-tur, juh-RAHR-
dus
Merian, Maria Sibylla MAY-ree-un
Merovingian meh-ruh-VIN-jee-un
Mesopotamia mess-uh-puh-TAY-mee-uh
Messiaen, Olivier meh-SYANH, oh-lee-VYAY
mestizos mess-TEE-zohz
Metaxas, John muh-tahk-SAHSS
Metternich, Klemens von MET-ayr-nikh,
KLAY-menss fun
Mexica meh-SHEE-kuh
Michel, Louise mee-SHEL
Michelangelo my-kuh-LAN-juh-loh
Mieszko MYESH-koh
millet mi-LET
Millet, Jean-François mi-YEH, ZHAHNH-
frahnh-SWAH
Milo˘sevic´, Slobodan mi-LOH-suh-vich, sluh-
BOH-dahn
Miltiades mil-TY-uh-deez
Minamoto Yoritomo mee-nah-MOH-toh, yoh-
ree-TOH-moh
Minseito MEEN-say-toh
Mirandola, Pico della mee-RAN-doh-lah, PEE-
koh DELL-uh
Mishima, Yukio mi-SHEE-muh, yoo-KEE-oh
missi dominici MISS-ee doh-MIN-i-chee
Mitterrand, François MEE-tayr-rahnh, frahnh-
SWAH
Moche moh-CHAY
Moctezuma mahk-tuh-ZOO-muh
Mogadishu moh-guh-DEE-shoo
Mohács MOH-hach
Mohenjo-Daro mo-HEN-jo-DAH-roh
Moldavia mohl-DAY-vee-uh
Moldova mohl-DOH-vuh
Molière, Jean-Baptiste mohl-YAYR, ZHAHNH-
bah-TEEST
Molotov, Vyacheslav MAHL-uh-tawf, vyich-
chiss-SLAHF
Mombasa mahm-BAH-suh
Monet, Claude moh-NEH, KLOHD
Mongkut MAWNG-koot
Montaigne, Michel de mahn-TAYN, mee-SHEL
duh
Montefeltro, Federigo da mahn-tuh-FELL-troh,
fay-day-REE-goh dah
Montesquieu MOHN-tess-kyoo
Montessori, Maria mahn-tuh-SOR-ee
Morisot, Berthe mor-ee-ZOH, BAYRT
Mozambique moh-zam-BEEK
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus MOH-tsart,
VULF-gahng ah-muh-DAY-uss
Muawiya moo-AH-wee-yah
Mudejares moo-theh-KHAH-rayss
Mughal MOO-gul
Muhammad moh-HAM-ud or moh-HAHM-ud
Mühlberg MURL-bayrk
Mukden MOOK-dun
mulattoes muh-LAH-tohz
Mumbai MUM-by
Müntzer, omas MURN-tsur
Murad moo-RAHD
Musharraf, Pervaiz moo-SHAHR-uf, pur-VEZ
Muslim MUZ-lum
Mutsuhito moo-tsoo-HEE-toh
Myanmar MYAN-mahr
Mycenaean my-suh-NEE-un
Nabonidas nab-uh-NY-duss
Nabopolassar nab-uh-puh-LASS-ur
Nagasaki nah-gah-SAH-kee
Nagy, Imry NAHJ, IM-ray
Nanjing nan-JING
Nantes NAHNT
Nara NAH-rah
Nasrin, Taslima naz-REEN, tah-SLEE-muh
Nasser, Gamal Abdul NAH-sur, juh-MAHL
ahb-DOOL
Navarre nuh-VAHR
Nebuchadnezzar neb-uh-kud-NEZZ-ur
Nehru, Jawaharlal NAY-roo, juh-WAH-hur-lahl
Nero NEE-roh
Nerva NUR-vuh
Netanyahu, Benjamin net-ahn-YAH-hoo
Neumann, Balthasar NOI-mahn, BAHL-tuh-
zahr
Neumann, Solomon NOI-mahn
Neustria NOO-stree-uh
Nevsky, Alexander NYEF-skee
Newcomen, omas NYOO-kuh-mun or nyoo-
KUM-mun
Ngo Dinh Diem GOH din DYEM
Nguyen NGWEN
Nicias NISS-ee-uss
Nietzsche, Friedrich NEE-chuh, FREED-rikh
Nimwegen NIM-vay-gun
Ninhursaga nin-HUR-sah-guh
Nkrumah, Kwame en-KROO-muh, KWAH-may
nobiles no-BEE-layz
Nobunaga, Oda noh-buh-NAH-guh, OH-dah
Nogarola, Isotta noh-guh-ROH-luh,
ee-ZAHT-uh
Novalis, Friedrich noh-VAH-lis, FREED-rikh
Novotny, Antonin noh-VAHT-nee, AHN-toh-
nyeen
novus homo NOH-vuss HOH-moh
nuoc mam NWAHK MAHM
Nyame NYAH-may
Nystadt NEE-shtaht
Oaxaca wah-HAH-kuh
Octavian ahk-TAY-vee-un
Odoacer oh-doh-AY-sur
Odysseus oh-DISS-ee-uss
806 PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
Oe, Kenzaburo OH-ay, ken-zuh-BOO-roh
Olivares oh-lee-BAH-rayss
Olmec AHL-mek or OHL-mek
Omar Khayyam OH-mar ky-YAHM
Ometeotl oh-met-tee-AH-tul
optimates ahp-tuh-MAH-tayz
Oresteia uh-res-TY-uh
Orkhan or-KHAHN
Osaka oh-SAH-kuh
