Kelly W.K. The History of Russia: from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Volume 2
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A.D.
1S55]
DEATH
OF THE
EMPEROR NICHOLAS.
503
partinent
of the service
almost
annihilated our
army,
so
that
although
reinforcements
were
sent to
it
as
fast
as our be-
wildered
ministers
could
contrive to forward
them,
several
months
elapsed
before our effective
strength
was made
fairly
adequate
to
the
ordinary
duties
in the
trenches,
for the new
arrivals
died off
still more
rapidly
than their
predecessors
from
the effects of bad and
insufficient
food,
want
of
clothing,
shelter,
and medical
care,
and continual
overwork.
The de-
tails of
these
disasters
and
of
their causes
belong,
not
to
the
history
of
Eussia,
but to that of
England,
in whose
social
and
political
institutions
they
are
likely
to lead to
important
modifications.
Whilst
the heroic
armies of France and
England
were
rotting
before
Sebastopol
in
expiation
of
the sins
of their
governments,
there was no
pause
to the labours
of
diplomacy,
nor much
result
from them.
Eussia continued
her delusive
demonstrations in that field in order to
gain
time,
and
to
prevent
the
German
powers
from
siding
with her
opponents.
Austria,
professing
her
approval
of the cause
of
the
Western
Powers,
clung
to
every
faint
hope
of
peace
with
a
tenacity
which her
position
in
political
geography
sufficiently
ex-
plains,
for
any
war
would be
for her the
risk
of absolute
destruction. She would
find her minimum
of risk
in
siding
with us
;
but
peace
at
any price
is a
policy
for
Austria
alone
in
the
whole world.
There
appears
no reason
to
charge
her
with bad
fiiith
to France
and
England
;
but
to Prussia
that
charge
is
brought
home
by
clear
and accumulated
evidence.
She is the secret
ally
of
Eussia,
and in her
dealings
with
the
rest of
Europe
she stands convicted of
a
repetition
of
that
duplicity
of which she once
reaped
the
fruits
at
Jena.
But
whihi
Russia
falters and
Austria
falters,
England
and
France
have found a
frank
ally
in
Sardinia,
which
has
engaged
to
furnish
and
maintain
at her
own
cost
a
contingent
of fifteen
thousand
men to the allied
army
in the
Crimea.
The
first
instalment
of that
contingent
has
already
arrived
at the
scene
of
action.
On the 2nd
of
March, 1S55,
the
electric
telegraph
startled
all
Europe
with
the news
that
the
Emperor
Nicholas
had
expired
at
noon
that
day
of
pulmonary
apoplexy.
For once
there
appears
no reason
to doubt that
the
death
of a
Eussian
emperor
has been
officially
ascribed to
its
true
cause. The
501 HISTOET OP RUSSIA.
[CH.
LXXVII.
health of Nicholas had
long
heen
in a
precarious
state,
and
an
English
physician,
Doctor
Granville,
had written
to
Lord
Palmerston about
the
time
when
the war was
declared,
stating
his
conviction
that the
emperor's
life
was
not worth
a
year's
purchase.
The toils and anxieties in which he
was
latterly
involved
might
have broken
down
a
stronger
constitution
than that
of
Nicholas,
for in
his
stalwart frame there was a
hereditary
taint which had
manifested itself
in other
members
of his
family,
sometimes
in the form of
insanity,
sometimes
in
that of
erysipelas
or other
maladies.
Besides,
the
fact
is
not
less certain
than it
is
ludicrous,
that he
had
habitually
practised
tight-lacing
to
such a
degree,
that he often fainted
when
he un
girthed
himself
for
sleep.
The
tendency
to con-
gestion
of
the
lungs,
which at last
proved
fatal
to
him,
was
the natural
result of that
despicable display
of
vanity.
Had
Nicholas died
a
year
or two
sooner,
the world would
have
been
spared
much
suffering. Happening
when it
did,
his death
was
an
event of
no
political
importance
whatever.
