Mavko G., Mukerji T., Dvorkin J. The Rock Physics Handbook
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Table A.5.2 Regressions of velocities, Poisson’s ratio and dynamic elastic moduli
versus temperature (15 to 15
C) and piston pressure (4000–9000 psi) in
compacted, polycrystalline methane hydrate. F(T, P) ¼ aT þ bP þ c.
F(T, P) a b c std
V
P
(m/s) 2.27 0.01 (2.520.07) 10
3
3778.0 0.6 2
V
S
(m/s) 1.04 0.01 (1.080.03) 10
3
1963.6 0.31
n 0(6.830.06) 10
7
0.314 03 0.000 05 0.0003
M (GPa) (1.47 0.01) 10
2
(1.990.05) 10
5
13.527 0.004 0.02
G (GPa) (3.77 0.03) 10
3
(3.90.1) 10
6
3.574 0.001 0.004
K (GPa) (9.71 0.06) 10
3
(2.510.03) 10
5
8.762 0.003 0.01
Table A.5.1 Regressions of velocities, Poisson’s ratio and dynamic elastic moduli
versus temperature (20 to 5
C) and piston pressure (3250–4750 psi) in
compacted, polycrystalline ice. F(T, P) ¼ aT þ bP þ c.
F(T, P) a b c std
V
P
(m/s) 2.80 0.01 (1.98 0.11) 10
3
3870.1 0.5 0.9
V
S
(m/s) 1.31 0.01 (1.83 0.07) 10
3
1949.3 0.3 0.6
n (2.0 0.2) 10
5
(6.4 0.2) 10
7
0.3301 0.0001 0.0002
M (GPa) (2.01 0.01) 10
2
(1.41 0.08) 10
5
13.748 0.003 0.007
G (GPa) (4.72 0.02) 10
3
(6.6 0.3) 10
6
3.488 0.001 0.002
K (GPa) (1.38 0.01) 10
2
(2.30 0.09) 10
5
9.097 0.004 0.008
467 A.5 Velocities and moduli of ice and methane hydrate
A.6 Physical properties of common gases
Compiled from American Air Liquid, on-line gas data, http://www.airliquide.com.
Air
Normal composition of dry air
78.09% N
2
, 20.94% O
2
, 0.93% Ar.
Molecular weight
Molecular weight: 28.95 g/mol.
Density
Density of air at 1 atm of pressure is 1.291 kg/m
3
at 0
C or 1.222 kg/m
3
at 15.6
C.
Bulk modulus
Bulk modulus of air at 1 atm of pressure is 1.01 bar ¼ 0.101 MPa.
Critical point
Critical temperature: –140.5
C.
Critical pressure: 37.71 bar.
Gaseous phase
Gas density (1.013 bar at boiling point): 3.2 kg/m
3
.
Gas density (1.013 bar and 15
C): 1.202 kg/m
3
.
Compressibility factor (Z) (1.013 bar and 15
C): 0.9992.
Specific gravity (air ¼ 1) (1.013 bar and 21
C): 1.
Specific volume (1.013 bar and 21
C): 0.833 m
3
/kg.
Heat capacity at constant pressure (C
p
) (1.013 bar and 21
C): 0.029 kJ/(mol K).
Heat capacity at constant volume (C
v
) (1.013 bar and 21
C): 0.02 kJ/(mol K).
Ratio of specific heats (Gamma: C
p
/C
v
) (1.013 bar and 21
C): 1.4028.
Viscosity (1 bar and 0
C): 0.0001695 Poise.
Thermal conductivity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 23.94 mW/(m K).
Miscellaneous
Solubility in water (1.013 bar and 0
C): 0.0292 vol/vol.
468 Appendices
Carbon dioxide (CO
2
)
Molecular weight
Molecular weight: 44.01 g/mol.
Solid phase
Latent heat of fusion (1013 bar, at triple point): 196.104 kJ/kg.
Solid density: 1562 kg/m
3
.
Liquid phase
Liquid density (at 20
C and 19.7 bar): 1032 kg/m
3
.
Liquid/gas equivalent (1.013 bar and 15
C (per kg of solid)): 845 vol/vol.
