Martienssen W., Warlimont H. (Eds.). Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data

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482 Part 3 Classes of Materials

3.3.2 Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this chapter. The

abbreviations are in accordance with international rules.

am amorphous

C chlorinated

co copolymer

cr crystalline

DOP dioctyl phthalate

HI high impact (modiﬁer)

iso isotactic

long longitudinal

LCP liquid crystal polymer

mu monomer unit

pcr partially crystalline

syn syndiotactic

str strained

Abbreviated notations for polymer names

ABS Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) PEI Poly(ether imide)

ASA Poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene-co-acrylester) PES Poly(ether sulfone)

CA Cellulose acetate PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

CAB Cellulose acetobutyrate PF Phenol formaldehyde

COC Cyclooleﬁne copolymer PI Polyimide

CP Cellulosepropionate PIB Poly(isobutylene)

DAP Diallylphthalat PMMA Poly(methyl methacrylate)

EAA Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) PMP Poly(4-methylpenten-1)

EC Ethylcellulose POM Poly(oxymethylene)

ECTFE Poly(ethylene-co-chlorotriﬂuoroethylene) PP Polypropylene

EPDM Ethylene/propylene/diene-rubber PPE Poly(phenylene ether)

EIM Polyethylene ionomer PPS Poly(phenylene sulﬁde)

EP Epoxide; epoxy PTFE Poly(tetraﬂuoro ethylene)

ETFE Poly(ethylene-co-tetraﬂuoroethylene) PVC-P Poly(vinyl chloride), plastisized with DOP

EVA Poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) PVC-U Poly(vinyl chloride), unplastisized

FEP Poly(tetraﬂuoroethylene-co-hexaﬂuoropropylene) PVK Poly(vinyl carbazole)

HDPE High density polyethylene PS Polystyrene

LDPE Low density polyethylene PSU Polysulfone

LLDPE Linear low density polyethylene PUR Polyurethane

MDPE Medium density polyethylene SAN Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)

MF Melamine formaldehyde SB Poly(styrene-co-butadiene)

THF tetrahydrofuran

trans transverse

DSC differential scanning calorimetry

DTA differential thermal analysis

CFa carbon ﬁber content = a mass%, e.g.

PS-CF20 means polystyrene with 20%

carbon ﬁber

GBa content of glass beads, spheres, or

balls = a mass%, e.g. PS-GB20 means

polystyrene with 20% glass beads

GFa glass ﬁber content = a mass%, e.g. PS-GF20

means polystyrene with 20% glass ﬁber

MeFa metal ﬁber content = a mass%

Part 3 3.2

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 483

PA Polyamide SI Silicone resin

PAI Poly(amide imide) TPU Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer

PB Polybutene-1 UF Urea formaldehyde

PBT Poly(butylene terephthalate) UHMWPE Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene

PC Polycarbonate UP Unsaturated polyester

PCTFE Poly(triﬂuorochloroethylene) VC/A Poly(vinyl chloride-co-acrylate)

PE Polyethylene VF Vulcanized ﬁber

PEEK Poly(ether ether ketone)

3.3.3 Tables and Figures

The following tables and diagrams contain physical

and physicochemical properties of common polymers,

copolymers, and polymer blends. The materials are ar-

ranged according to increasing number of functional

groups, i. e. polyoleﬁnes, vinyl polymers, ﬂuoropoly-

mers, polyacrylics, polyacetals, polyamides, polyesters,

and polymers with special functional groups [3.2–16].

024681012

Stress σ

(MPa)

Strain

ε (%)

B = fracture (break) point

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-2 Polyethylene, HDPE: stress versus strain

3.3.3.1 Polyoleﬁnes

Polyethylene, HDPE, MDPE. Applications: injection

molding for domestic parts and industrial parts; blow

molding for containers and sports goods; extrusion

for pressure pipes, pipes, electrical insulating material,

bags, envelopes, and tissue.

200 ˚C

240 ˚C

280 ˚C

Viscosity η (Pa s)

Shear rate dγ/dt (s )

–1

Fig. 3.3-3 Polyethylene, HDPE: viscosity versus shear rate

Part 3 3.3

484 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.3-1 Polyethylene: high-density, HDPE; medium-density, MDPE; low-density, LDPE; linear low-density, LLDPE;

ultrahigh-molecular-weight, UHMWPE

HDPE MDPE LDPE LLDPE UHMWPE

Melting temperature T

(

◦

C) 126–135 120–125 105–118 126 130–135

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(kJ/mol) (mu) 3.9–4.1 3.9–4.1

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(K mol)) (mu) 9.6–9.9 9.6–9.9