He
died in his
fifty-ninth year,
and
was succeeded
by
his
eldest
son,
Alexander
II.,
whose character
is
said to resemble
that of
his uncle and
namesake.
Fondly
imagining
that a new
reign
would be
the
inaugu-
ration
of a new
Russian
policy,
the
diplomatic
representatives
of
Austria,
France,
and
Great
Britain
again
met those
of
Russia
in
conference at
Vienna.
Turkey
was
also
repre-
sented there
;
but Prussia
was
very
justly
excluded.
The
whole
story
of
this
elaborate
hoax,
played
off
by
Russia on
the
credulous
governments
of the
West,
is
now before the
world in
the
"
Papers
relating
to the
Negotiations
at Vienna
on
the
Eastern
Question,"
giving
the
proceedings
from the
loth
of
March
to the
2Gth of
April,
in
protocols
which
record
stipulations
upon
special points
and
report
the
dis-
cussions
of
the
plenipotentiaries
on
the whole
subject,
with
great
point
and
spirit.
The
discussion
—
sometimes
it
may
be
called
almost
altercation
—
is animated and
dramatic.
The
dramatis
persona?
at
the
commencement are
Buol
Schauen-
stein and
Prokesch
Osten
for
Austria,
Bourqueney
for
France,
"Westmoreland
for
England,
Gortchakof
and Titoff
for
Russia,
Aarif
Effendi for
Turkey
;
to
whom
entered
subsequently
Lord
John
Russell for
England,
Drouyn
de
Lhuys
for
France,
and
Aali Pasha
for the
Porte.
A.D.
1S55]
CONFERENCE
AT
VIENNA.
505
The
conferences start from
the memorandum communi-
cated
by
the
plenipotentiaries
of
Austria, France,
and
Great
Britain
to
Prince Gortchakof on the
2Sth
December,
setting
fortli
"the
four
points"
-with much
greater
distinctness
and
force
than
they
had
been
expressed
in
previous
indications
of
the
objects
sought
by
the
allies. If
these four
points
had
been
granted,
Moldavia,
A
7
allachia,
and Servia
would have
been
secured
in their local
independence,
under
the suze-
rainty
of the
Porte,
with the
collective
guarantee
of
the^i'e
powers
;
the Danube
would
have been
placed
as to its
control
and care
under a
syndicate ;
the
Ottoman
Porte
would have
been
recognised
as
forming
a
member of the
European
comity
;
the
preponderance
of Russia
in
the Black Sea
would
have
been
terminated
;
and the Christian
subjects
of
Turkey
would
have received
a
confirmation
of
their
immunities,
without
distinction
of
sect,
under
the
friendly
observation
of
the five
powers.
These were the
objects
to
which
the three
powers
pledged
their
adhesion,
and
to
which
Turkey
gave
her
sanction.
In the
conference,
however,
the
representatives
of the
several
powers
assumed
very
different
positions,
which
only
became
fully developed
when the
discussion
reached
the third
point.
The indications
of
diversity
were shown
at
the
earliest
stages
;
but
it
was
here that
they
started
into
their full an-
tagonism.
Aarif
Effendi,
whom
we
may
guess
to be a re-
served
Asiatic,
takes
a
quiet
position,
submitting
to the
suggestions
of the allied
powers,
though
not
slavishly,
and
not
professing
to have lull
authority
from his
government.
When
Aali Pasha arrives the
language
is
changed
:
although
he
still holds
authority
ad
referendum,
he
takes
his share
in
the
discussion,
shapes
particular propositions according
to
the
Turkish
point
of
view,
and
evidently
to
the
convenience
of
the
allies;
and
when
Russia
grows
insolent,
as she
often
does
in
the mouth
of both
her
plenipotentiaries,
Aali
Pasha
replies
with
spirit:
there is the
edge
of the
scimitar
in
his
words.
Lord
John
Russell often
suggests
original points,
but
usually
exercises
a
clear
and
sound
judgment
on
the
merits
of different
propositions,
with
a
firm
adhesion
to
the
principles
upon
which
the
A\
r
cstern
Powers
stand,
and
a useful
copiousness
of historical
illustration.
