Gary McDonogh. Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Culture

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Young, Andrew

b. 1932

A Georgia clergy member when the

Civil Rights movement

began to spread around

the

South

. Young became active in crusades from Birmingham, Alabama, to St.

Augustine,

Florida

. Increasingly prominent in

SCLC,

he was elected vice-

resident o

the organization under Ralph

Abernathy

. He left to pursue a political career, becoming

the first

African American

elected to the Georgia House of Representatives since 1870.

In 1977 Jimmy

Carter

appointed him US ambassador to the United Nations; he was

forced to resign two years later after it became known that he had met secretly with

members of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. From 1982 to 1990 he was a highly

regarded

mayor

of Atlanta.

ROBERT GREGG

yuppies

oung

pwardly-mobile

rofessionals became both models and targets as

baby boomers

met the affluence of the Reagan years. The epithet makes ironic reference to preppies (a

middle-class buttondown style associated with but not exclusive to prep schools), whom

yuppies assimilated, and

hippies,

whom yuppies, in some cases, had been in earlier

incarnations. This ambiguous class term has been defined by patterns of consumption

rather than wealth, power, or ethnicity; often, its connotations seem too negative for self-

attribution. Other related terms—

buppies

(black),

guppies

(gay),

chuppies

(Chinese)—

reveal questions of diversity and spreading wealth.

GARY McDONOGH

Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Culture 1236

Zappa, Frank

b. 1940; d.1993

Social satirist, culture critic, cynic, parodic transgressor, musical innovator, pre-

postmodern American composer, monster guitarist and rock ’n’ roller. With the debut o

“Freak Out” (1966), Frank Zappa and his Mothers of Invention took on American

opular culture with a repugnance and a taste for the bizarre. His work captured the

absurdities of flower power, plastic people,

rock ’n’roll

(“Does this Kind of Life Look

Interesting to You?”), sexual desire, body envies (“Penis Dimensions”) and youth culture,

ut also cynically critiqued the commodification of life in general. Early in his career he

asked his audience to drop out of high school in favor of a library education. He proposed

that ugly was beautiful, and that his music had no commercial potential. Some of his

finest moments came in September 1985 when he appeared before the Senate Committee

on Contents of Music and the Lyrics of Records. He wrote, recorded and performed doo-

wop songs, rock anthems,

jazz

interludes and orchestral scores, and made films and

videos,

bucking the music business all along the way

STEVE FERZACCA

zoos and aquaria

Collections of animals, fish and natural curiosities open to the public have consistently

intersected with and reinforced the societies that created them. America’s more than 160

credited zoos and aquaria receive more than 100 million visitors annually. They also

speak to changing values of US society.

Victorian zoos, emerging around private menageries and urban modernization, became

showplaces for architecture and landscapes as well as animals, exemplified in the

Philadelphia, PA

zoo’s elaborate buildings or Frederick Law Olmsted’s planning for

Boston, MA’s

Franklin Zoo and Manhattan’s marvelous pocket menagerie in Central

Park. The last was redone by Robert

Moses

in the 1930s, a period in which other zoos

were expanded under Works Progress Administration (WPA) patronage.

In the 1960s, zoos were criticized for their cramped cages and unnatural displays.

These attacks, as well as scientific evolution, shifted the impetus of many zoos from

collection towards conservation, where US zoos became world leaders. Placards

discussing breeding programs, genetic engineering and habitat preservation have

Entries A-Z 1237

complemented open exhibits and complex habitats. At the same time, zoos use

“blockbuster” attractions like Philadelphia’s white lions or the

Washington, DC

National

Zoo’s giant pandas, fruit of Nixon’s rapprochement with China.

America’s other great contemporary zoos, defined by size, programs and resources,

include the

San Diego

Zoo,

Chicago, IL’s

Lincoln Park, New York City’s Wildlife

Conservation Society (including the Bronx Zoo) and the National Zoo in Washington,

part of the

Smithsonian Institution

. Nearly half of all zoos are municipal projects,

although they must also rely on foundation assistance and wider civic memberships.

Nonetheless, such zoos represent regional and global tourist attractions—the

St. Louis,

Zoo gained wide media exposure through television’s

Wild Kingdom,

featuring its

director, Marlin Perkins, while

Miami, FL’s

Metrozoo merited a Frederick Wiseman

documentary

Large-scale public zoos also have been shadowed by smaller private and commercial

collections, ranging from a few animals imprisoned beside a highway to larger exhibits

like South Carolina’s Brookgreen Gardens, created by Archer Huntington and his wife in

1931 on their estate. As America sprawled along newly paved interstates, larger

enterprises—safari parks, reptile-lands and

Disney’s

Wild Kingdom—followed. Zoos

and acquaria have also become features of (and taken as characteristics of) amusement

parks.

Aquaria, less attractive than zoos, began with Washington’s National Aquarium,

located in the Department of Commerce building. Other early aquaria opened in Battery

Park, Manhattan (1895, moved to Coney Island in 1957) and Belle Isle (

Detroit, MI,

1904). Many declined after the Second World War, but 1980s

waterfront

development

spurred renewed interest in

Baltimore, MD,

New Orleans, LA

and other cities. These

scientific collections also have competed with private commercial venues like the Sea

World chain, which specializes in marine circus acts.