Osama bin Laden oh-SAH-muh bin LAH-dun
Osiris oh-SY-russ
Ostara oh-STAH-ruh
Ostpolitik OHST-poh-lee-teek
ostrakon AHSS-truh-kahn
Ostrogoths AHSS-truh-gahthss
Ovid OH-vid
Oxenstierna, Axel OOK-sen-shur-nah,
AHK-sul
Pacal pa-KAL
Pachakuti pah-chah-KOO-tee
Paekche bayk-JEE
Pagan puh-GAHN
Paleologus pay-lee-AWL-uh-guss
Panaetius puh-NEE-shuss
Pankhurst, Emmeline PANK-hurst
papal curia PAY-pul KYOOR-ee-uh
Papen, Franz von PAH-pun, FRAHNTS fun
Paracelsus par-uh-SELL-suss
Parlement par-luh-MAHNH
Parti Québécois par-TEE kay-bek-KWAH
Pascal, Blaise pass-KAHL, BLEZ
Pasternak, Boris PASS-tur-nak, buh-REESS
Pasteur, Louis pass-TOOR, LWEE
Pataliputra pah-tah-lee-POO-truh
paterfamilias pay-tur-fuh-MEEL-yus
Pensées pahnh-SAY
Pentateuch PEN-tuh-took
Pepin PEP-in or pay-PANH
perestroika per-uh-STROI-kuh
Pergamum PUR-guh-mum
Pericles PER-i-kleez
perioeci per-ee-EE-see
Perpetua pur-PET-choo-uh
Pétain, Henri pay-TANH, AHN-ree
Petite Roquette puh-TEET raw-KET
Petrarch PEE-trark or PET-trark
Petronius pi-TROH-nee-uss
phalansteries fuh-LAN-stuh-reez
philosophe fee-loh-ZAWF
Phintys FIN-tiss
Phoenicians fuh-NEE-shunz
Photius FOH-shuss
Picasso, Pablo pi-KAH-soh
Pietism PY-uh-tiz-um
Pilsudski, Joseph peel-SOOT-skee
Piscator, Erwin PIS-kuh-tor, AYR-vin
Pisistratus puh-SIS-truh-tuss
Pissarro, Camille pee-SAH-roh, kah-MEEL
Pizan, Christine de pee-ZAHN, kris-TEEN duh
Pizarro, Francesco puh-ZAHR-oh, frahn-
CHESS-koh
Planck, Max PLAHNK
Plantagenet plan-TAJ-uh-net
Plassey PLASS-ee
Plato PLAY-toh
Plautus PLAW-tuss
plebiscita pleb-i-SEE-tuh
Poincaré, Raymond pwanh-kah-RAY, ray-
MOHNH
polis POH-liss
politiques puh-lee-TEEKS
Pollaiuolo, Antonio pohl-ly-WOH-loh
Poltava pul-TAH-vuh
Polybius puh-LIB-ee-uss
Pombal, marquis de pum-BAHL, mar-KEE duh
Pompadour, madame de POM-puh-door, mah-
DAHM duh
Pompeii pahm-PAY
Pompey PAHM-pee
pontifex maximus PAHN-ti-feks MAK-si-muss
Popul Vuh puh-PUL VOO
populares PAWP-oo-lahr-ayss
populo grasso PAWP-oo-loh GRAH-soh
Postumus PAHS-choo-muss
Potosí poh-toh-SEE
Potsdam PAHTS-dam
Poussin, Nicholas poo-SANH, NEE-koh-lah
Praecepter Germaniae PREE-sep-tur gayr-
MAHN-ee-ee
praetor PREE-tur
Prakrit PRAH-krit
Pravda PRAHV-duh
Primo de Rivera PREE-moh day ri-VAY-ruh
primogeniture pree-moh-JEN-i-chur
princeps PRIN-seps
Principia prin-SIP-ee-uh
Procopius pruh-KOH-pee-uss
procurator PROK-yuh-ray-tur
Ptolemaic tahl-uh-MAY-ik
Ptolemy TAHL-uh-mee
Pugachev, Emelyan poo-guh-CHAWF, yim-yil-
YAHN
Punic PYOO-nik
Putin, Vladimir POO-tin
Pyongyang pyawng-YANG
Pyrrhic PEER-ik
Pyrrhus PEER-uss
Pythagoras puh-THAG-uh-russ
Qajar kuh-JAHR
Qianlong CHAN-loong
Qin CHIN
Qin Shi Huangdi chin shee hwang-DEE
Qing CHING
Qiu Jin chee-oo-JIN
Qu CHOO
quadrivium kwah-DRIV-ee-um
quaestors KWES-turs
querelle des femmes keh-REL day FAHM
Quesnay, François keh-NAY, frahnn-SWAH
Quetzelcoatl KWET-sul-koh-AHT-ul
Quraishi koo-RY-shee
Qur’an kuh-RAN or kuh-RAHN
Rabe’a of Qozdar rah-BAY-uh uv kuz-DAHR
Racine, Jean-Baptiste ra-SEEN, ZHAHNH-buh-
TEEST
Rahner, Karl RAH-nur
Rajput RAHJ-poot
Rama RAH-mah
Ramayana rah-mah-YAH-nah
Ramcaritmanas RAM-kah-rit-MAH-nuz
Rameses RAM-uh-seez
Raphael RAFF-ee-ul
Rasputin rass-PYOO-tin
Rathenau, Walter RAH-tuh-now, VAHL-tuh