If the Russians
find
difficulties in
the want
of
precedent
or
analogy,
the historian
506
HISTOET
OF ETJSSIA.
[CH.
LXXVII.
of
the
peace
of Utrecht has
an instance
at
hand,
and com-
monly
an instance
with a
moral
to it
highly pertinent
to
the
occasion.
The Earl
of
Westmoreland,
who
had
respectably
kept
up
the
representations
of our
Eoreign-ofE.ce,
agrees
in
the sentiments
of Lord John
Eussell.
De
Bourqueney
is
to
Erance what
Westmoreland
is to
England
;
only
Erench
individualism
will
assert
itself,
and
De
Bourqueney
some-
times
hazards
originality.
The character
of the Austrian
ministers is contrasted
;
and
the
diversity
which has
been
observed
between
them is
perhaps
not
Avithout some force as
evidence
that the
Austrian
statesmen
were
in earnest. Count
Buol
places
the case
of
the allies
with
great
distinctness,
sums
iip
their
proposals
in
an
able condensation
that loses
nothing
of their
spirit,
and
puts
their
arguments
well
as
against
Eussia
;
but
he is
persuasive
rather
than
peremptory,
is
disposed
to be
conciliatory
on
all
sides,
sees force
in the
Western
demands,
and
descries
"elements"
of discussion
in
the Eussian
proposals.
Erokesch
Osten
carried into
the
conference
the
rougher
and more
powerful
eloquence
which
he had
already
exhibited in
the
Germanic
diet. If the
Eus-
sian
plenipotentiaries
are
insiduous
and
insolent,
Erokesch
can return their
impertinence
upon
themselves.
Eor
in-
stance,
when Eussia
proposed
that
the
powers
should
have
the
opportunity
of
comiug
to the
aid of
Turkey
if
she call
for
help,
—
a Eussian minister
having
already
hinted that
Turkish
territory
might
have been
defended
against
British
aggression
at
Aden,
—
Lord John
Eussell
gravely
reminds the
assembly
that the
danger
of
aggression
comes from
Eussia,
not
England
;
but
Baron Erokesch
retorts
upon
the
Eussian,
that
to defend
Turkey
Eussia must be
powerful
in her
navy,
and thus the
proposal
would tend
to
perpetuate
the
very
danger
which
they
sought
to
avert.
The
Eussian
plenipo-
tentiaries are
the
bravoes
of
the
drama.
Erince Gortchakof
superciliously
meets
the
offer that Eussia
shall take the
initiative on the third
point, by
drily
announcing
that
liis
instructions,
after
eighteen days'
delay,
do not
enable him
to
make
a
proposition.
After
having adopted
"
the four
points,"
he
proposes
that
the
questions
of
supremacy
in
the
Black
Sea be
left as
the
subject
of direct
communication
between
Eussia
and
Turkey
alone
;
consents
that
Turkey
shall have the
privilege
of
calling
for the
assistance
of
other
A.D.
1855]
CONFEBENCE
AT YIENNA.
507
powers
if she wants
it;
in
short,
stultifies
the whole
consi-
deration of
the four
points,
and
insolently pretends
that
Russia
has
fulfilled her
pledges by
taking
them into con-
sideration at
all. Gortchakof sneers
at
England
for
holding
Aden,
once
a
Turkish
post
;
and sneers
at the
independence
which
Turkey
exhibits under the
patronage
of
her
allies.
The
speeches
of Titofi" are
one
continued sneer
of smooth
hypocrisy,
heightening
rather than
covering
impertinence
under a thin
gloss
of
over-studied
courtesy.
The
only
remains of the Vienna conferences
consist
in
the
last
Russian
project,
reversing
her former
proposal.