Boiling point (sublimation): 78.5
C.
Latent heat of vaporization (1.013 bar at boiling point): 571.08 kJ/kg.
Vapor pressure (at 20
C): 58.5 bar.
Critical point
Critical temperature: 31
C.
Critical pressure: 73.825 bar.
Critical density: 464 kg/m
3
.
Triple point
Triple point temperature: 56.6
C.
Triple point pressure: 5.185 bar.
Gaseous phase
Gas density (1.013 bar at sublimation point): 2.814 kg/m
3
.
Gas density (1.013 bar and 15
C): 1.87 kg/m
3
.
Compressibility factor (Z) (1.013 bar and 15
C): 0.9942.
Specific gravity (air ¼ 1) (1.013 bar and 21
C): 1.521.
Specific volume (1.013 bar and 21
C): 0.547 m
3
/kg.
Heat capacity at constant pressure (C
p
) (1.013 bar and 25
C): 0.037 kJ/(mol K).
Heat capacity at constant volume (C
v
) (1.013 bar and 25
C): 0.028 kJ/(mol K).
Ratio of specific heats (Gamma: C
p
/C
v
) (1.013 bar and 25
C): 1.293759.
Viscosity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 0.0001372 Poise.
Thermal conductivity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 14.65 mW/(m K).
Miscellaneous
Solubility in water (1.013 bar and 0
C): 1.7163 vol/vol.
Concentration in air: 0.03 vol %.
Ethane (C
2
H
6
)
Molecular weight
Molecular weight: 30.069 g/mol.
469 A.6 Physical properties of common gases
Critical point
Critical temperature: 32.2
C.
Critical pressure: 48.839 bar.
Gaseous phase
Gas density (1.013 bar at boiling point): 2.054 kg/m
3
.
Gas density (1.013 bar and 15
C): 1.282 kg/m
3
.
Compressibility factor (Z) (1.013 bar and 15
C): 0.9912.
Specific gravity (air ¼ 1) (1.013 bar and 15
C): 1.047.
Specific volume (1.013 bar and 21
C): 0.799 m
3
/kg.
Heat capacity at constant pressure (C
p
) (1 bar and 25
C): 0.053 kJ/(mol K).
Heat capacity at constant volume (C
v
) (1 bar and 25
C): 0.044 kJ/(mol K).
Ratio of specific heats (Gamma: C
p
/C
v
) (1 bar and 25
C): 1.193 258.
Viscosity (1.013 bar and 0
C (32
F)): 0.0000855 Poise.
Thermal conductivity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 18 mW/(m K).
Miscellaneous
Solubility in water (1.013 bar and 20
C ): 0.052 vol/vol.
Autoignition temperature: 515
C.
Methane (CH
4
)
Molecular weight
Molecular weight: 16.043 g/mol.
Critical point
Critical temperature: 82.7
C.
Critical pressure: 45.96 bar.
Gaseous phase
Gas density (1.013 bar at boiling point): 1.819 kg/m
3
.
Gas density (1.013 bar and 15
C): 0.68 kg/m
3
.
Compressibility factor (Z) (1.013 bar and 15
C): 0.998.
Specific gravity (air ¼ 1) (1.013 bar and 21
C): 0.55.
Specific volume (1.013 bar and 21
C): 1.48 m
3
/kg.
Heat capacity at constant pressure (C
p
) (1 bar and 25
C): 0.035 kJ/(mol K).
Heat capacity at constant volume (C
v
) (1 bar and 25
C): 0.027 kJ/(mol K).
Ratio of specific heats (Gamma: C
p
/C
v
) (1 bar and 25
C): 1.305 454.
Viscosity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 0.0001027 Poise.
Thermal conductivity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 32.81 mW/(m K).
Miscellaneous
Solubility in water (1.013 bar and 2
C): 0.054 vol/vol.
Autoignition temperature: 595
C.
470 Appendices
Helium (He)
Molecular weight
Molecular weight: 4.0026 g/mol.
Critical point
Critical temperature: 268
C.
Critical pressure: 2.275 bar.
Critical density: 69.64 kg/m
3
.
