Kelly W.K. The History of Russia: from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Volume 2
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A.D.
1770]
KAVAL
EXPEDITION
AGAINST TTJEKET. 55
Peloponnesus
to be excited
and stimulated
by
their own
chiefs
and
by spies,
who eluded
observation
by
assuming
the
garb
of
priests.
The Russian fleet suffered
severely
by
the winter
storms,
but still more from the
inexperience
of the
Russian
naval
officers and
pilots.
The
ships
were
dispersed,
and
driven
about hither and thither
;
some
of
them,
however,
had
reached the
Archipelago
in
February,
and
the
whole of
the
Morea
was
up
in arms
when Alexis arrived in
April,
1770.
Neither he nor his brother Feodor
here
added
anything
to
their renown
;
for the
Greeks,
supported
by
a few
battalions
of
Russians,
who were landed for their
aid,
were
in
no condi-
tion
to undertake
anything
important
;
but
they
practised
inhuman cruelties
upon
the
Turks,
who afterwards
revenged
themselves
by
desolating
and
plundering,
after
their
fashion,
the
country
of their rebellious
subjects.
The
Greeks were
of no use
except
for
mere
predatory
incursions or a
guerilla
warfare
;
the Russians were not numerous
enough,
and
the
Turks,
according
to their
custom,
defended
themselves
be-
hind
walls and ditches much better than
in
the
open
field.
The
Russians were
compelled
to raise the
sieges
of
Modon
and
Coron
;
the
expedition against Tripolitza
failed
;
and
at
the end of
May
the invaders were forced to re-embark
their
troops
and
leave the unfortunate Greeks to their fate.
That
fate was
melancholy enough,
for the
vengeance
of
the
raging
Turks was
exercised
with the same
enormities
as
were
per-
I
.etrated
upon
the Greeks in
Chios and other
places during
the last
war.
The
undertakings
of the Russians at
sea were
more
suc-
cessful,
because
they
were under the
direction,
not of
the
high-admiral
Alexis,
but of
captain Gregg,
who
commanded
lor
him,
and
of
vice-admiral
Elphinstone.
Their
object
was
1
b
fall in
with and
attack the
Turkish fleet in the
Archipe-
lago
and on the
coast of
Asia.
They
succeeded in
their
design
:
Klphinstone,
with
five
ships
of the
line
and two
frigates,
attacked
the
Turkish
fleet of sixteen
ships
of the
line
and eleven
xebecs,
injured
it
severely,
and
compelled
the
enemy
to
run
for
safety
and
protection
under the
guns
of
Napoli
di
Romania.
Elphinstone
did
not desist
from his
attack
upon
the
Turks
oven
in
their
place
of
refuge,
but con-
tinued
to
cannonade their
ships
for two
days
(May
15th
and
56 HISTORY
OF RUSSIA.
[CH.
XLI.
16th)
;
they
at
length
escaped,
however,
and
sailed
to
Chios,
whither
the
Russian fleet
followed
them as soon
as
the
ships
had
again
taken
on board
some of
the
troops
which
had been
disembarked
in
the Morea.
The
Turks now
sent
30,000
Arnauts and
Bosnians,
who most
cruelly
devastated
the
country.
In the mean
time,
the
insurrection
had
spread
amongst
the Greek
islands,
and
at
the end
of
July
their
inhabitants made
a
formal
application
to
be
taken under the
protection
of
the Russians. The
Russian
fleet
had
long
been
searching
for that
of the Turks
to
no
purpose
;
at
length,
however,
they
discovered it
lying
in
the channel
of
Chios,
between that island
and
the coast of Asia.
They
came
up
to it in this
position
on the 24th
of
June,
and on
the 5th of
July Spiridof,
with ten Russian
ships,
attacked
fifteen
Turkish
sail
of
the line
: the
Turkish admiral's
ship
was blown
up,
and the
victory
remained
with the
Russians.