The
effect of the former
would have
been
to make the Black
Sea
a
theatre
of
more crowded
war,
by admitting
all
armed
ships
:
the latter leaves matters
exactly
as
they
were
at
first,
except
that the allies
get
a
paper
guarantee
of
the
status
quo
;
while
Russia has
obtained,
by
experiment,
a
proof
that her
designs
and
encroachments,
even
when detected,
and
undisguised,
en-
counter
no
effectual resistance
;
but she
stands,
and moves
the
paramount
power
in
Europe, supreme
in
Germany,
un-
challenged
until
she comes
to France and the few
countries
that
lie
beyond
the
sea or the
Pyrenees.
No one can rise from the
perusal
of
the Eastern
papers
without
a
strong
conviction
that
the
troubles
of
Europe,
and
the
labours if
not
the difficulties of
this
country,
are
beginning
rather
than
terminating.
"We
have
evidently
made no
way
to-
wards the
attainment of
the
objects
for which
the alliance
of
(he
Western Powers
were
formed;
but
we have committed
ourselves
to the
pursuit
of those
objects,
unless we are
pre-
pared
to
confess
that
our
power
lias declined and is
declining.
We
cannot draw
back.
Russia is less
than
ever
prepared
to
yield.
.Austria
is
not
ready
to
take our side in
the
conflict.
Such
appear
to us
to
he
the
most
conspicuous
and
strongly-
established conclusions
of the
papers.
Besides
this,
the
re-
signation
of Count
Neaeelrode,
to
he succeeded as chief mi-
nister
by
Prince
STermalof,
one of the heads of the
Muscovite
party,
implies
ilia! Russia is
as
resolute to
make no conces-
sions as when Prince Gortchakof
mocked
the
Vienna
con-
ference with his
propositions,
and she is
prepared
for a
more
vigorous battling
with
arms.
It
behoves
us,
then,
to
con-
front
the
situation
under these
circumstances,
and to be
pre-
pared
for
the next
move
which
may give
us
advantages
that
508
HISTORY OF
EUSSIA.
[CH.
LXXYII.
we
Have forfeited
by
mistakes down
to the
commencement
of
the
present
month
(May,
1855).
If
we turn to
the
Crimea,
we
find that
not
only
have
the
besiegers
made no
impression
on
Sebastopol,
but
even
that the fortress
is
stronger
at all
points
than when
they
first sat
down
before it. On
the
other
hand,
Russia,
as
a naval
power,
has been
reduced to a
nonentity,
and
her
loss of men has
been
ten times
greater
than our
own.
"
I
have
here,"
said
Lord Lansdowne in
the
House of Lords on the 14th of
May,
"
a
statement,
as
to
which
I
can
mention no
names,
but
which is one made on the
very
highest
authority
;
and from
this
it
appears,
that
a few
days
before the death of the
emperor
Nicholas,
a return was
made
up
stating
that
170,000
Russians
had died
;
and ac-
cording
to
a
supplementary
return,
furnished
some
days
later,
70,000
were added to the
list,
making
a
total loss of
240,000
men."
Again,
the
allied armies are
constantly receiving
fresh
accessions
of
strength
from
without,
and
the
causes
of
their inherent weakness
have been
in a
great
measure re-
moved.
On the
28th of
April, general
Canrobert
announces
with
pleasure
to the
emperor
of
the
-French,
that
if
the
English
army, always
so
solid,
has become
as fine
and
healthy
as it
was
in
the
first
days
of its arrival
in
the
East.
It
is
receiving
reinforcements
in
infantry,
in
cavalry,
and in means
of
transport.
I continue
to live on
the most cordial
terms
with
Lord
Raglan,
and the
two armies continue
to be
closely
united,
and count
one
upon
the
other." Since he wrote
this,
general
Canrobert has ceased to be commander-in-chief
of the Erench
army,
and is
succeeded
by
general
Pelissier,
whose
striking
career
in
Algeria
is a
guarantee
that his com-
mand will
be
distinguished
by
greater vigour.
