Martienssen W., Warlimont H. (Eds.). Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data

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502 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.3-18 Polyamide 6, PA6; polyamide 66, PA66; polyamide 610, PA610: heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and

coefﬁcient of thermal expansion

Temperature T (

◦

C) −200 −150 −100 −50 0 20 50 100 150 200

Heat capacity c

0.47 0.73 0.93 1.15 1.38 1.68 2.15 2.60

(kJ/(kg K)), PA

Thermal conductivity λ 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.27 0.25

(W/(mK)), PA6

Thermal conductivity λ 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33

(W/(mK)), PA66

Thermal conductivity λ 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31

(W/(mK)), PA610

Coefﬁcient of thermal 5.0 6.6 8.0 9.1 40.1 15.1 14.0 34.6

expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear),

PA6

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

012345

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-40 Polyamide 6, PA6: stress versus strain

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

0123456

23 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-42 Polyamide 66, PA66: stress versus strain

200

400

600

800

1000

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

1 MPa

2 MPa

3 MPa

4 MPa

5 MPa

6 MPa

7 MPa

8 MPa

9 MPa

11 MPa

Fig. 3.3-41 Polyamide 6, PA6: creep modulus versus time

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

2 MPa

4 MPa

6 MPa

8 MPa

10 MPa

12 MPa

14 MPa

16 MPa

18 MPa

20 MPa

Fig. 3.3-43 Polyamide 66, PA66: creep modulus versus

time

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 503

3.3.3.6 Polyesters

Polycarbonate, PC. Applications: injection-molded

parts, extruded parts, disks, lamp housings, electronic

articles, optical articles, houseware, foils.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET. Applications:

bearings, gear wheels, shafts, couplings, foils, ribbons,

ﬂexible tubing, ﬁbers.

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

024 68

– 20 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

90 ˚C

120 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-44 Polycarbonate, PC: stress versus strain

500

1000

1500

2000

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

5 MPa

10 MPa

15 MPa

20 MPa

25 MPa

30 MPa

35 MPa

Fig. 3.3-46 Polycarbonate, PC: creep modulus versus time

Table 3.3-19 Polycarbonate, PC: heat capacity and thermal conductivity

Temperature T (

◦

C) −200 −150 −100 −50 0 20 50 100 150

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 0.34 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.17 1.30 1.50 1.70

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24

Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT. Applications:

bearings, valve parts, screws, plugs, housings, wheels,

houseware.

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

280 ˚C

300 ˚C

320 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-45 Polycarbonate, PC: viscosity versus shear rate

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

01234

23 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-47 Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET: stress ver-

sus strain

Part 3 3.3

504 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.3-20 Polycarbonate, PC; poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET; poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT; poly(phenylene

ether), PPE

PC PET PBT PPE

Melting temperature T

(

◦

C) 220–260 250–260 (pcr) 220–225

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(kJ/mol) (mu) 8.682 (iso), 8.577 (syn) 2.69 54 kJ/kg

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu) 16.8(iso),15.3 (syn) 48.6

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 1.17 1.223 1.35

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

)) 4.04 × 10

−3

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g) −30.7 −21.6

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

C) 150 98 60 110–150

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

C) 83 79 165–180 105–132

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.21 0.11 0.21 0.17–0.22

Density  (g/cm

) 1.2 1.33–1.35 (am) 1.30–1.32 1.04–1.10

1.38–1.40 (pcr)

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion 6.5–7 8 (am), 7(pcr) 8–10 8–9

α (10

−5

/K) (linear)

Compressibility κ (1/MPa) (cubic) 2.2×10

−4

6.99× 10

−6

(melt)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 2.3–2.4 2.1–2.4 (am) 2.5–2.8 2.0–3.1

2.8–3.1 (pcr)

Shear modulus G (GPa) 0.72 1.2 1.0

Poisson’s ratio µ 0.38

Stress at yield σ

(MPa) 55–65 55 (am), 60–80 (pcr) 50–60 45–70

Strain at yield ε

(%) 6–7 4 (am), 5–7 (pcr) 3.5–7 3–6

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 69–72 30–55 52 35–55

Strain at fracture ε

(%) 120–125 1.5–3 15–40

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 13–25

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

) 3–5 6–16

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal) 2220 2400 2220

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse) 909 1150 1000

Shore hardness D 80

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) > 10

> 10

− 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

> 10

− 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 30–75 42 42 25–35

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 2.8–3.2 3.4–3.6 3.3–4.0 2.6–2.9

