Martienssen W., Warlimont H. (Eds.). Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data

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512 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.3-25 Polyurethane, PUR: thermal conductivity and coefﬁcient of thermal expansion

Temperature T (

◦

C) −200 −150 −100 −50 0 20 50 100

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20

Average coefﬁcient of thermal 9.9 12.7 16.0 26.0 20.0

expansion α

∗

(10

−5

/K) (linear)

∗

(

)

(

T −20

))





T =20

(

)

dT, T in

◦

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

235 ˚C

240 ˚C

245 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-62 Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, TPU:

viscosity versus shear rate

3.3.3.11 Thermosets

Phenol formaldehyde, PF; urea formaldehyde, UF;

melamine formaldehyde, MF. Applications: molded

pieces, granulated molding compounds (GMCs), bulk

molding compounds, dough molding compounds

Table 3.3-26 Phenol formaldehyde, PF; urea formaldehyde, UF; melamine formaldehyde, MF

PF UF MF

Melting temperature T

(

◦

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(J/mol) (mu)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 1.30 1.20 1.20

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g)

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.35 0.40 0.50

Density  (g/cm

) 1.4 1.5 1.5

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear) 3–5 5–6 5–6

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

B = break point

23 ˚C

80 ˚C

120 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-63 Phenol formaldehyde, PF: stress versus strain

(DMCs), sheet molding compounds, plates, gear wheels,

abrasive wheels, lacquers, coatings, chipboards, adhe-

sives, foams, ﬁbers.

Unsaturated polyester, UP; diallyl phthalate, DAP.

Applications: molding compounds, cast resins, elec-

tronic parts, automotive parts, containers, tools, house-

ware goods, sports goods.

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 513

Table 3.3-26 Phenol formaldehyde, PF; urea formaldehyde, UF; melamine formaldehyde, MF, cont.

PF UF MF

Compressibility κ (1/MPa) (cubic)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 5.6–12 7.0–10.5 4.9–9.1

Shear modulus G (GPa)

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa)

Strain at yield ε

(%)

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 25 30 30

Strain at fracture ε

(%) 0.4–0.8 0.5–1.0 0.6–0.9

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 4.5–10

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 1.5–3

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse)

Shore hardness D 82 90

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

> 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 30–40 30–40 29–30

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 6 8 9

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 1000 400 600

Refractive index n

(589 nm) 1.63

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (1/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))(40µm) 43 400

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

B = break point

23 ˚C

80 ˚C

120 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-64 Melamine formaldehyde, MF: stress versus

strain

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

B = break point

23 ˚C

80 ˚C

120 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-65 Unsaturated polyester, UP: stress versus strain

Part 3 3.3

514 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.3-27 Unsaturated polyester, UP; diallyl phthalate, DAP; silicone resin, SI; epoxy resin, EP

UP DAP SI EP

Melting temperature T

(

◦

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(J/mol) (mu)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 1.20 0.8–0.9 0.8–1.0

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g)

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

C) 70–120

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.7 0.6 0.3–0.4 0.88

Density  (g/cm

) 2.0 1.51–1.78 1.8–1.9 1.9

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear) 2–4 1–3.5 2–5 1.1–3.5

Compressibility κ (1/MPa) (cubic)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 14–20 9.8–15.5 6–12 21.5

Shear modulus G (GPa)

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa)

Strain at yield ε

(%)

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 30 40–75 28–46 30–40

Strain at fracture ε

(%) 0.6–1.2 4

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse)

Shore hardness D 82

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) > 10

–10

> 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

> 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 25–53 40 20–40 30–40

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 6 5.2 4 3.5–5

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 400 400 300 10

Refractive index n

(589 nm) 1.54–1.58 1.47

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (1/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation

Table 3.3-28 Unsaturated polyester, UP: coefﬁcient of thermal expansion

Temperature T (

◦

C) −200 −150 −100 −50 0 20 50 100

Coefﬁcient of thermal 3.0 4.1 4.9 5.8 7.3 8.4 10.7 15.0

expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear)

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 515

Table 3.3-29 Epoxy resin, EP: thermal conductivity and coefﬁcient of thermal expansion

Temperature T (

◦

C) −200 −150 −100 −50 0 20 50 100 150

Thermal conductivity λ 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20

(W/(mK))

Coefﬁcient of thermal 1.8 2.8 3.8 4.9 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.5 13.0

expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear)

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

B = break point

23 ˚C

80 ˚C

120 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-66 Epoxy resin, EP: stress versus strain

Silicone resin, SI. Applications: molding com-

pounds, laminates.

Epoxy resin EP, Applications: moulding compounds.

3.3.3.12 Polymer Blends

Polypropylene + ethylene/propylene/diene rubber, PP +

EPDM. Applications: automotive parts, ﬂexible tubes,

sports goods, toys.

Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) + poly-

carbonate, ABS + PC; Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-

co-acrylester) + polycarbonate ASA + PC; poly(acrylo-

nitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) + polyamide, ABS +

PA. Applications: semiﬁnished goods, automotive parts,

electronic parts, optical parts, houseware goods.

Poly(vinyl chloride) + poly(vinyl chloride-co-

acrylate), PVC + VC/A; poly(vinyl chloride) +

chlorinated polyethylene, PVC + PE-C, poly(vinyl chlo-

ride) + poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-acrylester),

PVC + ASA. Applications: semiﬁnished goods, foils,

plates, proﬁles, pipes, ﬁttings, gutters, window frames,

door frames, panels, housings, bottles, blow molding,

disks, blocking layers, ﬁbers, ﬂeeces, nets.

Polycarbonate + poly(ethylene terephthalate), PC

+ PET; polycarbonate + liquid crystal polymer, PC +

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

260 ˚C

280 ˚C

300 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-67 Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) +

polycarbonate, ABS + PC: viscosity versus shear rate

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

0246

– 20 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

90 ˚C

B = break point

Fig. 3.3-68 Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) +

polycarbonate, ABS + PC: stress versus strain

LCP; polycarbonate + poly(butylene terephthalate), PC

+ PBT. Applications: optical devices, covering devices,

panes, safety glasses, semiﬁnished goods, houseware

goods, compact discs, bottles.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) + polystyrene, PET +

PS; poly(butylene terephthalate) + polystyrene, PBT +

PS. Applications: same as for PET, PBT, and PS.

Part 3 3.3

516 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.3-30 Polypropylene + ethylene/propylene/diene rubber, PP + EPDM; poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-

styrene) + polycarbonate, ABS + PC; poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) + polyamide, ABS + PA;

poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-acrylester) + polycarbonate, ASA + PC

PP + EPDM ABS + PC ABS + PA ASA + PC

Melting temperature T

(

◦

C) 160–168

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(J/mol) (mu)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K))

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g)

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK))

Density  (g/cm

) 0.89–0.92 1.08–1.17 1.07–1.09 1.15

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear) 15–18 7–8.5 9 7–9

Compressibility κ (1/MPa) (cubic)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 0.5–1.2 2.0–2.6 1.2–1.3 2.3–2.6

Shear modulus G (GPa)

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa) 10–25 40–60 30–32 53–63

Strain at yield ε

(%) 10–35 3–3.5 4.6–5

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa)

Strain at fracture ε

(%) > 50 > 50 > 50 > 50

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse)

Shore hardness D

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) > 10

> 10

2×10

–10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

3×10

–10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 35–40 24 30

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 2.3 3 3–3.5

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 2.5 30–60 20–160

Refractive index n

(589 nm)

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (1/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 517

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

2 MPa

4 MPa

6 MPa

8 MPa

10 MPa

12 MPa

14 MPa

16 MPa

18 MPa

Fig. 3.3-69 Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) +

polycarbonate, ABS + PC: creep modulus versus time

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

–2

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

200 ˚C

250 ˚C

300 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-71 Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-acrylester)

+ polycarbonate, ASA + PC: viscosity versus shear rate

500

1000

1500

2000

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

6 MPa

8.7 MPa

11.4 MPa

14.1 MPa

16.8 MPa

19.5 MPa

22.2 MPa

24.9 MPa

27.6 MPa

30.0 MPa

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

0246

– 20 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

90 ˚C

Y = yield point

Fig. 3.3-70 Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) +

polyamide, ABS + PA: stress versus strain

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

012345678

– 40 ˚C

– 20 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

80 ˚C

100 ˚C

Y = yield point

Fig. 3.3-72 Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-acrylester)

+ polycarbonate, ASA + PC: stress versus strain

Poly(butylene terephthalate) + poly(acrylonitrile-

co-butadiene-co-acrylester), PBT + ASA. Applications:

same as for PBT and ASA.

Polysulfone + poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-

styrene), PSU + ABS. Applications: same as for

PSU.

Poly(styrene-co-butadiene), PPE + SB. Applica-

tions: same as for PPE.

Poly(phenylene ether) + polyamide 66, PPE + PA66.

Applications: automotive parts, semiﬁnished goods.