While we
write,
the bombardment of
Sebastopol
is sus-
pended,
and measures
appear
to
be
in
progress
for
an
expedi-
tion
to
some other
part
of
the
Crimea. We
will not
venture
to
predict
that
Sebastopol
will
be
taken
by
storm,
though
we
have
yet
to
learn
that the
decided
advance made
by
both
French
and
English
will not
lead to
that result
;
but
we are
confident
that in
one
way
or another
Sebastopol
will
fall,
whether
the allies
persevere
in
the
siege,
or
adopt
the
policy
so
consonant
with
the
views of
military
authorities,
of
carry-
ing
the contest
to
the
field. In
fine,
we look
with
unabated
A.D.
1S55]
CONCLUSION.
509
hope
to
the
issue
of
this
great
contest,
and
conclude in the
following
words of an able man and
eloquent
writer
:*
"
We
have
nothing
to
repine
at. Whatever is is
right.
Had we taken
Sebastopol by
a sudden rush after the battle
of the
Alma,
we
should
have
vain-
glorified
ourselves
on what
we had not as
well
as on what we had and have. The
grand
and indomitable
courage
of our
people
would
have
over-
shadowed
our
short-comings,
and
Ave
should
have
gone
on in
the belief
that our
system
was a
perfect
one,
till
at some
future
time we
should have
pluuged
into a similar series of
blunders,
possibly
with less
favourable circumstances
to
re-
trieve them.
'
Our noble
army
of
martyrs'
has indeed bled
for
us
;
but,
alas !
it is
only
by
the
blood of
martyrs
that the
regeneration
of
a
people
can be
wrought
out.
Grievous
though
it
be,
we
have reason
to
be
thankful that
such
martyrs
are found
amongst
our ranks.
Had our
people
been
of low
caste and
only
remarkable
for obedience to
orders,
they
might,
under
skilful
generals,
have achieved
victories
as
do Indian
sippahecs
;
but the
permanence
of our
nation
would in
such
case have
depended upon
individual
men
;
we should have
been
as the
people
of
Thebes,
whose
glory
rose
—
and fell
—
with
Epamiuondas
and
Pelopidas.
But it
is
not so. Whether
with or without
generals,
whether as
an
army
or
as
a
crowd,
the heroism
is
in the
mass
; and,
as
with
the
Greeks
of
Thermopylae
—
whether that be
history
or fable
—
the
heroism
only
becomes
extinct with the death
of
the
last
wcapon-wielder.
Disasters, defeats, miseries,
nothing
can
baffle
such
a
people
—
only
extinction
—
an extinction
pre-
ferable
to
living
the
life of
serfs.
England
and Prance
re-
present
the
world's
progress,
side
by
side
with
enlightened,
wise
Sardinia.
Russia
represents
the
dark
ages
in
their
death-throes;
while Prussia
and
Austria,
balancing
sinister
and
dexter,
'let
I dare not
wait
upon
I
would.'
"Had
the
allies
made a
brilliant
success,
the
foeman and
the world
might
have
called
it
a
happy
chance on
one
side
against
misfortunes
on the
other:
but t
lie
process
has been
slow
and sure.
Never
have
the
Russians
stood their
ground
against
the
allies
in
fair
light.
They
have burrowed
in their
earth
and
stone,
and the
process
has
been
as that
of
drawing
*
W.
Bridges Adams,
Spectator,
May
19,
1855.
510 HISTORY OF RUSSIA.
[CH.
LXXVII.
a
badger,
the
severest
of
all trials of tlie
tenacity
and en-
durance
of
well-trained
dogs. Sebastopol
lias
been tlie
treasure-house of war.
There have
been
gathered
together
the stores and munitions of a score
and a half
of
years,
destined
for the
conquest
of
Constantinople.
The
value of
that
treasure has
changed
the
Scythian policy
of
retreating
and
destroying
before
an
advancing
enemy.
The
armament
intended for the Dardanelles is
consuming day
by
day
in
wrath
and
despair
;
and
even were
the
siege
sure to
be
now
abandoned,
the-
hope
of
success
against Turkey
must be
post-
poned
for
two
generations.