Realpolitik ray-AHL-poh-lee-teek
Realschule ray-AHL-shoo-luh
Reichsrat RYKHSS-raht
Reichstag RYKHSS-tahk
Rembrandt van Rijn REM-brant vahn RYN
Rémy, Nicholas ray-MEE, nee-koh-LAH
Renan, Ernst re-NAHNH
Rhee, Syngman REE, SING-mun
Ricci, Matteo REE-chee, ma-TAY-oh
Richelieu REESH-uh-lyuh
Ricimer RISS-uh-mur
Rig Veda RIK-vee-duh
Rikstag RIKS-tahk
Rilke, Rainer Maria RILL-kuh, RY-nuh mah-
REE-uh
Rimbaud, Arthur ram-BOH, ar-TOOR
risorgimento ree-SOR-jee-men-toh
Riza-i-Abassi ree-ZAH-yah-BAH-see
Robespierre, Maximilien ROHBZ-pyayr,
mak-see-meel-YENH
Rococo ruh-KOH-koh
Rocroi roh-KRWAH
Röhm, Ernst RURM
Rommel, Erwin RAHM-ul
Romulus Augustulus RAHM-yuh-luss
ow-GOOS-chuh-luss
Rossbach RAWSS-bahkh
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques roo-SOH, ZHAHNH-
ZHAHK
Rurik ROO-rik
Ryswick RYZ-wik
Sacrosancta sak-roh-SANK-tuh
Saikaku sy-KAH-koo
Saint-Just sanh-ZHOOST
Saint-Simon, Henri de sanh-see-MOHNH,
ahnh-REE duh
Sakharov, Andrei SAH-kuh-rawf, ahn-DRAY
Saladin SAL-uh-din
Salazar, Antonio SAL-uh-zahr
Sallust SAL-ust
Pronunciation Guide 807
Samnite SAM-nyt
Samudragupta suh-mood-ruh-GOOP-tuh
samurai SAM-uh-ry
San Martín, José de san mar-TEEN, hoh-SAY
day
Sandinista san-duh-NEES-tuh
sans-culottes sahnh-koo-LUT or sanz-koo-
LAHTSS
Sarraut, Albert sah-ROH, ahl-BAYR
Sartre, Jean-Paul SAR-truh, ZHAHNH-POHL
Sassanid suh-SAN-id
sati suh-TEE
satrap SAY-trap
satrapy SAY-truh-pee
Satyricon sa-TEER-uh-kahn
Schaumburg-Lippe SHOWM-boorkh-LEE-puh
Schleswig-Holstein SHLESS-vik-HOHL-shtyn
Schlie en, Alfred von SHLEE-fun, AHL-fret fun
Schliemann, Heinrich SHLEE-mahn, HYN-rikh
Schmidt, Helmut SHMIT, HEL-moot
Schönberg, Arnold SHURN-bayrk, AR-nawlt
Schönborn SHURN-bawn
Schönerer, Georg von SHURN-uh-ruh,
GAY-ork fun
Schröder, Gerhard SHRUR-duh, GAYR-hahrt
Schuschnigg, Karl von SHOOSH-nik, KAHRL
fun
Schutzmannscha SHOOTS-mahn-shah
Scipio Aemilianus SEE-pee-oh ee-mil-YAY-nuss
Scipio Africanus SEE-pee-oh af-ree-KAY-nuss
scriptoria skrip-TOR-ee-uh
Ségur say-GOO-uh
Sejm SAYM
Seleucid suh-LOO-sid
Seleucus suh-LOO-kuss
Seljuk SEL-jook
Seneca SEN-uh-kuh
Sephardic suh-FAHR-dik
Septimius Severus sep-TIM-ee-uss se-VEER-uss
serjents sayr-ZHAHNH
Sforza, Ludovico SFORT-sah, loo-doh-
VEE-koh
Shakuntala shah-koon-TAH-lah
Shalmaneser shal-muh-NEE-zur
Shandong SHAHN-doong
Shang SHAHNG
Shari’a shah-REE-uh
Shen Nong shun-NOONG
Shi’ite SHEE-YT
Shidehara shee-de-HAH-rah
Shiga Naoya SHEE-gah NOW-yah
Shikoku
shee-KOH-koo
Shimonoseki shee-moh-noh-SEK-ee
Shiva SHIV-uh
Shotoku Taishi shoh-TOH-koo ty-EE-shee
Sichuan SEECH-wahn
Siddhartha Gautama si-DAR-tuh GAW-
tuh-muh
Sieveking, Amalie SEE-vuh-king, uh-MAHL-
yuh
Sieyès, Abbé syay-YESS, ab-BAY
Sigiriya see-gee-REE-uh
signoria seen-YOR-ee-uh
Silla SIL-uh
Silva, Luis Inácio Lula de LWEES ee-NAH-syoh
LOO-luh duh-SEEL-vuh
Sima Qian SEE-mah chee-AHN
sine manu sy-nee-MAY-noo
sipahis suh-PAH-heez
Sita SEE-tuh
Slovenia sloh-VEE-nee-uh
Société Générale soh-see-ay-TAY zhay-nay-
RAHL
Socrates SAHK-ruh-teez
Solon SOH-lun
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander sohl-zhuh-NEET-sin
Somme SUM
Song Taizu SOONG ty-DZOO
Soong, Mei-ling SOONG, may-LING
Sophocles SAHF-uh-kleez