Gaseous phase
Gas density (1.013 bar at boiling point): 16.891 kg/m
3
.
Gas density (1.013 bar and 15
C): 0.169 kg/m
3
.
Compressibility factor (Z) (1.013 bar and 15
C): 1.0005.
Specific gravity (air ¼ 1) (1.013 bar and 21
C): 0.138.
Specific volume (1.013 bar and 21
C): 6.037 m
3
/kg.
Heat capacity at constant pressure (C
p
) (1 bar and 25
C): 0.02 kJ/(mol K).
Heat capacity at constant volume (C
v
) (1 bar and 25
C): 0.012 kJ/(mol K).
Ratio of specific heats (Gamma: C
p
/C
v
) (1 bar and 25
C): 1.664.
Viscosity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 0.0001863 Poise.
Thermal conductivity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 142.64 mW/(m K).
Miscellaneous
Solubility in water (20
C and 1 bar): 0.0089 vol/vol.
Hydrogen (H
2
)
Molecular weight
Molecular weight: 2.016 g/mol.
Critical point
Critical temperature: 240
C.
Critical pressure: 12.98 bar.
Critical density: 30.09 kg/m
3
.
Triple point
Triple point temperature: –259.3
C.
Triple point pressure: 0.072 bar.
Gaseous phase
Gas density (1.013 bar at boiling point): 1.312 kg/m
3
.
Gas density (1.013 bar and 15
C): 0.085 kg/m
3
.
Compressibility factor (Z) (1.013 bar and 15
C): 1.001.
Specific gravity (air ¼ 1) (1.013 bar and 21
C): 0.0696.
Specific volume (1.013 bar and 21
C): 11.986 m
3
/kg.
471 A.6 Physical properties of common gases
Heat capacity at constant pressure (C
p
) (1 bar and 25
C): 0.029 kJ/(mol K).
Heat capacity at constant volume (C
v
) (1 bar and 25
C): 0.021 kJ/(mol K).
Ratio of specific heats (Gamma: C
p
/C
v
) (1 bar and 25
C): 1.384 259.
Viscosity (1.013 bar and 15
C): 0.000 0865 Poise.
Thermal conductivity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 168.35 mW/(m K).
Miscellaneous
Solubility in water (1.013 bar and 0
C): 0.0214 vol/vol.
Concentration in air: 0.0000005 vol/vol.
Autoignition temperature: 560
C.
Nitrogen (N
2
)
Molecular weight
Molecular weight: 28.0134 g/mol.
Critical point
Critical temperature: 147
C.
Critical pressure: 33.999 bar.
Critical density: 314.03 kg/m
3
.
Triple point
Triple point temperature: 210.1
C.
Triple point pressure: 0.1253 bar.
Gaseous phase
Gas density (1.013 bar at boiling point): 4.614 kg/m
3
.
Gas density (1.013 bar and 15
C): 1.185 kg/m
3
.
Compressibility factor (Z) (1.013 bar and 15
C): 0.9997.
Specific gravity (air ¼ 1) (1.013 bar and 21
C): 0.967.
Specific volume (1.013 bar and 21
C): 0.862 m
3
/kg.
Heat capacity at constant pressure (C
p
) (1.013 bar and 25
C): 0.029 kJ/(mol K).
Heat capacity at constant volume (C
v
) (1.013 bar and 25
C): 0.02 kJ/(mol K).
Ratio of specific heats (Gamma: C
p
/C
v
) (1.013 bar and 25
C): 1.403 846.
Viscosity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 0.0001657 Poise.
Thermal conductivity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 24 mW/(m K).
Miscellaneous
Solubility in water (1.013 bar and 0
C): 0.0234 vol/vol.
Concentration in air: 0.7808 vol/vol.
Oxygen (O
2
)
Molecular weight
Molecular weight: 31.9988 g/mol.
472 Appendices
Critical point
Critical temperature: 118.6
C.
Critical pressure: 50.43 bar.
Critical density: 436.1 kg/m
3
.
Triple point
Triple point temperature: –218.8
C.
Triple point pressure: 0.001 52 bar.