When
Sebastopol
can no
longer
be
maintained,
the destruction of their fleet and
the
last
remnant of their
war-gear
will
precede
the
snarling
retreat
of the baffled
Scythians;
who
will
fly
howling
across
the
neck of
Perekop,
adding
another to
the
many proofs
that,
numerous
though
they
be,
they
cannot
concentrate their
numbers
to
any
useful
effect
against
the
men of
England
and
France
;
who will settle down and make a
thriving
colony
of
freemen
on the soil
where the Russ
kept
only
serfs,
after
robbing
it
by
main force
from
its former owners.
At the
outset the
allies
proclaimed
their intentions
not to make
any
territorial
aggrandisement.
It is
quite
compatible
with that
promise
to
set
up
new nations under
their
guarantee,
to
break the
heart
and
wither
the
grasp
of
despotic
Russia,
and
drive
her
back into her
howling
wilderness,
till the
energies
of those
who
have
fought
to retain
Sebastopol
shall
begin
to
prompt
the
question,
whether successful
freedom
be not a
better
thing
for them and
theirs
than unsuccessful
despotism?
After
all,
it
is
not
against
Russians
that we
combat,
but
against
the
evil
principle
that crushes
and makes
powerless
the
Russians
themselves. Russia
must be
broken
into
frag-
ments ere
she
can
grow
into a form of
beauty.
But for her
own
aggression
this
painful
operation
might
have been
post-
poned
yet
awhile
;
but she has sown
the wind and
must
reap
the
whirlwind."
INDEX.
ABBAS
Mihza invades
Elizabethpol,
and
is
defeated
by
Paskievitch,
ii. 326
Abbasabad,
fortress
of,
ii-
329
Abkhasia,
ii. 393
;
invasion
of,
397
Abo, treaty
of,
i.
431
Achrnet
Khan
defeated,
ii. 352
Achmet
Pasha,
the
Turkish
admiral,
ii.
344,346;
452
Acre,
capture
of,
ii. 404
Adashef,
his
auspicious
administration,
i. 138
Administration, changes
in
the
forms
of,
i. 842
Adrianoplo
entered
by
the
Russians,
ii.
3.10;
its
means
of
defence,
350;
treaty
of,
352,
396
Aides,
capture
of,
ii. 3-19
Aga
Mahomed
Khan marches
against
Georgia,
ii.
128
Akermau,
convention
of,
ii.
331
Akhalzik,
surrender
of,
ii.
333;
besieged,
352
Aland,
naval
victory
at,
i. 305
Aland
Islands,
captured,
ii. 238
Alans,
the,
i.
71
Alberoni,
cabals
of
the,
i.
313,
314
Albert
cuirassiers
destroyed,
ii. 301
.an in;
u
I.
proclaimed
the
heir
pre-
sumptive
I"
the
throne,
ii.
149;
his
eriei
on the
murder
of
his
Father
Paul,189;
his accession
to
the
throne,
19] ;
his
character,
192-
194 ;
his
useful
reforms,
L95;
concludes
trea-
ties
of
peace
with
England
and
other
stales,
L96,
L97;
incorporates
Georgia
with
Russia,
197;
his
rupture
with
France,
201;
enters
into
the
third
coalition
of
Europe, 203;
his cam-
Soagn
of
Austcrlitz,
209
et
sea.\
of
ivlan and
Friedland,
219;
his
treaty
of
Tilsit.
228;
declare!
war
against
England,
236;
his
conquest
of
Fin-
land,
2
.7
; war
with
Turkey,
243,
253
;
usion
wit h
N'apule.
m,
2
15; congress
of
Erfurt,
251
;
enforces
the
treity
of
Bucharest,
266
;
at war
with
France,
260;
and
Napoleon's
campaign
of
Moscow,
261 ct
seq.
