Middleton W.M. (ed.) Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer and Communications

To

Convert From

I

Multiply

By

meter (based on Kr

86)

mho

micron

mil

mile (international)

mile (international nautical)

mile

(UK

nautical)

mile

(US

nautical)

mile

(US

statute)

millibar

millimeter

of

mercury

(0

"C)

minute (angle)

minute (mean solar)

minute (sidereal)

month (mean calendar)

nautical mile (international)

nautical mile (UK)

nautical mile

(US)

oersted

ounce

(UK

fluid)

ounce (US fluid)

ounce force (avoirdupois)

ounce mass (avoirdupois)

ounce mass (troy or apothecary)

pace

parsec (IAU)

peck

(US)

pennyweight

perch

phot

pica (printer's)

pint

(US

dry)

pint

(US

liquid)

point (printer's)

poise

pole

pound force (lb, avoirdupois)

pound mass (lb, avoirdupois)

pound mass (troy or apothecary)

poundal

quad

quart (US dry)

quart

(US

liquid)

rad (absorbed radiation dose)

rayleigh (photon emission rate)

rem (dose equivalent)

rhe

rod

roentgen

rutherford

scruple (apothecary)

second (angle)

second (ephemeris)

second (mean solar)

second (sidereal)

section

shake

skein

span

s tatampere

slug

1.650 763 73-

---

I.***

***

I.***

***

2.54*

***

1.609 344

***

1.852

***

1.853 184

***

1.852

***

*e*

***

I.***

***

1.333 224

--- ---

---

2.908 882 086 66-

---

6.***

*** *** ***

***

5.983 617 4-

---

2.628

***

1.852

*** ***

***

1.853 184

***

1.852

***

7.957 747 2--

---

2.841 307

---

2.957 352 956 25*

***

2.780 138

5--

---

2.834 952 312 5**

***

3.110 347 6%

***

,

1

609 3--

___

7.62-

--_

___

3.085 678

---

8.809 767 541 72*

***

1.555

173 84*

***

5.029 2--

---

-__

___

1

- --

- - - - - -

---

-

- -

4.217 517 6**

***

5.506 104 713 575

***

4.713 764 73*

***

3.514 598

***

1.***

***

5 029 2--

___

4.448 221 615 260 5**

4.535 923

7**

***

3.732 417 216

***

1.382 549 543 76*

***

1,055

--- -__

___

1.101 220 942 715

***

9.463 529 46*

***

1.***

***

I.***

***

1.***

***

I.***

*** ***

***

5.029 2--

--_

___

2.579 76*

***

1.***

***

1.295 978 2**

***

4.848 136 811

--- ---

1.000

000

---

Consult American Ephemeris

9.972 695

I--

---

2.589 998

---

1,

- -- -

-

- -

--

-

1.097 28*

***

1.459 390 29-

---

2.286

***

3.335 640

---

--- ---

and Nautical Almanac.

E6

EO

E -6

E -5

E3

E2

E -4

El

E6

E3

El

E

-5

E

-5

E

-1

E -2

E -1

E 16

E -3

E

-3

E4

E -3

E -4

E

-4

E -4

E

-1

----

EO

****

E -1

E

-1

E

18

E -3

E -4

E -2

E 10

E

-2

El

EO

E

-4

E6

E

-3

E -6

EO

E

-1

E6

E

-8

E2

El

E

-1

E-

IO

To

Get Unit

lm

m

rn

m

Pa

rad

s

(mean solar)

s

(mean solar)

s

(mean

solar)

m

Ah

m3

N

kg

m

m3

kg

m

Ix

m

m3

m

N.s/m2

m

N

kg

m3

GY

m-2s-l

N

J

sv

m*/(N.s)

m

Clkg

Bq

kg

rad

s (SI atomic)

s

(ephemeris)

s (mean solar)

mz

m

kg

m

A

S

UNITS, CONSTANTS, AND CONVERSION FACTORS

3-1

7

To

Convert From

statcoulomb

statfarad

stathenry

statohm

statute

mile

(US)

statvolt

stere

stilb

stoke

tablespoon

teaspoon

tex

therm

ton (assay)

ton (long)

ton (metric)

ton (nuclear equiv of

TNT)

ton (refrigeration)

ton (register)

ton (short,

2000

Ib,)

tonne

torr

(0

"C)

township

unit pole

Yard

year (calendar,

365

days)

year

(sidereal)

year (tropical)

year

1900

(tropical, January,

day

0,

hour

12)