The Russian
admiral had
also
the
misfortune to lose
his
ship,
which took
fire
in
consequence
of
being entangled
with
one
of the
enemy's,
and was
totally
consumed
;
the officers were
saved,
but
the whole of the
crew,
amounting
to
700
men,
fell a
prey
to the
flames. The
Turks,
terrified
by
their
defeat,
were
imprudent enough
to
cut their cables and to
run
into
the nar-
row
bay
of
Tchesme,
where
their
ships
were driven
one
against
another and had
no room
to
tack
or
manoeuvre
;
this induced
the
English,
who
were
in
command
of the Russian
fleet,
to
make an
attempt
at
burning
the whole
fleet.
The
whole
merit of
the execution
of this
bold
plan
was due
to
the
Eng-
lish,
to whom
by
family
descent
Cruse,
the
captain
of admiral
Spiridof
's
ship,
also
belonged;
the
glory
remained
with
the
Russians,
and the Orlofs
received
the
reputation
and
sub-
stantial rewards.
It
was
three
Englishmen
who conducted
the whole of
the
exploit
at Tchesme
:
Elphinstone
blockaded the
Turkish
ships, Gregg
directed
the
cannonade,
and lieutenant
Dug-
dale
was entrusted
with
the
dangerous
commission
of
guiding
the
fire-ship
by
which the fleet was
to
be set in flames.
At
the
very
moment of
starting,
the
Russians who
were with
Dugdale
on board the
fire-ship
left
him
exposed
to the
danger, leapt
into
the water
and swam
away
;
he alone
steered
the
ship,
and
set
fire
to one of
the Turkish
vessels,
which
rapidly
conveyed
the flames to
the
rest
of the
fleet.
Only
one
A.D.
1770]
HONOURS
BESTOWED ON THE OELOFS. 57
ship
of
50
guns
and
five
xebecs remained
unconsumed,
and
these
were carried
away
by
the Russians.
The
small
town
of
Tchesme, also,
with its
fort, batteries,
and
cannon,
was
taken
by
the Russian
fleet.
"Whilst
Alexis
Orlof
was thus raised
to all the
dignity
of
a
hero
by
the
instrumentality
of the
English,
his brother
Gre-
gory
also became
distinguished,
and
received
imperial
honours
on account
of other
persons'
merits.
He at
first
received
extraordinary praise
because
he
ventured
to travel
to Moscow
at the
empress's
request
when
every
one was
fleeing
from
the
city
on account
of the
plague.
In this he
undoubtedly
displayed
resolution
and
courage,
and
his
example
restored
order
and
confidence.
To this
praise
he is
fully
entitled,
but he
received
commendation
also for
things
which
not he
but
others had done.
Surgeon
Todte
and
privy-councillor
Volkof had
adopted
admirable
measures
to
stay
the
spread
of the
epidemic
;
all these
were
placed
to the credit
of
Orlof,
and he
had
no sooner
returned to
Petersburg
than
the
em-
press
caused a
triumphal
arch
to be erected
to
his
honour
before
Czarskoeselo,
and to be
graced
with
the
following
inscription
:
"
In
honour
of
the
man
who
delivered
Moscow
from
the
plague.'"
Similar honours
were destined for
Alexis on
his return
to
Petersburg,
whither
he hastened
to celebrate
his
triumph.
He
received the
broad
ribbon of
the order
of St.
George,
which had
by
this time
been
bestowed
upon
many,
and the
honourable surname of
Tchesmensky
; and,
in
addition,
he
was
rewarded for
the services which
the
English
had
rendered,
by
the
erection of a
commemorative
column,
adorned
in
Roman
fashion
with
prows
of
ships,
on
the same
place
on
which the
triumphal
arch in
honour of
his brother
had been
previously
raised. The
empress
moreover
granted
him
double
the
sum
which
he asked for the
prosecution
of
the naval
war,
and
which,
according
to his
custom,
was
unusually
large.