;
unites with
the
grand
alliance,
273
;
invades
France,
275
;
and
enters
Paris,
277
;
visits
London,
279
;
his
projects respecting
Poland, 281,
284;
his
constitutional
projects
for
Russia,
287;
his
military
colours,
289
;
his
religious
fervour,
293
;
expels
the
Jesuits,
293
;
his re-
nunciation of
liberalism,
293,
294;
his
last
years,
295
;
his domestic sor-
rows, 299;
his
death,
301;
review
of
his
reign,
302
Alexander,
prince
of
Tver,
i. 81
Alexander,
the
Lithuanian
prince,
i.
123
Alexandrovsky,
fort
of,
i.
140
Alexis Czarevitch succeeds
to
the
throne,
i.
218;
his
death,
224;
no-
tices
of, 319;
his father's dislike to
him, 320;
disinherited,
321;
tried,
condemned,
and
poisoned,
328—336;
sentence
on,
485
Ali-Jar-Kau
occupied by
the
Russians,
ii.
327
Ali Pasha
defeated,
ii. 444
Alliance
of
1813-14
against
Napoleon,
ii.
272
Allied
sovereigns
visit
London,
ii.
279
Allies,
Anglo-French,
ii.
462;
declare
war
against
Russia, 464;
assemble
at
Varna, 484;
at the
Aland
Islands,
485
;
arrive
at
the
Crimea,
486;
their
forces
land at
Eupatoria,
ts7;
gain
the
battle
of
Alma,
ts'.l;
invent
Se-
bastopol,
495 et
seq.;
joined
by
Sar-
dinia,
502;
their
future successes
anticipated,
510
Alma,
battle of
the,
ii. 48',)
Alphabet,
Russian,
origin
of
the,
i.
125,
n.
Amala,
king
of
the
(ioths,
i.
7
Americans,
(
'atharine's
dislike
to.
ii.
119
Amsterdam visited
by
Peter,
i.
217
\uapa,
fortress
of,
ii.
393,
400;
ceded
to
Russia,
352
Auastasia,
bride of Ivan
IV.,
i.
136
Andrew,
the
heir of
Suzdal,
i.
3,
5,
64;
assassinated,
66
Anna
Ivanovna
succeeds
to
lho
throne,
i.
404
;
conditions
of her
so-
vereignty,
405;
the
events
of her
512
INDEX.
reign,
407—417
;
her
death,
418
;
her
character,
ib.
;
characteristics of her
reign,
419
Anne,
Princess,
regency
of,
i.
422
Anthony,
the German
physician,
mur-
dered,
i.
121,
m.
Appanages,
evils
of
dividing
the em-
pire
into,
i.
53,
54
;
great
number
of,
57
;
indefinitely multiplied,
63
;
con-
tests
respecting,
64 et
seq.
;
annihi-
lated
by
Ivan
III.,
122
Araktcheief,
General,
his
rapid
promo-
tion
by
Paul,
ii.
157,
n.\
his
rigorous
measures,
288
;
his
disgrace,
291,
n.
Araxes,
country
of
the,
ceded to
Russia,
ii.
329
Archangel
founded,
i.
137
Ardebyl
occupied by
the
Russians,
ii.
327
Aristocracy,
Peter annihilates their
ancient
privileges,
i.
357
;
of
Russia,
regulations
respecting
the,
493
et
seq.
Aristotle
of
Bologna
builds the
Kremlin
of
Moscow,
i.
126
Armed
neutrality
of
Europe,
the
plan
of,
ii.
83
;
promoted by
Paul,
182
Army
organised by
Peter the
Great,
i.
238,
239;
organisation
of
the, 255;
dress of
the
soldiers,
259
;
licence
of
the,
ii.
139
;
Paul's
eccentric
regula-
tions
in
the,
165
Asia
overruns
Europe,
i.
67
;
the Turk-
ish
military struggles
in,
ii. 445
Asiatic
invasions of
Russia,
i.
7
Askhold slain
by
Oleg,
i.
10
Arras,
the
river,
ii. 328
Asof,
siege
of,
i.
240
"
Assemblies
"
regulated
by Peter,
i.
259
Astarabath,
province
of,
i.