Sorel, Georges soh-RELL, ZHORZH
Spartacus SPAR-tuh-kuss
Spartiates spar-tee-AH-teez
Speer, Albert SHPAYR
Speransky, Michael spyuh-RAHN-skee
Spinoza, Benedict de spi-NOH-zuh
squadristi skwah-DREES-tee
Srebrenica sreb-bruh-NEET-suh
stadholder STAD-hohl-dur
Staël, Germaine de STAHL, zhayr-MEN duh
Stakhanov, Alexei stuh-KHAH-nuf, uh-LEK-say
Stasi SHTAH-see
Stau enberg, Claus von SHTOW-fen-berk,
KLOWSS fun
Stein, Heinrich von SHTYN, HYN-rikh fun
Stilicho STIL-i-koh
Stoicism STOH-i-siz-um
Stolypin, Peter stuh-LIP-yin
strategoi strah-tay-GOH-ee
Stravinsky, Igor struh-VIN-skee, EE-gor
Stresemann, Gustav SHTRAY-zuh-mahn,
GOOS-tahf
Strozzi, Alessandra STRAWT-see
Struensee, John Frederick SHTROO-un-zay
Sturmabteilung
SHTOORM-ap-ty-loonk
Sudetenland soo-DAY-tun-land
sudra SOO-druh or SHOO-druh
Suger soo-ZHAYR
Suharto soo-HAHR-toh
Sui Wendi SWEE wen-DEE
Sui Yangdi SWEE yahng-DEE
Sukarno soo-KAHR-noh
Sukarnoputri, Megawati soo-kahr-noh-POO-
tree, meg-uh-WAH-tee
Suleiman SOO-lay-mahn
Suleymaniye soo-lay-MAHN-ee-eh
Sulla SUL-uh
Sumerians soo-MER-ee-unz or soo-MEER-
ee-unz
Summa eologica SOO-muh tay-oh-LAH-
jee-kuh
Sun Yat-sen SOON yaht-SEN
Suppiluliumas suh-PIL-oo-LEE-uh-muss
Suttner, Bertha von ZOOT-nuh, BAYR-tuh fun
Swaziland SWAH-zee-land
Symphonie Fantastique SANH-foh-nee fahn-
tas-TEEK
Taa e, Edward von TAH-fuh, ED-vahrt fun
Taban lo Liyong tuh-BAN loh-lee-YAWNG
Tacitus TASS-i-tuss
Tahuantinsuyu tuh-HWAHN-tin-SOO-yoo
Taik a TY-kuh
taille TY
Taiping ty-PING
Talleyrand, Prince tah-lay-RAHNH
Tangan yik a tang-an-YEE-kuh
Tanizaki, Junichiro tan-i-ZAH-kee, jun-i-
CHEE-roh
Tanzania tan-zuh-NEE-uh
Temuchin TEM-yuh-jin
Tenochtitlán tay-nawch-teet-LAHN
Te o ti h u a c á n tay-noh-tee-hwa-KAHN
Tertullian tur-TUL-yun
Te xc o co tess-KOH-koh
ales THAY-leez
eocritus thee-AHK-ruh-tuss
eodora thee-uh-DOR-uh
eodoric thee-AHD-uh-rik
eodosius thee-uh-DOH-shuss
eognis thee-AHG-nuss
eravada thay-ruh-VAH-duh
ermopylae thur-MAHP-uh-lee
iers, Adolphe TYAYR, a-DAWLF
ucydides thoo-SID-uh-deez
utmosis thoot-MOH-suss
Tiananmen TYAHN-ahn-men
Tianjin TYAHN-jin
Tiberius ty-BEER-ee-uss
Tiglath-pileser TIG-lath-py-LEE-zur
Tikal tee-KAHL
Tirpitz, Admiral von TEER-pits
Tisza, István TISS-ah, ISHT-vun
Tito TEE-toh
Titus TY-tuss
Tlaloc tuh-lah-LOHK
Tlaltelolco tuh-lahl-teh-LOH-koh
Tlaxcala tuh-lah-SKAH-lah
Toer, Pramoedya TOOR, pra-MOO-dyah
Tojo, Hideki TOH-joh, hee-DEK-ee
Tokugawa Ieyasu toh-koo-GAH-wah ee-yeh-
YAH-soo
Tolstoy, L eo TOHL-stoy
Tongmenghui toong-meng-HWEE
Topa Inca TOH-puh INK-uh
808 PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
To pk ap i tawp-KAH-pee
To r ah TOR-uh
Tordesillas tor-day-SEE-yass
Touré, Sékou too-RAY, say-KOO
Trajan TRAY-jun
Trevithick, Richard TREV-uh-thik
Tristan, Flora TRISS-tun
trivium TRIV-ee-um
Trotsky, Leon TRAHT-skee
Troyes TRWAH
Trudeau, Pierre troo-DOH, PYAYR
Trufaut, François troo-FOH, frahnh-SWAH
Tsara, Tristan TSAHR-rah, TRISS-tun
Tübingen TUR-bing-un
Tu gh l uq tug-LUK
Tulsidas tool-see-DAHSS
Tutankhamun too-tang-KAH-mun
Tyche TY-kee
Uccello, Paolo oo-CHEL-oh, POW-loh
uhuru oo-HOO-roo
uji OO-jee
Ulbricht, Walter OOL-brikht, VAHL-tuh
Ulianov, Vladimir ool-YA-nuf
Umayyads oo-MY-adz