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 2.1–2.7 2.1–2.5 1.7–1.8

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g) −46.4 −46.5 −46.5

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

C) −110 −110 −110 −110

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

C) 60–80 45–60 74

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.38–0.51 0.32–0.40 0.41

Density  (g/cm

) 0.94–0.96 0.925–0.935 0.915–0.92 ≈ 0.935 0.93–0.94

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion 14–18 18–23 23–25 18–20 15–20

α (10

−5

/K) (linear) (296–328 K)

Compressibility κ (10

−4

/MPa) (cubic) 2.2

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 0.6–1.4 0.4–0.8 0.2–0.4 0.3–0.7 0.7–0.8

Shear modulus G (GPa) 0.85 0.66 0.16–0.25

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa) 18–30 11–18 8–10 20–30 ≈ 22

Stress at 50% strain σ

(MPa)

Strain at yield ε

(%) 8–12 10–15 ≈ 20 ≈ 15 ≈ 15

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 18–35 8–23

Strain at fracture ε

(%) 100–1000 300–1000

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 13–25

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 3–5

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal) 2430 2400

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse) 950 1150

Shore hardness D 58–63 45–60 45–51 38–60 62

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) > 10

> 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

> 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 30–40 30–40 30–40 30–40 30–40

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2–2.4

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 1–2 2 2–2.4 2 2

Refractive index n

(589 nm) 1.53 1.51–1.42

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (10

−4

/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d)) 0.9(40µm) 1 (100 µm)

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar)), 700 (N

) 700 (N

)

◦

C, 100 µm 1800 (O

) 2000 (O

)

10 000 (CO

) 10 000 (CO

)

1100 (air) 1100 (air)

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation [η]=62×10

−3

0.70

(decalin, 135

◦

[η]=51×10

−3

0.725

(tetralin, 130

◦

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 485

Table 3.3-2 Polyethylene, HDPE: heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and coefﬁcient of thermal expansion

Temperature T (

◦

C) −200 −150 −100 −50 0 20 50 100 150

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 0.55 0.84 1.10 1.34 1.64 2.05 2.86

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.62 0.56 0.50 0.44 0.38 0.32 0.25

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion 4.5 6.8 9.5 12.4 16.9 33.0 69.0

α (10

−5

/K) (linear)

Table 3.3-3 Polyethylene, LDPE: heat capacity and thermal conductivity

Temperature T (

◦

C) −200 −150 −100 −50 0 20 50 100 150

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 0.55 0.84 1.10 1.43 1.90 2.73

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.35 0.31 0.24 0.25

200

400

600

800

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

0.5 MPa

1.0 MPa

1.5 MPa

2.0 MPa

2.5 MPa

3.0 MPa

4.0 MPa

5.0 MPa

Fig. 3.3-4 Polyethylene, HDPE: creep modulus versus

time, at 23

◦

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

01234

– 40 ˚C

– 20 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-6 Polyethylene, LDPE: stress versus strain

Shear modulus G

(MPa)

Temperature T (˚C)

–100 – 50 0 50 100 150

Fig. 3.3-5 Polyethylene, HDPE: shear modulus versus

temperature

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

150 ˚C

210 ˚C

270 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-7 Polyethylene, LDPE: viscosity versus shear rate

Part 3 3.3

486 Part 3 Classes of Materials

0123456

Creep stress σ

(MPa)

Creep strain ε (%)

10 h, 23 ˚C

100 h, 23 ˚C

1 000 h, 23 ˚C

10 000 h, 23 ˚C

100 000 h, 23 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-8 Polyethylene, UHMWPE: isochronous stress

versus strain

Polyethylene, LDPE. Applications: all kinds of

sheeting, bags, insulating material, hollow bodies, bot-

tles, injection-molded parts.

Polyethylene, LLDPE. Applications: foils, bags,

waste bags, injection-molded parts, rotatory-molded

parts.

Polyethylene UHMWPE, Applications: mechanical

engineering parts, food wrapping, commercial packag-

ing, textile industry parts, electrical engineering parts,

paper industry parts, low temperature materials, medical

parts, chemical engineering parts, electroplating.

Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), EVA. Applications:

ﬁlms, deep-freeze packaging, laminates, fancy leather,

Table 3.3-4 Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), EVA; polyethylene ionomer, EIM; cyclooleﬁne copolymer, COC (poly-

(ethylene-co-norbornene)); poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), EAA

EVA EIM COC EAA

Melting temperature T

(

◦

C) 90–110 95–110 92–103

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(kJ/mol) (mu)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 2.2

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g)

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

C) 66 80–180

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

C) 63–96 VST/A50

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.28–0.35 0.24 0.16

Density  (g/cm

) 0.93–0.94 0.94–0.95 1.02 0.925–0.935

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear) ≈ 25 10–15 6–7 ≈ 20

100

150

200

250

300

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

0.6 MPa

1.2 MPa

1.8 MPa

2.4 MPa

3.0 MPa

3.6 MPa

4.8 MPa

6.0 MPa

Fig. 3.3-9 Polyethylene, UHMWPE: creep modulus ver-

sus time

food packaging, closures, ice trays, bags, gloves, ﬁttings,

pads, gaskets, plugs, toys.