362
Astrakan
conquered,
i. 136
;
insurrec-
tion
in,
279
Augustus
II.,
King
of
Poland,
his con-
tests with
Russia,
i.
280
;
his
dastardly
conduct,
283
;
prepares
to recover
his
throne, 290,
291
;
death
of,
408
Augustus
III. of
Poland,
ii.
15,
16;
death
of,
19
Austerlitz,
campaign
of,
ii. 209
et
seq.
;
battle
of,
213;
its
results,
214-218
Austria
favourable to
Russia,
i.
399
;
suspicious
conduct
of,
ii.
174
Austrians
occupy
the
Principalities,
ii.
484
Austro-Russian war
with
Turkey,
ii.
91,
101
P..
Bagdad,
Turkish
pashalic of,
the
politi-
cal state
of,
ii.
353
;
occupation
of,
contemplated by
Russia,
354
Bagration,
General, military
operations
of,
ii.,
211
Bairactar
deposes
Mahomet IV. ii.
247
;
death
of,
ib.
Baku,
city of,
i.
362
Balaklava
occupied
by
the
allies,
ii.
493;
battle
of,
496
Balkan
mountains,
ii.
347
;
preparations
for
crossing,
348
;
crossed
by
the Rus-
sians,
349
Balta,
town
of, destroyed,
ii.
47
Baltic,
operations
in
the,
ii.
485
Baltic fleet fitted
out,
ii.
458;
depar-
ture
of
the,
461
;
prizes captured
bv
the,
470
Baly,
Khan
of
the
Kaptchak,
i.
72
Baraguay d'Hilliers,
Marshal,
ii.
450,
463
Barbarians,
difficulties
of
civilising,
i.
51
Barr,
capture of, ii,
47
Basilian
nuns. See Minsk
Basmanof,
Peter,
i.
172,
173, 180;
de-
clares
in
favour of
Dmitri,
180
;
bravely
defends
Dmitri,
196
Bassevitz,
the
minister,
i. 393
Basmikoff,
the
insurgent conspirator,
ii.
319
Battori, Prince,
his
scornful
treatment
of Ivan
IV.,
i.
142
Bauer, General,
ii. 51
;
an officer of
Potemkin,
ii.
115,
n.
Bebutof, Prince,
his
operations
in the
Caucasus,
ii.
446
Belgrade, treaty
of,
i. 413
Bell, Mr.,
owner
of
the
Vixen,
ii.
400,
401
Belski, Prince,
i.
133
;
influence
of,
134
;
murdered,
135
Bern,
General,
ii.
369,
375
Bender,
capture
of,
and
great slaughter,
ii.
52,
et n-
Benningsen,
General,
one
of
Paul's
murderers,
ii. 189
;
his
military ope-
rations,
220
et
seq.
;
appointed
com-
mander of the Russian
armies,
224
Berg,
General,
ii. 368
Besika
Bay,
ii. 419
Bestujef,
the Russian
chancellor,
i.
345
;
the husband
of
Elizabeth,
427,
428
;
his treasonable
intrigues,
439
;
restored
to his
honours,
478
;
the
intrigues of,
ii.
8 et
seq.;
his
death,
478
Bestujef,
the
insurgent
conspirator,
ii.
316,
317,
319, 320;
his
execution,
322
Bielgorod, siege
of,
i. 35
Bien
Public,
Code
du,
ii. 320
Biren,
Ernest
John,
the
grand
cham-
berlain,
i.
407
;
chosen
duke
of
Courland,
410,
ii. 15
;
his
oppressions
and
unpopularity
as
regent,
i.
420;
arrest
of,
421
;
memoir
of, 421,
n.
Bitiagofski,
Mikhail,
murdered,
i. 159
Black
Nuns,
convent
of
the,
ii.
382
Black
Sea,
Peter's
expedition
to
the,
i.
240
;
naval
operations
in
the,
ii.
467
et
seq.
Blucher, Prince, military
operations
of,
ii.
276,
277