Unam Sanctam OO-nahm SAHNK-tahm
universitas yoo-nee-VAYR-see-tahss
Utamaro OO-tah-mah-roh
Uzbekistan ooz-BEK-i-stan
vaisya VISH-yuh
Vajpayee, Atal Behari VAHJ-py-ee, AH-tahl
bi-HAH-ree
Va lens VAY-linz
Valentinian val-en-TIN-ee-un
Valér y, Paul vah-lay-REE, POHL
Va lois val-WAH
Van de Velde, eodore vahn duh VEL-duh,
TAY-oh-dor
van Eyck, Jan vahn YK or van AYK, YAHN
van Gogh, Vincent van GOH
Vasa, Gustavus VAH-suh, GUSS-tuh-vuss
Vega, Lope de VAY-guh, LOH-pay day
Velde, eodor van de VEL-duh, tay-oh-DOR
vahn duh
Ven dé e vahnh-DAY
Ven et ia vuh-NEE-shuh
Verdun vur-DUN
Vergerio, Pietro Paolo vur-JEER-ee-oh, PYAY-
troh POW-loh
Versailles vayr-SY
Vesalius, Andreas vuh-SAY-lee-uss, ahn-
DRAY-uss
Ve sp asian
vess-PAY-zhun
Vespucci, Amerigo vess-POO-chee, ahm-ay-
REE-goh
Ve su vius vuh-SOO-vee-uss
Vichy VISH-ee
Vierzehnheiligen feer-tsayn-HY-li-gen
Virchow, Rudolf FEER-khoh, ROO-dulf
Virgil VUR-jul
Visconti, Giangaleazzo vees-KOHN-tee,
jahn-gah-lay-AH-tsoh
Vishnu VISH-noo
Visigoths VIZ-uh-gathz
Voilquin, Suzanne vwahl-KANH,
soo-ZAHN
Vol k FULK
Vo lk schu le n FULK-shoo-lun
Voltaire vohl-TAYR
Wa fd WAHFT
Wagner, Richard VAG-nur, RIKH-art
Walesa, Lech vah-WENT-sah, LEK
Wallachia wah-LAY-kee-uh
Wallenstein, Albrecht von VAHL-en-shtyn,
AWL- bre kh t
Wang Anshi WAHNG ahn-SHEE
Wang Shuo wahng-SHWOH
Wang Tao wahng-TOW
Wannsee VAHN-zay
Watteau, Antoine wah-TOH, AHN-twahn
Weill, Kurt VYL
Weizsäcker, Richard von VYTS-zek-ur,
RIKH-art
wergeld WUR-geld
Windischgrätz, Alfred VIN-dish-grets
Winkelmann, Maria VINK-ul-mahn
Witte, Sergei VIT-uh, syir-GYAY
Wittenberg VIT-ten-bayrk
Wojtyla, Karol voy-TEE-wah, KAH-rul
Wol ls to ne cr a , Mary WULL-stun-kra
Wu Zhao woo-ZHOW
Würzburg VURTS-boork
Wyclif, John WIK-lif
Xavier, Francis ZAY-vee-ur
Xerxes ZURK-seez
Xhosa KHOH-suh
Xia SHEE-ah
Xian SHEE-ahn
Xiangyang SHYAHNG-yahng
Ximenes khee-MAY-ness
Xinjiang SHIN-jyahng
Xiongnu SHYAHNG-noo
Xui Tong shwee-TOONG
Yahweh YAH-way
Ya n’a n
yuh-NAHN
Yang Guifei yahng gwee-FAY
Ya n g s h a o yahng-SHOW
Yangtze YANG-tsee
Ya y o i yah-YO-ee
Yeats, William Butler YAYTS
Yeltsin, Boris YELT-sun
Yi Jing yee-JING
Yi Song-gye YEE song-YEE
yishuv YISH-uv
Yuan Shikai yoo-AHN shee-KY
Yudhoyono, Susilo yood-hoh-YOH-noh,
soo-SEE-loh
Yu e yoo-EH
zaibatsu zy-BAHT-soo or Japanese
DZY-bahtss
Zanj ZANJ
Zanzibar ZAN-zi-bar
Zasulich, Vera tsah-SOO-likh
Zemsky Sobor ZEM-skee suh-BOR
zemstvos ZEMPST-vohz
Zeno ZEE-noh
Zenobia zuh-NOH-bee-uh
zeppelin ZEP-puh-lin
Zeus ZOOSS
Zhang Zhidong JANG jee-DOONG
Zhao Ziyang JOW dzee-YAHNG
Zhenotdel zhen-ut-DEL
Zhivkov, Todor ZHIV-ku , toh-DOR
Zia ul-Haq, Mohammad ZEE-uh ool-HAHK
ziggurat ZIG-uh-rat
Zimmermann, Dominikus TSIM-ur-mahn,
doh-MEE-nee-kooss
Zinzendorf, Nikolaus von TSIN-sin-dorf, NEE-
koh-LOWSS fun
Zola, Émile ZOH-lah, ay-MEEL
zollverein TSOHL-fuh-ryn
Zoroaster ZOR-oh-ass-tur
Zuanzong zwahn-ZOONG
Zuni ZOO-nee
Zwingli, Ulrich TSFING-lee, OOL-rikh
Pronunciation Guide 809
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MAP CREDITS
e authors wish to acknowledge their use of the following
books as references in preparing the maps listed here:
MAP 14.1 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Inc., 1978), p. 160.