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 7–20 20 15–20 10–40

Refractive index n

(589 nm) 1.58–1.59 1.57–1.64 1.58

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (1/K) −1.42 × 10

−4

Steam permeation (g/(m

d)) 4 4.5–5.5, 0.6 (str)

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar)) 680 (N

), 4000 (O

) 6.6(N

), 30 (O

)

14 500 (CO

) 140 (CO

), 12 (air)

9–15 (str, N

)

80–110 (str, O

)

200–340 (str, CO

)

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation [η]=4.25×10

−3

0.69

(PET)

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 505

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

4 ×10

6 ×10

8 ×10

1.2 ×10

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

280 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-48 Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET: viscosity

versus shear rate

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

250 ˚C

260 ˚C

270 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-50 Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT: viscosity

versus shear rate

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

012345

– 20 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

80 ˚C

100 ˚C

120 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-52 Poly(phenylene ether), PPE: stress versus

strain

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

024 6

– 20 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

80 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-49 Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT: stress ver-

sus strain

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

5 MPa

10 MPa

15 MPa

20 MPa

25 MPa

Fig. 3.3-51 Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT: creep mod-

ulus versus time

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

280 ˚C

300 ˚C

320 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-53 Poly(phenylene ether), PPE: viscosity versus

shear rate

Part 3 3.3

506 Part 3 Classes of Materials

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

10.5 MPa

7 MPa

14 MPa

3.5 MPa

17.5 MPa

21 MPa

24.5 MPa

28 MPa

Fig. 3.3-54 Poly(phenylene ether), PPE: creep modulus

versus time

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

012345

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

80 ˚C

100 ˚C

120 ˚C

140 ˚C

160 ˚C

Y = yield point

Fig. 3.3-55 Polysulfone, PSU: stress versus strain

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

10 MPa

13.3 MPa

16.6 MPa

19.9 MPa

23.2 MPa

26.5 MPa

29.8 MPa

33.1 MPa

36.4 MPa

40 MPa

Fig. 3.3-56 Polysulfone, PSU: creep modulus versus time

3.3.3.7 Polysulfones and Polysulﬁdes

Polysulfone, PSU; Poly(ether sulfone), PES. Appli-

cations: injection-molded parts, coatings, electronic

articles, printed circuits, houseware, medical devices,

membranes, lenses, optical devices.

Poly(phenylene sulﬁde), PPS. Applications: injec-

tion-molded parts, sintered parts, foils, ﬁbers, housings,

sockets, foams.

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

01234567 89

100

– 40 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

40 ˚C

60 ˚C

80 ˚C

100 ˚C

120 ˚C

140 ˚C

160 ˚C

Y = yield point

B = break point

Fig. 3.3-57 Poly(ether sulfone), PES: stress versus strain

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

10 MPa

14.4 MPa

18.8 MPa

23.2 MPa

27.6 MPa

32.0 MPa

36.4 MPa

40.8 MPa

45.2 MPa

50.0 MPa

Fig. 3.3-58 Poly(ether sulfone), PES: creep modulus ver-

sus time

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 507

Table 3.3-21 Polysulfone, PSU; poly(phenylene sulﬁde), PPS; poly(ether sulfone), PES

PSU PPS PES

Melting temperature T

(

◦

C) 285

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(J/mol) (mu)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 1.30 1.10

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g) 17 36

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

C) 190 85 225

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

C) 175–210 200 215–225

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.28 0.25 0.18

Density  (g/cm

) 1.24–1.25 1.34 1.36–1.37

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion 5.5–6 5.5 5–5.5

α (10

−5

/K) (linear)

Compressibility κ (1/MPa) (cubic)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 2.5–2.7 3.4 2.6–2.8

Shear modulus G (GPa)

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa) 70–80 80–90

Strain at yield ε

(%) 5.5–6 5.5–6.5

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 50–100 75 85

Strain at fracture ε

(%) 25–30 3 30–80

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal) 2260 2260

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse) 920

Shore hardness D

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) > 10

> 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

> 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 20–30 59.5 20–30

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 3.2 3.1 3.5–3.7

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 8–10 4 10–20

Refractive index n

(589 nm) 1.63 1.65

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (1/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))(25µm) 6

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))(25µm) 630 (N

)

3600 (O

)

15 000 (CO

)

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation

Part 3 3.3

508 Part 3 Classes of Materials

3.3.3.8 Polyimides and Polyether Ketones

Poly(amide imide), PAI. Applications: constructional

parts, wheels, rotors, bearings, housings, slip ﬁttings,

lacquers.