Multiply

By

3.335 640

---

1.1 12 650

---

8.987 554

---

8.987 554

---

2.997 925

---

I.***

***

1,609 3-- ---

--- ---

I.***

***

1.478 676 478 125

***

4.928 921 593 75*

***

I.***

***

*** ***

***

1,055

___

---

2.916 666 6--

---

1.016 046 908

8**

***

I.***

***

4.184

***

3.516

800

--- ---

---

2.831 684 659 2**

***

9.071 847 4**

***

I.***

***

*** ***

***

1,333 22- ---

---

9.323 994 ---

---

1.256 637

---

9.144

w*

*** ***

***

3.153 6**

***

3.155 815

0--

---

3.155 692 6--

---

3.155 692 597 47*

***

3.155 692 597 47- ---

E- 10

E-

12

E 11

E3

E2

EO

E4

E -4

E -5

E -6

E8

E

-2

E3

E9

E3

EO

E3

E2

E7

E -7

E -1

E7

To

Get Unit

C

F

H

ohm

m

V

m3

cd/m2

m2/s

m3

kg/m

J

kg

m3

kg

Pa

m2

Wb

m

s (mean solar)

s

(mean solar)

s

(mean solar)

s

(ephemeris)

s

(SI

atomic)

J

W

4

Properties

of

Materials

Revised

by

Eugene

A.

Mechtly

General Properties of the Elements 4-3

Periodic Classification

of

the Elements

4-3

Physical Properties of the Elements 4-3

Galvanic Series in Sea Water 4-3

Temperature-EMF Characteristics of Thermocouples 4-3

Electromotive Force and Other Properties

Conducting Materials

4-3

Semiconducting Materials 4-3

Insulating Materials 4-12

Magnetic Materials 4-1

7

Soft Magnetic Metals

Permanent-Magnet Materials

Ferrites

4-

1

4-2

REFERENCE

DATA

FOR ENGINEERS

Magnetostriction

4-27

Piezoelectricity

4-28

Acoustic Properties

of

Some Materials

4-32

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

4-3

GENERAL PROPERTIES

OF

THE ELEMENTS

Some properties of the elements are listed in Table

l.* Some of the listed quantities are defined

as

follows.

Atomic number

Z represents the number of protons

per

atom.

Mass number

Z

+

N

is equal to the number of pro-

tons

Z

plus the number of neutrons

N

present in the

nuclei.

Mass

numbers of the most abundant isotopes

are given in order of decreasing abundance. For exm-

ple, Cadmium Cd-48 mass numbers 114-112 means

that cadmium atoms of greater abundance (28.86%)

have

a

mass

number of 114; that is, the nucleus of

Cd1I4 has 114

-

48

=

66 neutrons while isotope Cdl”

of lower abundance (24.07%) has 112

-

48

=

64 neu-

trons.

Atomic radius

values listed provide

a

comparison of

sizes (deduced from interatomic spacing of bound

atoms).

Gram atomic volume

in cubic centimeters gives the

volume occupied in the solid state by an atom at its

melting point. The gram atomic volume contains the

Avogadro number of at0ms.t

Electronegativity

represents the relative tendency of

an

atom

to

attract shared electron pairs. The highest

electronegativity is assigned to fluorine with the value

3.90.

First ionization potential

is the work in electron

volts required to pull

1

electron

off

an

isolated neutral

atom.

1 electron volt

=

1.602

x

joule?

Electron

work

function,

expressed

in

electronvolts,

represents the energy that must be supplied to an elec-

tron to cross over the surface barrier of a metal. That

energy may be supplied by heat (thermionic work

function), by light (photoelectric work function), or by

contact with a dissimilar metal (contact potential).

Electrochemical equivalents

are expressed in joules

per gram (J/g) liberated at the electrode.

PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF

THE ELEMENTS

Fig.

1

is

a

periodic table of the elements.

Oxidation number

is defined as the charge that an

atom appears to have in a compound when electrons

are counted according to certain rules:

*

Tables 1 and

2,

Chart 1, and Fig.

1

of

this chapter are

partly based on data

from

the following sources:

Handhook

of

Chemistry and Physics,

55th

ed., CRC Press, Inc., 1974;

Fun-

damentals

of

Chemistry,

John

Wiley

&

Sons;

The Encyclope-

dia

of

Electrochemistry,

Reinhold Publishing

Corp.,

1964;

American Znstitute

of

Physics Handbook,

3rd ed., McGraw-

Hill

Book

Co., 1972;

Lunge’s Handbook

of

Chemistry,

11th

ed., McGraw-Hill

Book

Co., 1973.

t

See Chapter

3

for precise valve.

