Index 331
Concepción earthquake (Chile) 54,
301–305
Concepción volcano (Nicaragua) 54
concordant plutons 70
conduits 54
cone-in-cone structures 54
cones
barrancos 26
cinder cones 50, 278, 279
littoral 151
parasitic 194
spatter 110, 137, 246
conjugate 21
Connecticut (United States) 54
Moodus noises 1
Saint Lawrence Valley 225
Constantinople earthquakes (Istanbul,
Turkey) 123
contact metamorphism 54
continental crust 55, 56, 74, 123
continental drift 283
continental shelf 55
continent-continent convergent
boundaries (margins) x–xi, 56
continents 54–55, 58–59
continuous deformation 55
contour lines 55
convection current 55, 55
convergent boundaries (margins) x–xi,
55, 56, 57, 202, 203, 203m, 204
convergent-convergent transform
boundaries (margins) xi–xii, 262
converted waves 57
Copahué caldera (Chile) 57
coral reefs 214
Corbetti caldera (Ethiopia) 15
Cordillera Nevada caldera (Chile) 57
core 73, 74
inner 119
outer 190
transition zone 261
Corinth earthquakes (Greece) 57
Cos earthquake (Greece) 57
Cosigüina volcano (Nicaragua) 57–58
Costa Rica 45m, 58
Arenal volcano 13–14
Cartago earthquake 43
Irazu volcano 122
Poás volcano 205
Rincón de la Vieja volcano 216
Cotopaxi volcano (Ecuador)
58
coulees 58
country rock 58
assimilated 19
conduit 54
cow-pie bombs 58
Crater Lake (Oregon) 38, 38, 58, 59
craters 58
Craters of the Moon Monument
(Idaho) 58
cratons 58–59
Creede caldera (Colorado) 59
creep 59, 60
Crescent City tsunami (California) 59
cristobalite 209
Croatia
Monte Negro earthquake 169
crust 59–60, 73, 74. See also
continental crust; oceanic crust
Crystal Ice Cave (Idaho) 60–61
crystalline 61
crystallization 61, 61
Bowens Reaction Series 32–33
porphyritic rocks 206
Cucuta earthquake (Colombia) 61
Cumbre Vieja volcano (Canary
Islands) 61–62
D
dacite 63
Daisetsu-Tokachi graben (Japan) 63
Dakataua caldera (Papua New
Guinea) 63–64
Damghan earthquake (Iran) 64
damping 64
dams 64, 228
DART (Deep Ocean Assessment and
Reporting of Tsunamis) program
66, 67, 192
Darwin, Charles 74–75, 301–305
Dasht-e-Bayez earthquake (Iran) 30,
64, 137
dead faults 64
death toll 64–65
Death Valley (California) 65
Debal earthquake (Pakistan) 65
debris avalanches 65, 65, 248
debris flows 65
debris slides 65–66, 220
decade volcanoes 66
Deccan Plateau (India) 66
Deception Island (South Shetland
Islands) 66
The Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire (Gibbon) 8
deep-focus earthquakes 66
deep gas hypothesis 164
Deep Ocean Assessment and
Reporting of Tsunamis program
(DART) 66, 67, 192
deformation 66–67. See also strain
brittle 34
ductile 72
elastic 76
Hooke’s law 110
Delaware (United States) 67
Denali Fault (Alaska) 67–68
Denizli earthquake (Turkey) 68
Deriba caldera (Sudan) 68
Devil’s Postpile (California) 54
Devils Tower (Wyoming) 68, 68
dextral faults 68
Dhamar earthquake (Yemen) 68, 69
diabases 68
Diamante caldera (Chile) 69
diamonds 69, 138
Dieng Plateau (Java) 70
differential stress 247
dikes 70, 114, 216
dilatancy 70
dilation waves. See P-waves
Dinar earthquake (Turkey) 70
diorite 70
dip-slip faults 70, 83, 84, 215
directivity 70
discordant plutons 70
dispersion (of waves) 70
displacement 70
divergent boundaries (margins) x,
70–72, 71, 202, 203, 203m, 204.
See also mid-ocean ridges
rifts 215
triple junctions 263, 263m
divergent-convergent transform
boundaries (margins) xi–xii, 262
divergent-divergent transform
boundaries (margins) xi–xii, 262
dome volcanoes 279
Dominica (Lesser Antilles) 72
dormant volcanoes 72
Drum, Mount (Alaska) 284
ductile deformation 34, 72
Duguna caldera (Ethiopia) 15
Dukono volcanic complex
(Halmahera) 72
duplex structures 110
dust (volcanic dust) 276
E
Earth, internal structure of ix, 73, 74
core 73, 74
inner 119
outer 190
transition zone 261
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