Gaseous phase
Gas density (1.013 bar at boiling point): 4.475 kg/m
3
.
Gas density (1.013 bar and 15
C): 1.354 kg/m
3
.
Compressibility factor (Z) (1.013 bar and 15
C): 0.9994.
Specific gravity (air ¼ 1) (1.013 bar and 21
C): 1.105.
Specific volume (1.013 bar and 21
C): 0.755 m
3
/kg.
Heat capacity at constant pressure (C
p
) (1 bar and 25
C): 0.029 kJ/(mol K).
Heat capacity at constant volume (C
v
) (1 bar and 25
C): 0.021 kJ/(mol K).
Ratio of specific heats (Gamma: C
p
/C
v
) (1 bar and 25
C): 1.393 365.
Viscosity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 0.0001909 Poise.
Thermal conductivity (1.013 bar and 0
C): 24.24 mW/(m K).
Miscellaneous
Solubility in water (1.013 bar and 0
C): 0.0489 vol/vol.
Concentration in air: 0.2094 vol/vol.
473 A.6 Physical properties of common gases
A.7 Velocity, moduli, and density of carbon dioxide
Tables A.7.1–A.7.3 summarize velocities, densities, and moduli for CO
2
as functions
of temperature and pressure. Z. Wang (Wang, 2000a) provided the data. Bold
numerals are actual measurements, while others are interpolations.
A.8 Standard temperature and pressure
There is a wide variation in definition of standard temperature and pressure (STP).
Table A.8.1 lists some in current use (compiled from Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure).
474 Appendices
Table A.7.1 Velocity for CO
2
as a function of temperature and pressure.
Velocities (m/s)
P (psi) T (
C) P (MPa)
17 27 37 47 57 67 77 87 97 107 117 127
14.5 264 268 272 276 280 284 288 291 295 299 302 306 0.10
145 256 261 266 270 275 279 284 288 292 296 300 304 1.00
580 220 231 241 251 259 264 271 276 281 287 292 296 4.00
1015 379 185 209 219 237 252 263 270 276 282 285 290 7.00
1450 483 411 142 183 212 238 249 257 265 272 278 286 10.01
2030 554 496 366 269 247 248 255 260 269 278 285 291 14.01
2900 637 586 502 441 382 358 353 345 337 328 320 314 20.01
3625 688 640 591 538 488 460 431 413 397 382 366 352 25.01
4350 737 687 641 596 552 521 494 470 450 429 412 397 30.02
5800 814 766 714 676 639 615 592 564 545 526 504 487 40.02
Table A.7.2 Density for CO
2
as a function of temperature and pressure.
Densities (kg/m
3
)
P (psi) T (
C) P (MPa)
17 27 37 47 57 67 77 87 97 107 117 127
14.5 1.86 1.80 1.74 1.68 1.63 1.58 1.54 1.49 1.45 1.41 1.38 1.34 0.10
145 19.63 18.84 18.13 17.48 16.88 16.32 15.80 15.31 14.86 14.44 14.04 13.66 1.00
580 129.00 93.95 87.09 81.69 77.24 73.45 70.13 67.19 64.54 62.15 60.00 57.97 4.00
1015 830.00 680.00 200.72 182.83 163.62 149.60 139.28 130.94 123.91 117.86 112.75 107.94 7.00
1450 917.00 805.00 683.00 449.73 327.61 267.15 235.50 213.81 197.32 184.22 174.09 164.43 10.01
2030 930.00 860.00 780.00 690.00 570.00 480.00 390.00 335.00 300.00 275.00 252.00 235.00 14.01
2900 960.00 910.00 860.00 800.00 740.00 680.00 620.00 560.00 510.00 470.00 420.00 390.00 20.01
3625 990.00 950.00 900.00 850.00 790.00 750.00 700.00 640.00 590.00 550.00 510.00 480.00 25.01
4350 1008.00 970.00 930.00 890.00 850.00 810.00 770.00 720.00 680.00 630.00 600.00 570.00 30.02
5800 1040.00 1000.00 970.00 940.00 900.00 870.00 840.00 800.00 770.00 730.00 700.00 670.00 40.02