(A)

In the free elements each atom has an oxidation

number

of

0.

(B)

Electrons shared between

two

unlike atoms are

counted with the more electronegative

atom.

(C) Electrons shared between

the

two like atoms are

divided equally between sharing atoms.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

THE ELEMENTS

Some of the physical properties of the elements are

listed in Table

2.

GALVANIC SERIES

IN

SEA

WATER

In sea water, two dissimilar metals connected by

a

conductor form a galvanic cell. If the two metals are in

different groups of Chart

1

(separated by spaces), the

metal coming first in the series-starting from cor-

roded end to protected end-will be anodic (i.e., cor-

roded by the metal contained in the group farther from

the corroded end). If the two metals are

in

the same

group, no appreciable corrosive action will take place.

TEMPERATURE-EMF

CHARACTERISTICS OF

THERMOCOUPLESS

Fig. 2 shows temperature-emf characteristics of

thermocouples.

Electromotive Force

and

Other

Properties

Electromotive force and other properties of thermo-

couples are listed in Tables

3

and 4.

CONDUCTING MATERIALS

Conducting materials (Tables

5-7)

can be classified

as follows:

Conductors: Resistivities from

lCG

to

lo4

Clan (1

to

100

pClan). Conductivities from

lo4

to

lo6

Sa-’.

Semiconductors: Resistivities from

1@

to

lo9

Clncm. Conductivities from

lC9

to

lo4

Sa-’.

Insulators: Resistivities from

lo9

to

loz5

Clan.

Conductivities from to

lC9

Sa-’.

SEMICONDUCTING

MATERIALS

Some properties of semiconductor materials are

listed in Table

8.

j

R.

L.

Weber,

Temperature Measurement and Control

(Philadelphia:

Blakiston

Co., 1941; pp. 68-71).

4-4

TABLE

1.

PROPERTIES

Mass Relative Atomic Gram Atomic

Atomic Number Atomic Radius Volume

Symbol Number

Z

Z+N

Mass

(1

0-10

m) (cm3)