Polyethylene ionomer, EIM. Applications: transpar-

ent tubes for water and liquid foods, transparent ﬁlms,

bottles, transparent coatings, adhesion promoters.

Cyclooleﬁne copolymer, COC. Applications: preci-

sion optics, optical storage media, lenses, medical and

labware applications.

Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), EAA. Applications:

packaging foils, sealing layers, tubing.

Polypropylene, PP. Applications: injection mold-

ing for domestic parts, car parts, electric appliances,

packing materials, and pharmaceutical parts; blow

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 487

Table 3.3-4 Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), EVA; polyethylene ionomer, EIM; ... , cont.

EVA EIM COC EAA

Compressibility κ (10

−4

/MPa) (cubic)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 0.03–0.1 0.15–0.2 2.6–3.2 0.04–0.13

Shear modulus G (GPa) 0.04–0.14

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa) 5–8 7–8 66 4–7

Strain at yield ε

(%) > 20 3.5–10 > 20

Stress at 50% strain σ

(MPa) 4–9

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 16–23 21–35 66

Strain at fracture ε

(%) 700 250–500 3–10

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 13–20

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 1.7–2.6

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse)

Shore hardness D 34–44

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) > 10

> 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

> 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 30–35 40 30–40

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 2.5–3 ≈ 2.4 2.35 2.5–3

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 20–40 ≈ 30 0.2 30–130

Refractive index n

(589 nm) 1.51 1.53

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (10

−4

/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))(25µm) 25 1–1.8

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))(25µm) 9300 (O

)

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation

0 1020304050

Stress

σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

23 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-10 Poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate), EVA: stress

versus strain

Viscosity η

(Pa s)

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

170 ˚C

200 ˚C

230 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-11 Poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate), EVA: viscosity

versus shear rate

Part 3 3.3

488 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.3-5 Polypropylene, PP; polybutene-1, PB; polyisobutylene, PIB; poly(4-methylpentene-1), PMP

PP PB PIB PMP

Melting temperature T

(

◦

C) 160–170 126 230–240

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(kJ/mol) (mu) 7–10

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu) 15–20

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 1.68

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g) −44 −45

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

C) 0to−10 78 −70

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

C) 60–102 108–113

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.22 0.22 0.12–0.20 0.17

Density  (g/cm

) 0.90–0.915 0.905–0.920 0.91–0.93 0.83

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear) 12–15 13 8–12 12

Compressibility κ (10

−4

/MPa) (cubic) 2.2

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 1.3–1.8 0.21–0.26 1.1–2.0

Shear modulus G (GPa)

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa) 25–40 16–24

Strain at yield ε

(%) 8–18 24

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 30–38 2–6 25–28

Strain at fracture ε

(%) > 50 300–380 > 1000 10–50

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 60–140

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 3–10

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal) 2650 1950 2180

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse) 1300 1080

Shore hardness D 69–77

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) > 10

> 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 30–70 18–40 23–25

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.1

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 2.5 20–50 < 4 15

Refractive index n

(589 nm) 1.50 1.46

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (10

−4

/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))(40µm) 2.1

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))(40µm) 430 (N

)

1900 (O

)

6100 (CO

)

700 (air)

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation [η] =20×10

−3

0.67

(PIB, toluene, 30

◦

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 489

Table 3.3-6 Polypropylene, PP: heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and coefﬁcient of thermal expansion

Temperature T (

◦

C) −200 −150 −100 −50 0 20 50 100 150

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 0.46 0.77 1.03 1.28 1.57 1.68 1.92 2.35

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 2.3 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.20

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion 5.8 6.9 7.6 19.1 19.4 14.3 22.6 29.4

α (10

−5

/K) (linear)

01234

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

80 ˚C

100 ˚C

120 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-12 Polypropylene, PP: stress versus strain

100

200

300

400

500

600

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

0.8 MPa

1.6 MPa

3.2 MPa

4.8 MPa

6.4 MPa

8.0 MPa

Fig. 3.3-14 Polypropylene, PP: creep modulus versus time,

at 23

◦

molding for cases, boxes, and bags; pressure mold-

ing for blocks and boards; tissue coating; extrusion

for pressure pipes, pipes, semiproducts, ﬂexible tub-

ing, textile fabrics, ﬁbers, sheets; foamed polymers

for sports goods, boxes, cases, handles, and domestic

parts.