Fig. 3.3-73 Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-acrylester)

+ polycarbonate, ASA + PC: creep modulus versus time

Part 3 3.3

518 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.3-31 Poly(vinyl chloride) + poly(vinyl chloride-co-acrylate), PVC + VC/A; poly(vinyl chloride) + chlorinated

polyethylene, PVC + PE-C; poly(vinyl chloride) + poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-acrylester), PVC + ASA

PVC + VC/A PVC + PE-C PVC + ASA

Melting temperature T

(

◦

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(J/mol) (mu)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K))

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g)

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK))

Density  (g/cm

) 1.42–1.44 1.36–1.43 1.28–1.33

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear) 7–7.5 8 7.5–10

Compressibility κ (1/MPa) (cubic)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 2.5–2.7 2.6 2.6–2.8

Shear modulus G (GPa)

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa) 45 40–50 45–55

Strain at yield ε

(%) 4–5 3 3–3.5

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa)

Strain at fracture ε

(%) > 50 10 to >50 ≈ 8

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse)

Shore hardness D

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) 10

to >10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

> 10

–10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm)

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 3.5 3.1 3.7–4.3

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 120 140 100–120

Refractive index n

(589 nm)

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (1/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 519

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

240 ˚C

268 ˚C

297 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-74 Polycarbonate + poly(butylene terephthalate),

PC + PBT: viscosity versus shear rate

Table 3.3-32 Polycarbonate + poly(ethylene terephthalate), PC + PET; polycarbonate + liquid crystall polymer, PC +

LCP; polycarbonate + poly(butylene terephthalate), PC + PBT; poly(ethylene terephthalate) + polystyrene, PET + PS;

poly(butylene terephthalate) + polystyrene, PBT + PS

PC + PET PC + LCP PC + PBT PET+PS PBT + PS

Melting temperature T

(

◦

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(J/mol) (mu)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 1.05 1.30

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g)

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.24 0.21

Density  (g/cm

) 1.22 1.2–1.26 1.37 1.31

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion 9–10 8–9 7 6.0

α (10

−5

/K) (linear)

Compressibility κ (1/MPa) (cubic)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 2.1–2.3 2.6–4.0 2.3 3.1 2.0

Shear modulus G (GPa)

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa) 50–55 66 50–60 47 40

Strain at yield ε

(%) 5 5.6–6.9 4–5

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 74–82 15

Strain at fracture ε

(%) > 50 25 to > 50 50

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal)

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

024681012

– 40 ˚C

– 20 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

80 ˚C

Y = yield point

Fig. 3.3-75 Polycarbonate + poly(butylene terephthalate),

PC + PBT: stress versus strain

Part 3 3.3

520 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.3-32 Polycarbonate + poly(ethylene terephthalate), PC + PET; polycarbonate + liquid crystall polymer, PC +

LCP; polycarbonate + poly(butylene terephthalate), PC + PBT; poly(ethylene terephthalate) + polystyrene, PET + PS;

poly(butylene terephthalate) + polystyrene, PBT + PS, cont.

PC + PET PC + LCP PC + PBT PET+PS PBT + PS

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse)

Shore hardness D

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) > 10

> 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

> 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 30 35

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 3.3 3.3

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 200 20–40

Refractive index n

(589 nm)

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (1/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

240 ˚C

270 ˚C

300 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-76 Poly(phenylene ether) + poly(styrene-co-

butadiene), PPE + SB: viscosity versus shear rate

1000

1500

2000

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

8 MPa

9.8 MPa

11.6 MPa

13.4 MPa

15.2 MPa

17.0 MPa

18.8 MPa

20.6 MPa

22.4 MPa

24.0 MPa

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

01234

– 40 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

60 ˚C

100 ˚C

Y = yield point

Fig. 3.3-77 Poly(phenylene ether) + poly(styrene-co-

butadiene), PPE + SB: stress versus strain

Poly(phenylene ether) + polystyrene, PPE + PS.

Applications: automotive parts, foams, ofﬁce goods,

electrical parts, houseware goods.

Fig. 3.3-78 Poly(phenylene ether) + poly(styrene-co-

butadiene), PPE + SB: creep modulus versus time

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 521

Table 3.3-33 Poly(butylene terephthalate) + poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-acrylester), PBT + ASA; polysulfon +

poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene), PSU + ABS; poly(phenylene ether) + poly(styrene-co-butadiene), PPE + SB;

poly(phenylene ether) + polyamide 66, PPE + PA66; poly(phenylene ether) + polystyrene PPE + PS

PBT + ASA PSU + ABS PPE+SB PPE + PA66 PPE + PS

Melting temperature T

(

◦

C) 225

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(J/mol) (mu)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 1.40

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g)

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.23

Density  (g/cm

) 1.21–1.22 1.13 1.04–1.06 1.09–1.10 1.06

Coefﬁcient of thermal 10 6.5 6.0–7.5 8–11 6.0

expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear)

Compressibility κ (1/MPa) (cubic)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 2.5 2.1 1.9–2.7 2.0–2.2 2.5

Shear modulus G (GPa)

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa) 53 50 45–65 50–60 55

Strain at yield ε

(%) 3.6 4 3–7 5

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 20 to >50 > 50

Strain at fracture ε

(%) > 50 > 50 50

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse)

Shore hardness D

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) > 10

> 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

> 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 30 20–30 35–40 95

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 3.3 3.1–3.3 2.6–2.8 3.1–3.4

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 200 40–50 5–15 450

Refractive index n

(589 nm)

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (1/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation

Part 3 3.3