On his
way
back
to
the
fleet
he
stopped
in
Vienna,
where
he
exhibited
such a
degree
of insolence
and
royal
extravagance
as
astonished and
terrified
the courtiers.
His character
was in
fact so
hateful,
that
many
writers have
related
as
credible
the
fable
of his
having
carried off
a
woman
from
Leghorn
who
was
supposed
to stand
in
the
way
of
the
empress.
In
that citv
he
met
with
a female adventurer
who
called
herself
58
HISTOBY
OF ETJSSIA.
[CH.
XLI.
countess
Tarakanof
;
he
allured
her
on
board
his
ship,
and
sent
her to
Petersburg.
A
report
was
immediately
put
in
circulation
that this woman
was a
daughter
of the
empress
Elizabeth,*
whom
Orlof
in
this
way placed
in
the
power
of
Catharine. The
fleet remained for
a whole
year
in
the
Archipelago
after both
the Orlofs had returned to
Peters-
burg
in 1773
;
the results
of its
operations
during
the
four
years
in the Mediterranean
is thus summed
up
in
a
Grerman
journal
which
has
been
printed
by
Schlozer
in
his
Correspondence.
"
By
the
yearly
reinforcements sent
from
Russia,
the merchant
ships
taken
from
the Turks and
Ragusa,
and the numerous
ships
which
had
been
bought
from
the
English
during
the
war,
the Russian fleet
finally
amounted
to sixteen
ships
of
the
line,
three
galliots,
twenty-three
frigates,
nine
polacres,
nineteen
xebecs,
nine
brigantines,
and
sixteen
sloops
—
in
all,
ninety-five
sail. The
support
of
the
Russian fleet in
the Levant
during
the whole war
cost
the
empire
thirty-two
millions of Venetian zechins
;
the
prizes
(provisions,
ships,
and ammunition
excepted)
amounted to
eight
millions of zechins."
Romantzof 's
campaign
in
1771 was
retarded
by
a
variety
of
circumstances,
and Ealkenskiold
may
be
right
in
alleging
that
he
intentionally
protracted
and
delayed
the
movements
of the
army,
in order
to
prolong
the
time
of
his
holding
a
court
in his
quarters
;
however that
may
be,
the
grand
vizier
first
put
himself
in
motion
in
July.
The
subordinate com-
manders,
Olitz,
Weissmann,
and
Oserof,
had in the
mean
time
attacked
several
places.
In
March,
Griurgevo
had
been
taken
by
the Russians
and
again
lost in
June,
nor were
they
able
to maintain
possession
of Tuldsha.
Repnin may
be said at
that
time
to
have
been
almost at
open
enmity
with
Romantzof,
*
It
is
said,
as in the
story
of
Caspar
Hauser,
that
Alexis, during
his
sojourn
in
Leghorn (1771),
with
the
aid
of
the
English
consul,
John
Dick, seized,
carried
off,
and sent
to
Petersburg,
where she
died
in
prison,
a certain
princess Tarakanof,
who was stated
to
be a
daughter
of the
empress
Elizabeth
by
Alexis
llazumofsky.
The
gos-
siping
Wraxall,
in
the first
part
of his
"
Memoirs of
his own
Time,"
pp.
187
—
197,
has treated the
whole affair
at
length.
The same
story,
which
resembles
that of
Caspar
Hauser
as
much
as
one
egg
does
another,
is found
in a
different
version,
but
quite
as
extraordinarily
de-
tailed,
in
Castera,
vol. ii.
p.
83,
&c.
A.D.
1771]
WAR WITH
TURKEV.
59
and
this
may
partly
account
for
the Russians
proving
unable
to
hold their
ground
south
of the
Danube,
where
they
had
got
a firm
footing
in
Isaktchy,
when
the
grand
vizier
ad-
vanced
with
his
army. Repnin,
on
this
occasion,
behaved
as he had
formerly
done
at
Warsaw
;
for
the Turks
had no
sooner taken
Tuldsha
in
June,
than,
without
any
further
in-
quiry,
he caused
not
only
the Russian
commander,
but
his
officers
also,
to be arrested.