Table 3.3-22 Poly(amide imide), PAI; poly(ether imide), PEI; polyimide, PI; poly(ether ether ketone), PEEK

PAI PEI PI PEEK

Melting temperature T

(

◦

C) 335–345

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(J/mol) (mu)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 1.1

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g)

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

C) 240–275 215 250–270 145

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

C) 220 260

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.26 0.22 0.29–0.35 0.25

Density  (g/cm

) 1.38–1.40 1.27 1.43 1.32

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion 3.0–3.5 5.5–6.0 5–6 4.7

α (10

−5

/K) (linear)

Compressibility κ (1/MPa) (cubic)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 4.5–4.7 2.9–3.0 3.0–3.2 4.7

Shear modulus G (GPa)

Poisson’s ratio µ 0.41

Stress at yield σ

(MPa)

Strain at yield ε

(%) 5

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 150–160 105 75–100 100

Strain at fracture ε

(%) 7–8 60 88 50

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse)

Shore hardness D

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) 10

> 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) > 10

> 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 25 25 200

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 3.5–4.2 3.2–3.5 3.4 3.2

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 10 10–15 52 30

Refractive index n

(589 nm) 1.66

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (1/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))(25µm) 25

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))(25µm) 94 (N

)

390 (O

)

700 (CO

)

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation

Poly(ether imide), PEI. Applications: electrical

housings, sockets, microwave parts, bearings, gear

wheels, automotive parts.

Polyimide, PI. Applications: foils, semiﬁnished

goods, sintered parts.

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 509

Shear rate dγ /dt (s )

–1

Viscosity

η (Pa s)

355 ˚C

375 ˚C

395 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-59 Poly(ether imide), PEI: viscosity versus shear

rate

2000

2500

3000

Creep modulus E

(MPa)

Time t (h)

5.5 MPa

11 MPa

16.5 MPa

22 MPa

27.5 MPa

33 MPa

38.5 MPa

44 MPa

49.5 MPa

Fig. 3.3-61 Poly(ether imide), PEI: creep modulus versus

time

Table 3.3-23 Cellulose acetate, CA; cellulose propionate, CP; cellulose acetobutyrate, CAB; ethylcellulose, EC; vulcan-

ized ﬁber, VF

CA CP CAB EC VF

Melting temperature T

(

◦

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(J/mol) (mu)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 1.6 1.7 1.6

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/g)

Glass transition temperature T

(

◦

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

C) 77–110 70–100 65–100

Stress σ (MPa)

Strain ε (%)

0246 8

100

120

140

– 40 ˚C

0 ˚C

23 ˚C

100 ˚C

120 ˚C

180 ˚C

Fig. 3.3-60 Poly(ether imide), PEI: stress versus strain

Poly(ether ether ketone), PEEK. Applications:injec-

tion-molded parts, automotive parts, aircraft parts,

electronic parts, cable insulation, foils, ﬁbers, tapes,

plates.

3.3.3.9 Cellulose

Cellulose acetate, CA. Applications: tool handles, pens,

combs, buckles, buttons, electronic parts, spectacles,

hollow ﬁbers, ﬁbers, foils, lacquers, resin adhesives,

sheet molding compounds (SMCs), bulk molding com-

pounds (BMCs).

Cellulose propionate, CP. Applications: ﬁbers, foils,

lacquers, resin adhesives, sheet molding compounds,

bulkmolding compounds (BMC), spectacles, houseware

goods, boxes.

Part 3 3.3

510 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.3-23 Cellulose acetate, CA; cellulose propionate, CP; cellulose acetobutyrate, CAB; ... , cont.