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

Shear rate dγ

t (s )

–1

200 ˚C

240 ˚C

280 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-13 Polypropylene, PP: viscosity versus shear rate

Polybutene-1, PB. Applications: tubing, pipes, ﬁt-

tings, hollow bodies, cables, foils, packing.

Polyisobutylene, PIB. Applications: adhesives, seal-

ing compounds, electrical insulating oils, viscosity

improvers.

Poly(4-methylpentene-1), PMP. Applications:

glasses, light ﬁttings, molded parts, foils, packing, rings,

tubes, ﬁttings, cable insulation.

3.3.3.2 Vinyl Polymers

Polystyrene, PS. Applications: packaging, expanded

ﬁlms, toys, artiﬁcial wood, food holders, housings,

plates, cases, boxes, glossy sheets, containers, medical

articles, panels.

Poly(styrene-co-butadiene), SB.Applications:ﬂame-

retardant articles, housings.

Poly(styrene-co-acrylnitrile), SAN. Applications:

food holders, cases, shelves, covers, automotive and

electrical parts, sheets, proﬁles, containers, plastic

windows, doors, cosmetic items, medical items, phar-

maceutical items, ﬁttings, components, musical items,

toys, displays, lighting, food compartments, cassettes,

tableware, engineering parts, housings.

Part 3 3.3

490 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.3-7 Polystyrene, PS; poly(styrene-co-butadiene), SB; poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile), SAN

PS SB SAN

Melting temperature T

(

◦

C) > 243.2(iso),> 287.5 (syn)

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(KJ/mol) (mu) 8.682 (iso), 8.577 (syn)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu) 16.8(iso),15.3 (syn)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 1.2–1.4 1.3 1.3

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

)) 4.04 × 10

−3

(323 K)

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g) −41.6 −36 to −38 −36 to −38

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

C) 95–100 90–95 110

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

C) 80–100 80–110 105–120

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.16 0.18 0.18

Density  (g/cm

) 1.05 1.05–1.06 1.07–1.08

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear) 6–8 8–10 7–8

Compressibility κ (10

−4

/MPa) (cubic) 2.2

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 3.1–3.3 2.0–2.8 3.5–3.9

Shear modulus G (GPa) 1.2 0.6 1.5

Poisson’s ratio µ 0.38

Stress at yield σ

(MPa) 50 25–45

Strain at yield ε

(%) 1.1–2.5

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 30–55 26–38 65–85

Strain at fracture ε

(%) 1.5–3 25–60 2.5–5

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 13–25 50–105

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 3–5 5–10 2–4

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal) 2400

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse) 1150

Shore hardness D 78

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) > 10

> 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

> 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 30–70 45–65 30–60

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 2.4–2.5 (am); 2.61 (cr) 2.4–2.6 2.8–3

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 1–2 1–3 40–50

Refractive index n

(589 nm) 1.58–1.59 1.57

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (10

−4

/K) −1.42

Steam permeation (g/(m

d)) (100 µm) 12

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar)) (100 µm) 2500 (N

)

1000 (O

)

5200 (CO

)

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation η = 13.04M

3.4

(217

◦

Viscosity–molar-mass relation [η]=11.3×10

−3

0.73

(PS, toluene, 25

◦

Table 3.3-8 Polystyrene, PS: heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and coefﬁcient of thermal expansion

Temperature T (

◦

C) −200 −150 −100 −50 0 20 50 100 150 200

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 0.89 1.09 1.34 1.68 2.03 2.19

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion 3.9 5.1 6.1 6.7 7.1 10.0 17.6 18.0 17.4

α (10

−5

/K) (linear)

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 491

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Y = yield point, B = break point

– 40 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

80 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-15 Polystyrene, PS: stress versus strain

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

2 MPa

4 MPa

6 MPa

8 MPa

12 MPa

16 MPa

20 MPa

Fig. 3.3-17 Polystyrene, PS: creep modulus versus time, at

◦

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

190 ˚C

220 ˚C

250 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-19 Poly(styrene-co-butadiene), SB: viscosity ver-

sus shear rate

–1

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

Viscosity η

(Pa s)

180 ˚C

230 ˚C

280 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-16 Polystyrene, PS: viscosity versus shear rate

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

– 40 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

80 ˚C

Y = yield point

Fig. 3.3-18 Poly(styrene-co-butadiene), SB: stress versus

strain

500

1000

1500

2000

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

2.0 MPa

3.2 MPa

4.4 MPa

5.6 MPa

6.8 MPa

8.0 MPa

9.2 MPa

10.4 MPa

11.6 MPa

12.5 MPa

Fig. 3.3-20 Poly(styrene-co-butadiene), SB: creep modu-

lus versus time

Part 3 3.3