MAP 16.3 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond, Inc., 1978), p. 173.
MAP 17.1 Jonathan Spence, e Search for Modern China
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), p. 19.
MAP 17.2 Conrad Schirokauer, A Brief History of Chinese
and Japanese Civilizations, 2nd ed. (San Diego: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1989), p. 330.
MAP 17.3 John K. Fairbank, Edwin O. Reischauer, and Albert
M. Craig, East Asia: Tradition and Transformation (Boston:
Houghton Mi in, 1973), pp. 402–403.
MAP 21.1 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond, Inc., 1978), p. 235.
MAP 22.2 John K. Fairbank, Edwin O. Reischauer, and Albert
M. Craig, East Asia: Tradition and Transformation (Boston:
Houghton Mi in, 1973), p. 451.
MAP 22.4 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond, Inc., 1978), p. 243.
815
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5. Daniel J. Boorstin, e Discoverers: A History of Man’s Search to Know
His World and Himself (New York, 1983), p. 63.
6. C. R. Boxer, ed., South China in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1953),
p. 265.
7. Chie Nakane and Sinzaburo Oishi, eds., Tokugawa Japan (Tokyo, 1990),
p. 14.
8. Quoted in Jurgis Elisonas, “Christianity and the Daimyo,” in John
Whitney Hall, ed., e Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 4 (Cambridge,
1991), p. 360.
9. Engelbert Kaempfer, e History of Japan: Together with a Description
of the Kingdom of Siam, 1690–1692, vol. 2 (Glasgow, 1906),
pp. 173–174.
10. Quoted in Ryusaku Tsunda et al., Sources of Japanese Tradition (New
York, 1964), p. 313.
CHAPTER 18
1. J. Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (New York, 1964),
pp. 89–90.
2. Quoted in P. Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe, rev. ed.
(New York, 1994), p. 186.
3. Quoted in W. Doyle, e Oxford History of the French Revolution
(Oxford, 1989), p. 184.
4. Quoted in L. Gershoy, e Era of the French Revolution (Princeton, N.J.,
1957), p. 157.
5. Quoted in Doyle, e Oxford History of the French Revolution, p. 254.
CHAPTER 19
1. Quoted in E. Royston Pike, Human Documents of the Industrial
Revolution in Britain (London, 1966), p. 343.
2. Ibid., p. 315.
3. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, e Communist Manifesto
(Harmondsworth, England, 1967), p. 80. Originally published in 1848.
4. Ibid., pp. 91, 94.
5. Quoted in Louis L. Snyder, ed., Documents of German History (New
Brunswick, N.J., 1958), p. 202.
6. Quoted in Shmuel Galai, e Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900–
1905 (Cambridge, 1973), p. 26.
CHAPTER 20
1. Quoted in J. C. Chasteen, Americanos: Latin America’s Struggle for
Independence (Oxford, 2008), p. 122.
2. Quoted in P. Bakewell, A History of Latin America (Oxford, 1997),
p. 367.
3. Quoted in M. C. Eakin, e History of Latin America: Collision of
Cultures (New York, 2007), p. 188.
4. Quoted in E. B. Burns, Latin America: A Concise Interpretive History,
4th ed. (Englewood Cli s, N.J., 1986), p. 116.
5. Quoted in N. Bullock and J. Read, e Movement for Housing Reform in
Germany and France, 1840–1914 (Cambridge, 1985), p. 42.
6. W. Wordsworth, “ e Tables Turned,” Poems of Wordsworth, ed. M. Arnold
(London, 1963), p. 138.
7. Quoted in A. E. E. McKenzie, e Major Achievements of Science, vol. 1
(New York, 1960), p. 310.
CHAPTER NOTES
CHAPTER 14
1. From A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama (London, 1898),
cited in J. H. Parry, e European Reconnaissance: Selected Documents
(New York, 1968), p. 82.
2. H. J. Benda and J. A. Larkin, eds., e World of Southeast Asia: Selected
Historical Readings (New York, 1967), p. 13.