Besides,
he
paid
no
attention
to
the
commands
which
had been issued
by
Romantzof,
who had
ordered
him to attack
the
30,000
Turks
who
were
marching
against
Bucharest.
His refusal
on
this
point,
however,
did
great
honour
to his
military
genius
and
skill,
and
was
justified
by
the event. "When
he
was
recalled,
his
successor, Essen,
obeyed
the
command,
and
attempted
to
take
the
Turkish
camp
not
far from Bucharest
by
storm,
but
was
repulsed
with the loss of several thousand
men
and
many pieces
of
cannon.
The
Turks did not
understand
how
to
profit
by
their recent successes
;
they
divided
the
army
which
had
crossed
the Danube into
several
parts,
and
the
grand
vizier
remained on
the farther side of
the
river,
intending
to
cross
at the end
of autumn. He most
foolishly
thought
that
Romantzof
would
wait his arrival
in his
camp.
That,
however,
he did not
do,
for
he was neither
deficient
in
courage
nor
military
skill,
but on
the
contrary,
in
the
beginning
of
Oc-
tober,
he
pushed
two
divisions
of
the main
army
forward
beyond
the
Danube,
under
the command
of
Miloradovitch
Slid
AVeissmann.
The
grand
vizier himself
with
the
main
army
was
encamped
near
Babadagh,
in the
Dobrudsha,
and
there
considered
him-
self
Mvurely protected by
the
fort,
and
by
trenches
which
he
had thrown
up,
whilst
two
divisions
were
separated
from
him,
one
of
which
was
encamped
at Tuldsha
and
the other
at
Matchin.
On
the same
day
(October
20),
these
two
posi-
tions
were
attacked
by
the Russian
generals,
the
Turhs
beaten
and
routed,
all
their
artillery
and
baggage
taken,
their
magazines
fell
into the
hands
of
the
Russians,
and
both
the towns
and
castles were
conquered.
In
the
following
night
an
assault
was made
on the
main
army
at
Babadagh
and the trenches
carried.
The
Turks
retreated
precipitately,
and left
their
camp
and
artillery
in
the
hands of
the
Russians,
who also took the
town of
Babadagh
itself
This
occurred
I
60
HISTOET
OP
KTTSSIA.
[CH.
XLII.
at the
time
when
the
several
cabinets
interested
in the
ques-
tion
had come
to
an
understanding
respecting
the
partition
of
Poland
;
the
Russians,
therefore,
retired
behind
the
Danube,
and
accepted
the
proffered
mediation
of
Prussia
and
Austria
for
negotiations
for
a
peace.
It
will
afterwards
appear
that
these
negotiations
neither
led
nor
could
lead
to
any
result,
because
Prussia
and
Austria
had
interests
of
the same
kind
as
Russia—
to
despoil
the
weak,
as
they proved
in
the
same
year
in
the case
of Poland.
CHAPTER
XLII.
FIEST
PARTITION
OF
POLAND.
The condition
of
Poland
at
this
time
was
indescribably
lamentable
:
the
government
as well
as
the diet
were
slaves
to
Russia,
and
generally
despised,
and
the confederations
for
the
maintenance
of
freedom
and
independence
more
re-
sembled
bands
of
robbers
than
legal
and
political
asso-
ciations.
The
Russians
had
indeed
recalled
Repnin
from
"Warsaw,
and his
successor
was
complaisant,
friendly,
and
apparently
pliant.
Volkonsky
deceived
the
government
in
Warsaw
"by
the
kindness
and
affability
of
his demeanour.
