Mavko G., Mukerji T., Dvorkin J. The Rock Physics Handbook
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0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Count
Porosity
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Porosity
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Porosity
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Porosit
y
Mean: 0.149
Std. dev: 0.087
No. of points: 49
Impedance 10
7
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
I = 1.492 − 2.331f
R = 0.931
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
V
P
(km/s)
V
P
= 5.624 − 6.65f
R = 0.886
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
V
S
(km/s)
V
S
= 3.053 − 3.866f
R = 0.917
0246810
Count
Mean: 1.432
Std. dev: 0.219
No. of points: 49
02468101214
Count
Mean: 2.435
Std. dev: 0.368
No. of points: 54
024681012
Count
Mean: 4.629
Std. dev: 0.658
No. of points: 49
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Impedance 10
7
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
V
P
(km/s)
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
V
S
(km/s)
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Figure A.1.10 Properties of limestone.
447 A.1 Typical rock properties
High-porosity sandstones
High-porosity sandstone data are plotted in Figures A.1.11 and A.1.12 and summar-
ized in Table A.1.6.
Saturation: Water-saturated.
Measurement type: Ultrasonic.
Effective pressure: 35, 40 MPa.
Data source: Strandenes (1991).
Table A.1.6 Properties of high-porosity sandstone shown in Figures A.1.11
and A.1.12.
Minimum Maximum Mean
Standard
deviation
V
P
(km/s) 3.46 4.79 3.80 0.24
V
S
(km/s) 1.95 2.66 2.16 0.15
V
P
/V
S
1.68 1.88 1.75 0.13
Porosity 0.02 0.32 0.18 0.08
Density (g/cm
3
) 2.12 2.69 2.33 0.13
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s) 7.57 9.98 8.57 0.67
02468101214
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Count
Mean: 2.328
Std. dev: 0.125
No. of points: 111
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8
V
S
(km/s)
V
P
(km/s) V
P
(km/s)
V
P
(km/s)
V
S
= 0.006 + 0.568V
P
R = 0.943
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4
Density (g/cm
3
)
Density (g/cm
3
)
r = 1.450 + 0.219V
P
R = 0.478
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8
V
P
/V
S
V
P
/V
S
= 1.769 − 0.003V
P
R = 0.023
Figure A.1.11 Properties of high-porosity sandstone.
448 Appendices
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
I = 10.63 − 8.912f
R = 0.719
V
S
(km/s)
V
S
= 2.486 − 1.626f
R = 0.540
V
P
(km/s)
V
P
= 4.303 − 2.227f
R = 0.513
Count
024681012
Count
Mean: 8.56
Std. dev: 0.67
No. of points: 78
0246810
Count
Mean: 2.157
Std. dev: 0.152
No. of points: 58
0 5 10 15 20
Count
Mean: 3.798
Std. dev: 0.235
No. of points: 96
Mean: 0.181
Std. dev: 0.080
No. of points: 159
0
5
10
15
20
Porosity
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Porosity
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Porosity
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Porosity
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
V
S
(km/s) V
P
(km/s)
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
Figure A.1.12 Properties of high-porosity sandstone.
449 A.1 Typical rock properties
Poorly consolidated sandstones
Poorly consolidated sandstone data are plotted in Figures A.1.13 and A.1.14 and
summarized in Table A.1.7.
Saturation: Water-saturated.
Measurement type: Ultrasonic.
Effective pressure: 30 MPa.
Data source: Blangy (1992).
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2
Density (g/cm
3
)
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
Density (g/cm
3
)
V
P
(km/s)
2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2
V
P
(km/s) V
P
(km/s)
r = 1.498 + 0.224V
P
R = 0.761
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
V
S
(km/s)
V
S
= −0.314 + 0.610 V
P
R = 0.901
0246810
Count
Mean: 2.110
Std. dev: 0.053
No. of points: 38
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2
V
P
/V
S
V
P
/V
S
= 2.431− 0.149V
P
R = 0.321
Figure A.1.13 Properties of poorly consolidated sandstone.
Table A.1.7 Properties of poorly consolidated sandstone shown in
Figures A.1.13 and A.1.14.