The Victorian zoo highlighted exoticism and hierarchy in humans’ domination o

fierce

nature

and other humans. The modern American zoo, by contrast, has become a

center of ecological concern and pedagogy as much as display—yet this, too, reflects the

changing cultural meanings of both nature and its viewers.

see also

individual names

ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) 6

Adams, Ansel 7

addiction 7

adoption 8–9

advertising 4, 10

–

2, 74

automobiles 87

awards 87

body 87

cable television 87

candy and gum 87

children and television 87

consumerism 87

Consumer Reports

290

credit and credit cards 290

food 290

gay and lesbian life 290

health and disease 290

high school 290

infomercials 290

Inuits and Aleuts 290

junk food 290

magazines 290

mass media 290

networks 290

newspapers 290

niche marketing 290

Nielsen Ratings 290

polls 290

Procter & Gamble 290

publishing 290

radio 290

sports 290

television 290

tobacco industry 290

tourism 290

advice columnists 12

affirmative action 13

colleges 16

education 16

freedom 16

Helms, Jesse 16

Jews 16

Nixon, Richard 16

Rodriguez, Richard 16

universities 16

Africa 16

–

African Americans lxiv,10, 15

–

204

Algiers Motel 204

animals 204

anthropology 204

assassination 204

assimilation 204

Attorney-General 204

automobiles 87

Baraka, Imamu Amiri 87

barbeques 87

Index 1240

Barbie 87

BET 87

Bible belt 87

Bicentennial 87

black conservatives 87

blaxploitation 87

blockbusting 87

body 87

Brooks, Gwendolyn 87

Brown

Board of Education of Topeka

Bunche, Ralph Johnson 87

busing 87

Byrne, David 87

capital punishment 87

Caribbean Americans 87

cemeteries 87

census category 87

children 87

Christianity 87

church 87

cities 87

civil rights 87

class 87

clubs 87

colleges 87

comics 87

Congress 87

consumerism 87

contemporary art 87

CORE 87

Cosby, Bill 87

cowboys 87

crime fiction 306

CUNY 306

Daley Richard Joseph 306

dance 296

Dash, Julie 296

Democratic Party 296

department stores 296

Detroit 296

Dinkins, David 296

directors 296

disabilities 296

Dove, Rita 296

drama and theater 296

Index 1241

Du Bois, W.E.B. 296

Eisenhower, Dwight D. 296

Ellison, Ralph 296

English in America 296

environmental racism/justice 296

Episcopalians 296

ethnicity 296

expatriates 296

family 296

film 296

folklore 296

Frazier, E.Franklin 296

freedom 296

gangs 296

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. 296

gender and sexuality 296

ghettos 296

Haitian Americans 296

Harlem 296

Harlem Globetrotters 296

Hasidim 296

hate crimes 296

history 296

holidays 296

homelessness 296

hooks, bell 296

immigration 296

inner cities 296

intellectuals/culture wars 296

Islam 296

Italian Americans 296

jazz 296

Jews 296

Johnson, Lyndon Baines 296

King, Martin Luther, Jr. 296

Ku Klux Klan 296

literature 296

Malcolm X 296

Mayfield, Curtis 296

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick 296

music 296

NAACP 296

Nation of Islam/Black Muslims 296

police 296

Powell, Colin 296

Index 1242

Presbyterians 296

prisons 296

race riots 296

racism 605

radio 531

segregation 531

sports 531

television 73

violence 73

Walker, Alice 73

Wallace, Michele 73

West, Cornel 73

Young, Andrew 73

African Methodists 206

Afrocentrism 206

afterlife 206

–

Agent Orange 253

agents (film) 252

Agnew, Spiro 445

agribusiness 406

agriculture 324–,386

Chavez, Cesar 386

fairs 386

migrant labor 386

rivers 386

AIDS 6

531

addiction 7

Caribbean Americans 7

censorship 7

cities 7

contraception 7

death 7

gay and lesbian life 7

Haitian Americans 7

Hanks, Tom 7

health and disease 7

Hudson, Rock 7

immigration 7

Salk, Jones 7

Ailey, Alvin 290

air-conditioning 296

air force, US 290

airports 290

–

314

air-traffic controllers’ strike 309

Alaska 317

–

428

Index 1243

Albee, Edward 347

Albright, Madeleine Korbel 419

alcohol 8, 357

–23,

445

bars 445

death 445

drug culture 445

First Ladies 445

Ford, Betty 445

Garland, Judy 445

health 445

Hendrix, Jimi 445

high school 445

suicide 445

Alcoholics Anonymous 445

Algiers Motel incident 445

Ali, Muhammad 445

–24,

445

Alinsky Saul 445

Allen, Steve 445

Allen, Woody 6, 385

directors 385

independent films/video 385

Jews 385

alternative medicine 392

–25

Altman, Robert 392

Alzheimer’s disease 392

American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) 392

American (census category) 392

–26

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 392, 385

American Film Institute 385

American images abroad 385

–28,

385

American Indian reservations 439

–29

American Indians 439

–

American Medical Association (AMA) 485

–32,

485

American Sign Language (ASL) 485

American studies 485

Americans with Disabilities Act 485

–34

Amish 531

mos ’n Andy

548

anarchism 546

–35,

546

androgyny 555

Angelou, Maya 581

animals and the media 581

animation 581

–37,

581, 342

anthropology 342

–39,

342

expatriates 342

Index 1244

folklore 342

geography 486

race and ethnicity 486

anti-technology 486

antiques/reproductions 486

Anzaldúa, Gloria 486

Appalachia 486

Apple computer 486

aquaria

see

zoos and aquaria

Arab Americans 486;