Actinium

Aluminum

Americium

Antimony

Argon

Arsenic

Astatine

Barium

Berkelium

Beryllium

Bismuth

Boron

Bromine

Cadmium

Calcium

Californium

Carbon

Cerium

Cesium

Chlorine

Chroniium

Cobalt

Copper

Curium

Dysprosium

Einsteinium

Erbium

Europium

Fermium

Fluorine

Francium

Gadolinium

Gallium

Germanium

Gold

Hafnium

Helium

Holmium

Hydrogen

Indium

Iodine

Iridium

Iron

Lanthanum

Lawrencium

Lead

Lithium

Lutetium

Magnesium

Manganese

Mendelevium

Ktypton

Ac

A1

Am

Sb

Ar or A

As

At

Ba

Bk

Be

Bi

B

Br

Cd

Ca

Cf

C

Ce

cs

c1

Cr

co

cu

Cm

DY

Es or E

Er

Eu

Fm

F

Fr

Gd

Ga

Ge

Au

Hf

He

Ho

H

In

I

Ir

Fe

Kr

La

Lw

Pb

Li

Lu

Mg

Mn

MdorMv

89

13

95

51

18

33

85

56

97

4

83

5

35

48

20

98

6

58

55

17

24

27

29

96

66

99

68

63

100

9

87

64

31

32

79

72

2

67

1

49

53

77

26

36

57

103

82

3

71

12

25

101

227

27

243

40

75

210

138

247

9

209

11

79-81

114-1 12

40

25

1

12

140

133

35

52

59

63

247

164-162-163

254

153-151

257

19

223

12 1-1 23

166- 168-1 67

1.58-160-156

69-7

1

74-72-70

197

180-178-177

4

165

1

115

127

193-191

56

84-86

139

257

7

175

24

55

256

208-206-207

227

26.98

243

121.75

39.948

74.92

210

137.34

247

9.012

208.98

10.81

79.904

112.40

40.08

25

1

12.011

140.12

132.905

35.453

51.996

58.933

63.546

247

162.50

254

167.26

151.96

257

18.998

223

157.25

69.72

72.59

196.967

178.49

164.93

114.82

126.904

192.22

55.847

83.80

138.905

257

207.2

174.97

4.003

1.008

6.940

24.305

54.938

2.56

1.25

1.41

1.74

1.21

1.98

0.89

1.52

0.88

1.14

1.41

1.74

0.77

1.6.5

2.35

0.99

1.17

1.16

1.17

1.59

1.57

1.85

0.64

1.61

1.25

1.22

1.34

1.44

1.58

0.37

1.50

1.33

1.26

1.17

1.89

1.69

1.54

1.23

1.56

1.36

1.17

10

18

24

16

38

5

21

5

23

13

26

5

21

71

19

7

19

18

29

15

20

12

13

10

13

32

19

13

16

26

9

7

33

22

18

13

18

14

7

PROPERTIES

OF

MATERIALS

OF

THE

ELEMENTS

4-5

Electro- First Electron

Work

Function Electrochemical Equiv.

negativity, Ionization

Relative Scale Potential (eV) Thermionic Photoelectric

1.1

1.5

2.05

0

2.0

2.2

0.9

1.5

1.9

2.0

2.85

1.7

1

.o

2.6

1.1

0.7

3.15

1.6

1.8

1.9

1.2

1.1

3.9

0.65

1.1

1.6

1.9

2.4

1.3

0

1.2

2.2

1.7

2.65

2.2

1.8

0

1.1

1.8

1

.o

1.2

1.5

6.9

5.98

6.05

8.64

15.76

9.81

5.21

9.32

7.29

8.3

11.81

8.99

6.11

n

1.26

5.6

3.89

12.97

6.76

7.86

7.72

5.93

6.10

5.67

17.42

6.16

5.99

7.89

9.22

7.0

24.59

6.02

13.59

5.78

10.45

9.1

7.87

13.99

5.61

7.42

5.39

6.15

7.64

7.43

2.11

4.07

2.24

4.34

2.6

1.81

4.60

4.40

4.26

4.12

4.32

3.53

5.3

4.25

3.3

3.83

4.08

4.01

5.11

2.48

3.92

4.25

4.5

4.0

2.706

4.81

2.84

1.92

4.37

4.20

4.18

4.5

4.82

6.8

4.33

4.05

2.35

3.68

3.76

Contact

3.38

4.14

1.73

3.10

4.17

2

3.33

4.46

4.38

4.21

4.46

3.80

4.5

4.46

4.57

4.40

3.94

2.49

3.63

4.14

Valence

hvolved

3

600

J/g

3

5

n*

5

2

5

3

1

0.477

2

4

3

1

3

2

3

1

3

4

3

4

n*

3

1

3

1

4

3

n*

3

4

1

3

2

4

0.35

2.98

1.1

0.67

1.79

0.39

5.94

0.64

7.43

0.335

1.337

8.93

0.574

0.2

0.756

1.546

0.91

0.84

0.495

0.48

0.53

1.41

0.5 13

1.15

1.48

0.41

0.600

6.698

0.488

0.700

0.21

1

0.555

1.440

0.32

0.579

26.59

0.517

3.862

0.46

2.204

1.952

Continued

on

4-6

REFERENCE

DATA

FOR ENGINEERS

TABLE

1

(CONT).

PROPERTIES

Mass Relative Atomic

Gram

Atomic

Atomic Number Atomic Radius Volume

Symbol Number

Z

Z+N

Mass

(

1

O-'O

m) (cm3)