CA CP CAB EC VF

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.22 0.21 0.21

Density  (g/cm

) 1.26–1.32 1.17–1.24 1.16–1.22 1.12–1.15 1.1–1.45

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion 10–12 11–15 10–15 10

α (10

−5

/K) (linear)

Compressibility κ (1/MPa) (cubic)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 1.0–3.0 1.0–2.4 0.8–2.3 1.2–1.3

Shear modulus G (GPa) 0.75 0.85

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa) 25–55 20–50 20–55 35–40

Strain at yield ε

(%) 2.5–4 3.5–4.5 3.5–5

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 38 14–55 26 85–100

Strain at fracture ε

(%) 3 30–100 4

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse)

Shore hardness D

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) 10

–10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) 10

–10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 25–35 30–35 32–35 ≈ 30

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 5–6 4.0–4.2 3.7–4.2 ≈ 4

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 70–100 50 50–70 100

Refractive index n

(589 nm) 1.47–1.50 1.47–1.48 1.48

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (1/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))(25µm) 150–600 460–600

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))(25µm) 470–630 (N

) 3800 (N

)

13 000–15 000 (O

) 15 000 (O

)

14 000 (CO

) 94 000 (CO

)

1800–2300 (air)

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation

Cellulose acetobutyrate, CAB. Applications: ﬁbers,

foils, lacquers, resin adhesives, sheet molding com-

pounds, bulk molding compounds, automotive parts,

switches, light housings, spectacles.

Ethylcellulose, EC. Applications: foils, injection-

molded parts, lacquers, adhesives.

Vulcanized ﬁber, VF. Applications: gear wheels,

abrasive wheels, case plates.

Part 3 3.3

Polymers 3.3 Tables and Figures 511

3.3.3.10 Polyurethanes

Polyurethane, PUR; thermoplastic polyurethane elas-

tomer, TPU. Applications: blocks, plates, formed pieces,

cavity forming, composites, coatings, impregnations,

Table 3.3-24 Polyurethane, PUR; thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, TPU

PUR TPU

Melting temperature T

(

◦

Enthalpy of fusion ∆H

(J/mol) (mu)

Entropy of fusion ∆S

(J/(Kmol)) (mu)

Heat capacity c

(kJ/(kg K)) 1.76 0.5

Temperature coefﬁcient dc

/dT (kJ/(kg K

))

Enthalpy of combustion ∆H

(kJ/mol) (mu)

Glass transition temperature T

(K) 15–90 −40

Vicat softening temperature T

50/50 (

◦

C) 100–180

Thermal conductivity λ (W/(mK)) 0.58 1.70

Density  (g/cm

) 1.05 1.1–1.25

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion α (10

−5

/K) (linear) 1.0–2.0 15

Compressibility κ (1/MPa) (cubic)

Elastic modulus E (GPa) 4.0 0.015–0.7

Shear modulus G (GPa) 0.006–0.23

Poisson’s ratio µ

Stress at yield σ

(MPa)

Strain at yield ε

(%)

Stress at 50% elongation σ

(MPa)

Stress at fracture σ

(MPa) 70–80 30–50

Strain at fracture ε

(%) 3–6 300–500

Impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Notched impact strength (Charpy) (kJ/m

)

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (longitudinal) 1550–1750

Sound velocity v

(m/s) (transverse)

Shore hardness D 60–90 30–70

Volume resistivity ρ

(Ω m) 10

Surface resistivity σ

(Ω) 10

Electric strength E

(kV/mm) 24 30–60

Relative permittivity ε

(100 Hz) 3.6 6.5

Dielectric loss tan δ (10

−4

) (100 Hz) 500 300

Refractive index n

(589 nm)

Temperature coefﬁcient dn

/dT (1/K)

Steam permeation (g/(m

d))(25µm) 13–25

Gas permeation (cm

/(m

d bar))(25µm) 550–1600 (N

)

1000–4500 (O

)

6000–22 000 (CO

)

Melt viscosity–molar-mass relation

Viscosity–molar-mass relation

ﬁlms, foils, ﬁbers, molded foam plastics, insulation

boards, sandwich boards, installation boards, reaction

injection molding (RIM), automotive parts, houseware

goods, sports goods.

Part 3 3.3