In order
to
prevent
them
from
taking
advantage
of
the
circumstances
of
the Turkish
war,
he,
nattered
and
amused
those
who
were
friends
of
their
country by promises,
appeased
the
extravagant
magnates
by
money,
and
thus
withheld
them
from
uniting
with
the
confederates
for
the
deliverance
of
their
nation
during
the
time
in
which
a
very
devil
in the
form
of
a
Russian
perpetrated
unspeakable
cruelties
in the
country.
General
Dewitz caused
every
Polish
nobleman
who was
taken
prisoner
in
arms
by
his
Russians
to be
cruelly
mutilated
without
further
inquiry.
This
enraged
the
Poles
still
more
;
the
whole
country
was
traversed
from
one
end
to
the
other
by
bands
who
called
themselves
confederates.
Immediately
after
Krasinski
and
Potocki
had
taken
refuge
among
the
Turks,
a
new
con-
federacy
was
set on
foot
in Lithuania
in
March,
1769,
and
A.D.
1771]
FIKST
PARTITION OP
POLAND.
Gl
issued
a
very
threatening
manifesto. In November
of
the
same
year
a
new
general
confederation
was
proclaimed
in
Biala,
or
Bilitz,
at
the
opposite
extremity
of
the
kingdom,
at
which
deputies
were
present
from all
parts
of Poland
and
from
Lithuania.
The
king
of
Poland
celebrated
a
joyous
carnival
in
Warsaw,
and
distinguished
himself
by
the
gallantry
and
elegance
of
his
deportment,
and
the
splendour
of his
equi-
page
and
dress,
at
the
very
time in
which
the confederates
appeared
in the
immediate
neighbourhood
of
"Warsaw,
after
having
fortified
the
convent
and town
of Czenstochau.
This
took
place
in
February,
1770;
on
the
9th of
April
the
confederates
even
announced
that the
king
was
deposed,
and
an
interregnum
begun.
The Eussian
generals
"Wey-
marn,
Dewitz,
and
Suvarof,
who
now first
appeared
upon
the
stage
of
public
life,
caused
one
crowd of
men
after
another
to be
dragged
away
into exile
and
misery
in the
wilds of
Eussia,
and"
cruelly
mutilated
others.
Suvarof
distinguished
his
first
appearance
in
Poland
by
a
brilliant
victory
over
Oginski
in
September,
1770,
and
thereby prevented
the
Polish
nobles,
who
were
anxious
about
the
preservation
of
their
estates,
from
joining
the malcontents
in arms.
Dumourier,
who
supplied
the confederates
with
money
as
long
as
Choiseul
remained
minister,
fell
into a
dispute
with Pulawski
in
June,
1771.
The
latter,
whose
confede-
rates
had
now
taken
possession
of the
castle
of
Cracow,
ascribed
to
Dumourier
the
loss of
the skirmish
at
Landscron,
which
lias
been
improperly
called
a
battle.
A month after
this
affair
the confederates
published
an
appeal
addressed to
all
the
Poles,
urging
them
to
join
their ranks and drive the
Eussians
out
of
their
country
;
whereupon
the
Eussians
issued
orders
to
treat
all the Poles
who were taken
prisoners
as criminals.
All civil administration
in Poland was at
that
time
completely
at an end
:
the
military
commanders ruled
in their
several
districts where
they happened
to
be
stationed
with
their
troops. Yolkonsky,
who was
in
Warsaw,
was
very
disagreeable
to the
king,
notwithstanding
the
com-
plaisance
and
courtliness
of his
manners-, and
Stanislaus.
!indin»
it no
longer
tolerable
to be
completely
overlooked
in
lus own
capital,
sent
a humble
embassy
to
Petersburg
to
effect
if
possible
the
recal
of
the
Eussian
ambassador.
The
62
HISTOET
OF
BTJSSIA.
[CH.