3. Parry, European Reconnaissance, quoting from A. Cortesão, e Summa
Oriental of Tomé Pires, vol. 2 (London, 1944), pp. 283, 287.
4. Quoted in J. H. Parry, e Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery,
Exploration, and Settlement, 1450 to 1650 (New York, 1963), p. 33.
5. Quoted in R. B. Reed, “ e Expansion of Europe,” in
R. DeMolen, ed., e Meaning of the Renaissance and Reformation
(Boston, 1974), p. 308.
6. K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An
Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge, 1985),
p. 65.
7. Quoted in M. Leon-Portilla, ed., e Broken Spears: e Aztec Account
of the Conquest of Mexico (Boston, 1969), p. 51.
8. Quoted in Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, pp. 176–177.
9. Quoted in B. Davidson, Africa in History: emes and Outlines
(London, 1968), p. 137.
CHAPTER 15
1. N. Machiavelli, e Prince, trans. D. Wootton (Indianapolis, Ind., 1995),
p. 48.
2. Quoted in R. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (New York,
1950), p. 144.
3. J. Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. J. Allen
(Philadelphia, 1936), vol. 1, p. 228; vol. 2, p. 181.
4. Quoted in B. S. Anderson and J. P. Zinsser, A History of eir Own:
Women in Europe from Prehistory to the Present, vol. 1 (New York,
1988), p. 259.
5. Quoted in J. O’Malley, e First Jesuits (Cambridge, Mass., 1993), p. 76.
6. Quoted in J. Klaits, Servants of Satan: e Age of Witch Hunts
(Bloomington, Ind., 1985), p. 68.
CHAPTER 16
1. Vincent A. Smith, e Oxford History of India (Oxford, 1967), p. 341.
2. Quoted in Michael Edwardes, A History of India: From the Earliest
Times to the Present Day (London, 1961), p. 188.
3. Quoted in Edwardes, History of India, p. 220.
4. Quoted in Roy C. Craven, Indian Art: A Concise History (New York,
1976), p. 205.
CHAPTER 17
1. From Jonathan D. Spence, Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang Hsi
(New York, 1974), pp. 143–144.
2. Richard Strassberg, e World of K’ang Shang-jen: A Man of Letters in
Early Ch’ing China (New York, 1983), p. 275.
3. Lynn Struve, e Southern Ming, 1644–1662 (New Haven, Conn.,
1984), p. 61.
4. J. L. Cranmer-Byng, An Embassy to China: Lord Macartney’s Journal,
1793–1794 (London, 1912), p. 340.
817
2. Quoted in Alexander De Grand, “Women Under Italian Fascism,”
Historical Journal 19 (1976), pp. 958–959.
3. Quoted in Jackson J. Spielvogel, Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History,
5th ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J., 2005), p. 60.
4. Quoted in Joachim Fest, Hitler, trans. Richard Winston and Clara
Winston (New York, 1974), p. 418.
5. Documents on German Foreign Policy, ser. D, vol. 7 (London, 1956),
p. 204.
6. Quoted in Raul Hilberg, e Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 1,
rev. ed. (New York, 1985), pp. 332–333.
7. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. 6 (Washington, D.C., 1946),
p. 789.
8. Quoted in Claudia Koonz, “Mothers in the Fatherland: Women in Nazi
Germany,” in Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz, eds., Becoming
Visible: Women in European History (Boston, 1977), p. 466.
9. Quoted in John Campbell, e Experience of World War II (New York,
1989), p. 143.
10. Quoted in Norman Graebner, Cold War Diplomacy, 1945–1960
(Princeton, N.J., 1962), p. 117.
CHAPTER 26
1. Quoted in Department of State Bulletin, February 11, 1945,
pp. 213–216.
2. Quoted in J. M. Jones, e Fi een Weeks (February 21–June 5, 1947),
2nd ed. (New York, 1964), pp. 140–141.
3. Quoted in W. Laqueur, Europe in Our Time (New York, 1992), p. 111.
4. Quoted in W. Loth, e Division of the World, 1941–1955 (New York,
1988), pp. 160–161.
CHAPTER 27
1. Quoted in V. Zubok and C. Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s
Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, Mass., 1996),
p. 166.
2. Quoted in H. Smith, e New Russians (New York, 1990), p. 74.
3. Quoted in S. Karnow, Mao and China: Inside China’s Cultural
Revolution (New York, 1972), p. 95.
4. Quoted in F. Ching, “Confucius, the New Saviour,” Far Eastern
Economic Review, November 10, 1994, p. 37.
5. Quoted in J. Spence, Chinese Roundabout: Essays in History and Culture
(New York, 1992), p. 285.
CHAPTER 28
1. Quoted in W. I. Hitchcock, e Struggle for Europe: e Turbulent
History of a Divided Continent, 1945–2002 (New York, 2003),
pp. 399–400.
2. Simone de Beauvoir, e Second Sex, trans. H. M. Parshley (New York,
1961), p. xxviii.
3. Quoted in Renate Bridenthal, “Women in the New Europe,” in
Renate Bridenthal, Susan Mosher Stuard, and Merry E. Wiesner, eds.,
Becoming Visible: Women in European His tory, 3rd ed. (Boston, 1998),
pp. 564–565.
4. Quoted in Henry Grosshans, e Search for Modern Europe (Boston,
1970), p. 421.