Minimum Maximum Mean
Standard
deviation
V
P
(km/s) 2.43 3.14 2.73 0.18
V
S
(km/s) 1.21 1.66 1.37 0.12
V
P
/V
S
1.88 2.24 2.02 0.09
Porosity 0.22 0.36 0.31 0.04
Density (g/cm
3
) 2.01 2.23 2.11 0.05
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s) 4.89 7.02 5.77 0.51
450 Appendices
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
I = 8.974 − 10.485f
R = 0.829
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
V
P
(km/s)
V
P
= 3.774 − 3.414f
R = 0.758
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
V
S
(km/s)
V
S
= 2.100 − 2.424f
R = 0.817
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.2 0.3 0.4
Count
Porosity
Mean: 0.305
Std. dev: 0.040
No. of points: 38
0123456
Count
Mean: 2.730
Std. dev: 0.182
No. of points: 38
0123456
Count
Mean: 1.365
Std. dev: 0.124
No. of points: 33
Count
Mean: 5.768
Std. dev: 0.511
No. of points: 38
4
5
6
7
8
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
V
P
(km/s)
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
V
S
(km/s)
4
5
6
7
8
0.25 0.35
0.2 0.3 0.4
Porosity
0.25 0.35
0.2 0.3 0.4
Porosity
0.25 0.35
0.2 0.3 0.4
Porosity
0.25 0.35
024681012
Figure A.1.14 Properties of poorly consolidated sandstone.
451 A.1 Typical rock properties
A.2 Conversions
Mass/weight
1g ¼ 10
–3
kg
1kg ¼ 2.204623 lb
1lb ¼ 0.4535924 kg
1 ton (USA) ¼ 2000 lb
¼ 907.2 kg
1 ton (imperial) ¼ 2240 lb
¼ 1016 kg
1 ton (metric) ¼ 1000 kg
¼ 2204.622 lb
1 oz (avdp.) ¼ 28.3495 g
1 oz (troy) ¼ 31.103 48 g
Length
1m ¼ 39.37 in
¼ 3.2808399 ft
1cm ¼ 0.3937 in
¼ 0.032808399 ft
¼ 0.01 m
1in ¼ 2.540 005 cm
¼ 0.025400 05 m
1ft ¼ 30.480 06 cm
¼ 0.3048006 m
1km ¼ 0.62137 mile
1 mile ¼ 1.60935 km
1 nautical mile ¼ 1.15077 miles
¼ 1.852 km
452 Appendices
1 mm ¼ 10
–6
m
¼ 10
–4
cm
¼ 3.937 10
–5
in
1A
˚
¼ 10
–10
m
¼ 10
–8
cm
¼ 3.937 10
–9
in
1 light year ¼ 9.4543 10
25
A
˚
¼ 9.454 10
12
km
1 astronomical unit ¼ 1.4960 10
8
km
1 hair’s breadth ¼ 0.01 cm
1 arm’s length ¼ 70 cm
1 cubit (Roman) ¼ 44.4 cm
1 fathom ¼ 182.88 cm
1 gnat’s eye ¼ 0.0125 cm
1 klick ¼ 1km
Velocity/slowness/transit time
1 m/s ¼ 3.2808 ft/s
¼ 0.3048 10
6
/(1 ms/ft)
1 ft/s ¼ 0.3048 m/s
1 mile/h ¼ 1.609 km/h
¼ 0.447 m/s
¼ 1.47 ft/s
Area
1m
2
¼ 10
4
cm
2
¼ 10.764 ft
2
¼ 1550.0 in
2
¼ 2.47104 10
4
acres
¼ 10
4
hectares
1ft
2
¼ 929.030 cm
2
¼ 0.092 903 m
2
¼ 144 in
2
¼ 2.2957 10
5
acres
¼ 9.29 10
6
hectares
1 acre ¼ 4.0469 10
7
cm
2
¼ 4.0469 10
3
m
2
¼ 43 560 ft
2
¼ 0.0015625 mile
2
¼ 0.40469 hectares
1 hectare ¼ 10
8
cm
2
¼ 10
4
m
2
¼ 1.0764 10
5
ft
2
¼ 3.8610 10
3
mile
2
¼ 2.4711 acre
453 A.2 Conversions
1km
2
¼ 10
10
cm
2
¼ 10
6
m
2
¼ 100 hectare
¼ 247.105 acre