XLII.
application
was
attended
with
success,
inasmuch
as Russia
now
needed
the services
of a
man
in
Poland who was
deeply
skilled
in
legal
and
diplomatic
affairs:
Volkonsky
was
recalled,
and
in his stead
Saldern
was
appointed,
who after-
wards
ruled
Poland
with
more
skill,
but
quite
as much
harshness
as
Repnin.
Saldern'
s
first
contrivance
was
the annihilation
of what
was
called
the union
party
to which
Oginski
belonged,
—
a
party
which
wished
to restore
peace
and
unity
between the
different
confederations
and
the
king
without the aid or
intervention
of
foreign
powers.
This
party
was
no
sooner
broken
up
than
Saldern
conducted
himself
in
"Warsaw
just
as
if the Russian
police
had been
already legally
established
in Poland.
He declared
the
confederations,
which
were
sanctioned
by
the
unholy
laws re-established
by
the Russians
themselves,
to
be associations
of robbers
and
murderers,
and
issued
proclamations
to
the inhabitants
of
Warsaw,
which
were sometimes
abusive,
sometimes
threatening,
and
occa-
sionally really
penal,
and
treated
the
king
as his inferior and
subject.
During
the winter
Stanislaus
lost, through
a bold
feat
of
Pulawski's,
all
the
little remnant
of
respect
which was
left
.
to
him
by
the
Russians
;
for
on
this occasion
it
was
made manifest
to
all
the
world that
his own
countrymen
did
not
recognise
the
royal
dignity
in his
person.
A
Polish
general
received
orders
from
the
government
in
October to
put
an end
to
the
committee
of the
confederates
at
Biala: the
officer
who received
the commission
failed
in
the execution
of his
orders,
and
Pulawski
undertook
a
predatory
expedition
to
Warsaw.
A
Russian
colonel
fell in
with Pulawski's
band
on
the
last
day
of
October
and routed
them,
but in the
mean while AVarsaw
was
left without
protection
:
Pulawski,
who had
escaped
from
the
enemy
with a small
number of
attendants,
was desirous
of
taking advantage
of this
opportu-
nity
to
carry
off
the
king
from his own
palace.
The
plan
was,
that
a number of resolute
men,
who had
partly
provided
themselves
with
Russian
uniforms,
should
make
their
way
secretly
into
the
capital,
seize
the
king
as
he
was
returning
to
his
own
palace
from the
fashionable
society
which assembled
at
his
uncle's,
and
convey
him
to
Czensto-
chau
;
whilst
Pulawski,
by
a
predatory
expedition,
allured the
Russians
out
of Warsaw
to follow
him.
This
plan
was
really
A.D.
1771]
FIEST PARTITION
OP
POLAND.
63
carried
into
effect on
the 3rd
of November. Pulawski
suc-
ceeded
in
drawing away
the Russians
from
Warsaw
;
whilst
thirty
brave
and adventurous
Poles,
among
whom
Kosinski,
Lukaski,
and Stravinski have
obtained
a
melancholv
celebritv,
advanced
rapidly
to the
city,
and
so distributed
themselves
in the
darkness,
that one
party
waited before the
city
whilst
the other
was to
seize
the
king
within
the walls.
The
latter
party
learned that
precisely
at
nine
o'clock
in the
evening
the
king
would
return
from
his
uncle,
the
high-chancellor's.
Some of them
assaulted
the outriders
and
attendants
of
the
king,
whilst others
seized the coachman
and horses :
the
attendants
were so
frightened
as to
be
unable to
give
heed
to what
was
passing
behind
them. Five or six
of
the con-
spirators
made themselves
masters
of the
king's
person
at
the
very
moment in which
he was
about to enter his
coach,
cut
down
his
heiducks,
slightly
wounded
the
king
himself,
and
immediately
set
him,
without
hat or
hair-bag, upon
a
horse
which
they
led
off in
the
midst
of
their
own.