80 202-200-199 200.59 1.44 14

Mercury

Molybdenum

Neodymium

Neon

Neptunium

Nickel

Niobium

Nitrogen

Nobelium

Osmium

Oxygen

Palladium

Phosphorus

Platinum

Plutonium

Polonium

Potassium

Praseodymium

Promethium

Protactinium

Radium

Radon

Rhenium

Rhodium

Rubidium

Ruthenium

Samarium

scandium

Selenium

Silicon

Silver

Sodium

Strontium

Sulfur

Tantalum

Technetium

Tellurium

Terbium

Thallium

Thorium

Thulium

Tin

Titanium

Tungsten

Uranium

Vanadium

Xenon

Ytterbium

Yttrium

zinc

Zirconium

Hg

Mo

Nd

Ne

Ni

Nb

N

No

os

0

Pd

P

Pt

Pn

Po

K

PI

Pm

Pa

Ra

Rn

Re

Rh

Rb

Ru

Sm

sc

Se

Si

Ag

Na

Sr

S

Ta

Tc

Te

Tb

T1

Th

Tm

Sn

Ti

w

U

V

Xe

Yb

Y

Zn

Zr

NP

42

60

10

93

28

41

7

102

76

8

46

15

78

94

84

19

59

61

91

88

86

75

45

37

44

62

21

34

14

47

11

38

16

73

43

52

65

81

90

69

50

22

74

92

23

54

70

39

30

40

98-96-92-95

142-144-146

20

237

58

93

14

254

192-190-189

16

31

195-1 94- 196

242

209

39

141

145

23 1

226

222

187-185

108-106- 105

103

85-87

102-104-101

152-154-147

45

80-78

28

107-109

23

88

32

181

99

130-128-126

159

205-203

232

169

120-118

48

184-186-182

238

51

132-129-13

1

174-172-173

89

64-66-68

90-94-92

95.94

144.24

20.179

237.048

58.71

92.906

14.007

254

190.2

106.4

15.999

30.974

195.09

242

210

39.098

140.907

145

23 1.036

226.025

222

186.2

102.905

85.468

101.07

150.35

44.956

78.96

28.086

107.868

22.99

87.62

32.064

180.948

98.906

127.60

15 8.925

204.37

232.038

168.934

118.69

47.90

183.85

238.029

50.94

131.30

173.04

88.906

65.38

91.22

1.29

1.64

1.31

1.15

1.34

0.70

1.26

0.66

1.28

1.10

1.29

1.53

2.03

1.65

2.14

1.28

1.25

2.16

1.24

1.66

1.44

1.17

1.34

1.57

1.92

1.04

1.34

1.37

1.59

1.55

1.65

1.56

1.40

1.32

1.30

1.42

1.22

2.09

1.70

1.62

1.25

1.45

9

21

17

6

11

14

9

11

9

17

9

46

21

45

50

9

8

56

8

20

15

16

12

IO

24

34

16

11

21

19

17

20

18

16

11

10

13

8

43

25

21

9

14

*n

=

nonvalent

PROPERTIES

OF

MATERIALS

4-7

OF

THE

ELEMENTS

Electron Work Function Electrochemical Equiv.

Electro- First

negativity, Ionization Valence

Relative Scale Potential (eV) Thermionic Photoelectric Contact Involved

3 600

J/g

1.9

1.8

1.1

0

1.3

1.8

1.6

3.05

2.2

3.5

2.2

2.15

2.2

2.0

0.8

1.1

1.5

0.9

0

1.9

2.2

0.8

2.2

1.1

1.3

2.45

1.9

0.9

1

.o

2.6

1.3

1.9

2.3

1.2

1.8

1.3

1.2

1.8

1.5

1.7

1.6

0

1.2

1.3

1.6

10.43

7.10

5.49

21.56

5.8

7.63

6.88

14.53

8.7

13.62

8.33

10.48

9.0

5.8

8.43

4.34

5.42

5.55

5.28

10.75

7.87

7.46

4.18

7.37

5.63

6.54

9.75

8.15

7.57

5.14

5.69

10.36

7.88

7.28

9.01

5.98

6.11

6.95

6.18

7.34

6.82

7.98

6.08

6.74

12.13

6.25

6.38

9.39

6.84

4.20

3.3

5.03

4.01

4.99

5.32

2.7

5.1

4.80

3.2

3.59

3.56

4.19

3.35

3.95

4.52

3.27

4.12

4.21

4.53

4.25

5.01

4.5

4.97

5.22

2.24

5.0

4.57

2.09

4.8

4.52

4.73

2.28

2.74

4.14

4.76

3.68

3.47

4.38

4.06

4.49

3.63

3.77

3.73

3.82

4.50

4.28

4.96

4.55

4.49

5.36

1.60

4.52

4.42

4.2

4.44

1.9

4.1

4.70

3.84

3.46

4.09

4.14

4.38

4.32

4.44

3.78

3.60

2 0.267

6 1.67

3 0.557

n*

1.33

2 0.913

5

9.57

4 0.56

2 3.35

4 1.005

5

4.33

4 0.549

6 0.766

1

0.685

3 0.571

5

0.580

2 0.237

n*

0.121

7 1.007

4 1.042

1

0.314

4 1.054

3 0.535

3 1.783

6 2.037

4 3.821

1 0.248

1

1.166

2 0.612

6 5.01

5

0.741

6 1.260

3 0.505

3 0.393

4 0.462

3 0.475

4 0.903

4 2.238

6 0.874

6 0.676

5

2.63

n*

0.204

3 0.465

3 0.904

2 0.820

4 1.175

Middleton W.M. (ed.) Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer and Communications

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