¼ 0.386 10 mile
2
Density
1 g/cm
3
¼ 0.036127 lb/in
3
¼ 62.427 97 lb/ft
3
¼ 1000 kg/m
3
1 lb/in
3
¼ 27.6799 g/cm
3
¼ 27679.9 kg/m
3
1 lb/ft
3
¼ 0.016018 g/cm
3
Volume
1cm
3
¼ 0.0610238 in
3
1in
3
¼ 16.38706 cm
3
1 liter ¼ 0.264172 gallons
¼ 0.035315 ft
3
¼ 1.056688 qt
¼ 1000 cm
3
1 bbl ¼ 0.158987 m
3
¼ 42 gallons
¼ 5.6146 ft
3
1m
3
¼ 6.2898106 bbl
1ft
3
¼ 7.481 gallon (US)
¼ 0.1781 bbl
1 gallon (US) ¼ 0.1337 ft
3
Force
1N ¼ 1 kg m/s
2
1lb ¼ 4.4482 N
1 dyn ¼ 10
–5
N
1 kg force ¼ 9.80665 N
¼ 9.80665 10
5
dyne
Pressure
1 atm (76 cm Hg) ¼ 1.01325 bar
¼ 1.033227 kg force/cm
2
¼ 14.695949 psi
1 bar ¼ 10
6
dyne/cm
2
¼ 10
5
N/m
2
¼ 0.1 MPa
454 Appendices
1 kg force/cm
2
¼ 9.80665 10
5
dyne/cm
2
¼ 0.96784 atm
1 psi ¼ 0.070307 kg-force/cm
2
¼ 0.006895 MPa
¼ 0.06895 bar
1 kpsi ¼ 70.307 kg-force/cm
2
¼ 6.895 MPa
¼ 68.95 bar
1Pa ¼ 1 N/m
2
¼ 1.4504 10
–4
psi
1 MPa ¼ 10
6
Pa
¼ 145.0378 psi
¼ 10 bar
1 kbar ¼ 100 MPa
Pressure gradients (or mud weight to pressure gradient)
1 psi/ft ¼ 144 lb/ft
3
¼ 19.24 lb/gallons
0.0225 MPa/m
¼ 22.5 kPa/m
lb/gallon ¼ 0.052 psi/ft
Mud density to pressure gradient
1 psi/ft , 2.31 g/cm
3
Viscosity
1 Poise ¼ 1 dyne s/cm
2
1cP ¼ 0.01 Poise
Permeability
1 Darcy ¼ 0.986923 10
–12
m
2
¼ 0.986923 mm
2
¼ 0.986923 10
–8
cm
2
¼ 1.06 10
–11
ft
2
Gas–oil ratio
1 liter/liter ¼ 5.615 ft
3
/bbl
Other conversions
1 year ¼ 3.1536 10
7
s
1 erg ¼ 10
7
m
2
kg/s
2
455 A.2 Conversions
1 joule (J) ¼ 10
7
erg
¼ 1m
2
kg/s
2
1 calorie (cal) ¼ 4.186 J
¼ 4.186 10
7
erg
1 watt ¼ 1m
2
kg/s
3
1 kilocalorie ¼ 4186.8 m
2
kg/s
2
1 BTU ¼ 252 cal
= 1054 J
1eV ¼ 1.60 10
19
J
1 weber/m
2
¼ 1 tesla
¼ 10
4
gauss
1 radian (rad) ¼ 57.30
1 second of arc ¼ 4.848 10
6
rad
A.3 Physical constants
Astronomical constants
Mass of the Sun 1.989 10
33
g
Mass of the Earth 5.976 10
27
g
Equatorial radius of the Earth 6.378 16 10
8
cm
Polar radius of the Earth 6.356 78 10
8
cm
Gravitational acceleration at equator 978.03 cm s
2
Gravitational acceleration at pole 983.20 cm s
2
Fundamental constants
Gravitational constant, G 6.670 10
8
dyne cm
2
g
2
Speed of light, c (in vacuum) 2.998 10
10
cm s
1
Gas constant, R 8.314 10
7
erg K
1
mol
1
0.082057 L atm K
1
mol
1
Avogadro’s number, N 6.022 10
23
mol
1
Planck’s constant, h 6.625 10
27
erg s
Boltzmann’s constant 1.3805 10
16
erg K
1
Mass of an electron 9.110 10
28
g
Mass of a proton 1.673 10
24
g
Charge of an electron 1.602 10
19
C
Electron gyromagnetic ratio,
e
1:760859770 10
11
s
1
T
1
Nucleus gyromagnetic ratio,
1
H2 42:576 10
6
s
1
T
1
3
He 2 32:434 10
6
s
1
T
1
14
N2 3:0766 10
6
s
1
T
1
17
O 2 5:7716 10
6
s
1
T
1
456 Appendices