They
failed,
however,
in
finding
the
place
in which
they
had left
their
companions
without the
city,
and were
separated
from
one
another in
the dark
;
the
king's
horse
fell,
and
before
he
could
be
remounted he
lost a
shoe in the
morass,
and
at
length
found himself
alone with
Kosinski. The
latter,
after
having
long
ridden
in
the dark
over stock and
stone,
cither
repented
of
his rashness when
he arrived at
Willainow,
a
distance of two
hours and a
half from
Warsaw,
and was alone
with
the
king,
or
he was bribed.
He
permitted
the
king
to
send
a
note to
Warsaw,
commanding
the
presence
of
his
guards.
The order was
obeyed,
and
the
participators
in
this
bold
undertaking
were forthwith accused
of
high
treason,
because it
suited the
purposes
of the
powers,
who
were about
to divide
the
spoil,
to
give
the
affair all
possible
publicity
;
Pulawski
was
outlawed,
and
Lukaski,
who had been
captured,
was
executed.
This event
occurred at the
time
in which
Kaunitz,
who
coincided
with
Joseph
against
the
opinion
of
his mother
respecting
the
partition
of
Poland,
at
length
obtained
a
pro-
mise
from
Russia,
that
in the
peace
about
to be concluded
with
Turkey, they
would
not insist
upon
retaining posse-
sion
of
Moldavia and
Vallachia,
and would
concede
the
possession
of the
immensely
rich salt-works
in
Poland
to
64
HISTOltT
OF
KTTSSIA.
[CH.
XLII.
Austria
;
consequently
the Austrian
protection
which
had
secretly
been extended to the
confederates
immediately
ceased.
As
Russia was
now
able
for a time
to
dispense
with
the
services
of
her armies
on
the Pruth and
Danube,
and
the
Austrian
frontiers were
strictly
guarded,
the
con-
federates
in Poland
were
speedily
reduced
;
and afterwards
nothing
remained
to
bring
the whole
country
under
complete
subjection
but
to
put
down the miserable
royal
government.
Although
the French at that time had
sent
Viomesnil
to
Poland
to
replace
Dumourier,
and
the
confederates
offered a
brave
and
vigorous
resistance,
they
were unable
to hold out for
any length
of time
against
the
Russians,
and
in the
beginning
of
the
year
1772
they
were first
driven
out
of the town and then
out of the
citadel of
Cracow,
and
obliged
afterwards
to evacuate
Landskron,
Czenstochau,
and
Tyrnieck.
The
fact of the con-
federates
being immediately
afterwards
dispersed
and the con-
federation
dissolved,
furnishes abundant
proof
that
the
con-
tinuance of the
disturbances had been intentional on the
part
of
Austria and Prussia. The termination of the war
with
the confederates did not
lead
to
an immediate
close of the
negotiations
among
the three
powers respecting
the
parti-
tion
;
the discussion of
the various articles of the
treaty
occupied
the former half
of the
year
1772. The
pens
of
the
diplomatists proved
insufficient to
bring
the affair to
a
satisfactory
conclusion,
and
recourse was
again
had to the
generals
and their
Cossacks. General
Elmpt
advanced
into
Poland with a new Russian
army,
and then the defensive
treaty respecting
the
partition
of
Poland was
signed
in
Petersburg
on
the 5th
of
August.
By
this
partition
Russia
obtained 2200 German
square
miles of
territory,
inhabited
by
1,500,000
people
;
Austria
between 1500
and
3600
square
miles,
the
salt-springs
of
Wielicza,
and
2,500,000
subjects
;
Prussia 700
square
miles,
and
about
900,000
people.
The
superficial
extent
of Poland
at that
time was
9057
square
miles.
This
violation
and
par-
tition
of the
territory
of
an
independent kingdom
was
besides
aggravated
by
the
contempt
with
which
the inhabitants
were
treated
;
for both the
nation
and
the
king
were
required
formally
to consent to
their
spoliation,
and
certify
their
satisfaction
by
documentary
evidence.
Saldern had been at that
time
recalled
and
replaced
by