5. Quoted in Richard Maltby, ed., Passing Parade: A History of Popular
Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1989), p. 11.
CHAPTER 29
1. Cited in M. Meredith, e Fate of Africa (New York, 2005), p. 168.
2. K. Little, African Women in Towns: An Aspect of Africa’s Social
Revolution (Cambridge, 1973), p. 6.
3. A. Nicol, A Truly Married Woman and Other Stories (London, 1965),
p. 12.
4. Ngugi Wa iong’o, Decolonizing the Mind: e Politics of Language in
African Literature (Portsmouth, N.H., 1986), p. 103.
8. Quoted in A. Higonnet, Berthe Morisot’s Images of Women (Cambridge,
Mass., 1992), p. 19.
CHAPTER 21
1. Quoted in J. G. Lockhart and C. M. Wodehouse, Rhodes (London,
1963), pp. 69–70.
2. K. Pearson, National Life from the Standpoint of Science (London, 1905),
p. 184.
3. Quoted in H. Braunschwig, French Colonialism, 1871–1914 (London,
1961), p. 80.
4. Quoted in G. Garros, Forceries Humaines (Paris, 1926), p. 21.
5. Cited in B. Schwartz’s review of D. Cannadine’s Ornamentalism: How
the British Saw eir Empire, Atlantic, November 2001, p. 135.
6. Quoted in R. Bartlett, ed., e Record of American Diplomacy:
Documents and Readings in the History of American Foreign Relations
(New York, 1952), p. 385.
7. Quoted in L. Roubaud, Vietnam: La Tragédie Indochinoise (Paris, 1926),
p. 80.
8. Quoted in T. Pakenham, e Scramble for Africa (New York, 1991), p. 13.
9. Quoted in Pakenham, Scramble for Africa, p. 182, citing a letter to
Queen Victoria dated August 7, 1879.
10. Quoted in P. C. W. Gutkind and I. Wallerstein, eds., e Political
Economy of Contemporary Africa (Beverly Hills, Calif., 1976), p. 14.
CHAPTER 22
1. Hosea Ballou Morse, e International Relations of the Chinese Empire,
vol. 2 (London, 1910–1918), p. 622.
2. Quoted in Ssu-yu Teng and John K. Fairbank, eds., China’s Response
to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923 (New York, 1970),
p. 140.
3. Ibid., p. 167.
4. John K. Fairbank, Albert M. Craig, and Edwin O. Reischauer, East Asia:
Tradition and Transformation (Boston, 1973), p. 514.
5. Quoted in John W. Dower, ed., e Origins of the Modern Japanese
State: Selected Writings of E. H. Norman (New York, 1975), p. 13.
CHAPTER 23
1. Arnold Toynbee, Surviving the Future (New York, 1971), pp. 106–107.
2. Quoted in Joachim Remak, “1914— e ird Balkan War: Origins
Reconsidered,” Journal of Modern History 43 (1971): 364–365.
3. Quoted in J. M. Winter, e Experience of World War I (New York,
1989), p. 142.
4. Quoted in Catherine W. Reilly, ed., Scars upon My Heart: Women’s
Poetry and Verse of the First World War (London, 1981), p. 90.
5. Quoted in William M. Mandel, Soviet Women (Garden City, N.Y.,
1975), p. 43.
6. Quoted in Irving Howe, ed., e Basic Writings of Trotsky (London,
1963), p. 162.
CHAPTER 24
1. Speech by Mahatma Gandhi, delivered in London in September 1931
during his visit for the rst Roundtable Conference.
2. Ts’ai Yuan-p’ei, “Ta Lin Ch’in-nan Han,” in Ts’ai Yuan-p’ei Hsien-sheng
Ch’uan-chi [Collected Works of Mr. Ts’ai Yuan-p’ei] (Taipei, 1968),
pp. 1057–1058.
3. Quoted in William eodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Chinese
Tradition (New York, 1963), p. 783.
4. Lu Xun, “Diary of a Madman,” in Selected Works of Lu Hsun, vol. 1
(Peking, 1957), p. 20.
CHAPTER 25
1. Benito Mussolini, “ e Doctrine of Fascism,” in Adrian Lyttleton, ed.,
Italian Fascisms (London, 1973), p. 42.
818 CHAPTER NOTES
3. Y. Mishima and G. Bownas, eds., New Writing in Japan (Harmonds-
worth, England, 1972), p. 16.
4. New York Times, January 29, 1996.
EPILOGUE
1. Quoted in J. N. Pieterse, Globalization and Culture (Lanham, Md.,
2004), p. 49.
2. E. Boulding, Women in the Twentieth Century World (New York, 1977),
pp. 187–188.
5. Quoted in R. R. Andersen, R. F. Seibert, and J. G. Wagner, Politics and
Change in the Middle East: Sources of Con ict and Accommodation, 4th
ed. (Englewood Cli s, N.J., 1982), p. 51.
6. S. Azadi, with A. Ferrante, Out of Iran (London, 1987), p. 223.
CHAPTER 30
1. New York Times, May 2, 1996.
2. Quoted in L. Collins and D. Lapierre, Freedom at Midnight (New York,
1975), p. 252.
Chapter Notes 819