Middleton W.M. (ed.) Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer and Communications
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4-28
REFERENCE
DATA
FOR ENGINEERS
30
25
20
2
15
10
5
0
-
0
500
1000
1500
2000
FIELD STRENGTH H.
AMPERE-TURNS/m
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
FLUX DENSITY
8.
Wb/m*
Fig.
4.
Strain versus field strength (left) and versus flux den
sity (right). From
T.
F. Hueter and
R.
H.
Bolt, Eds.,
Sonics
(NewYork
John
Wiley
&
Sons, Inc.,
1955;
p.
173).
iron).
For nickel the values for two different polarizing
conditions are given:
160
ampere-turns per meter and
1
200
ampere-turns per meter, the latter appearing in
parentheses. Table
15
compares properties of
six
mag-
netostriction materials.
PIEZOELECTRICITY
Table
16
lists piezoelectric strain coefficients
dij,
which are ratios of piezoelectric polarization compo-
nents
to
components of applied stress at constant elec-
tric field (direct piezoelectric effect) and
also
ratios of
piezoelectric strain components to applied electric
field components at constant mechanical stress (con-
TABLE
14.
MAGNETOMECHANICAL COEFFICIENTS
OF
THREE
mORTANT MAGNETOSTRICTIVE
MATERIALS
AT mRNAL POLARIZWG
mLD
ffo*t
Quantity Unit Annealed Nickel**
45
Permalloy Alfer (13%Al,
87%
Fe)
HO
160 600 800
Ah
(1200)
BO
V.
s/m2
P
Pi
All1
at
HO
0.25
(0.51)
137
(41)
-8
x
10-6
(-26
x
10")
1.43 1.15
1900 1150
230
190
26
x
10"
14
x
10"
C
-1
x
104
6.9
x
10"
19.5
x
lo4
m4/Wb2
A
-4.8
x
106
(-20
x
106)
2.7
x
lo6
6.7
x
lo6
YO
20
x
10'0 13.8
x
1O1O 15
x
1O1O
N/m2
P
8.7
x
103 8.25
x
103
6.7
x
103
kglm3
k,%
(electromechanical
14
(31)
coupling factor)
12.4
27
PC
7
x
10-8 7
x
10-7
9
x
10-7
Cl.m
*
From
T.
F. Hueter and
R.
H.
Bolt, eds.,
Sonics
(New York
John
Wiley
&
Sons, Inc., 1955;
p.
175).
t
The
number
of
external ampere-turns per meter required to produce
Ho
depends on the shape of the core. For closed magnetic
loops
Hext
is
equal
to
Ho.
For rod-shaped cores external fields larger than
Ho
are necessary to compensate for the demagnetizing
effect of the poles at the free ends.
**
The values for two different polarizing conditions are given:
160
and
1200
ampere-tumslmeter, the latter in parentheses.
TABLE
15.
OTHER CONSTANTS
FOR
SOME
MAGNETOSTRICTION MATERIALS
All1
at Young’s
Saturation
A
Pi
modulus
Composition of
B
(N/Wb)
(Him)
(N/m2)
99.9%
Ni
-33
x
10-6 -20
x
106 4.3
x
10-6
2.0
x
10”
2
V
49
Co
49 Fe (2V
Permadw)
+70
x
104
- -
1.7
x
10“
45
Ni
55
Fe (45 Permalloy)
+27
x
2.7
x
106
2.9
x
loA 1.4
x
10I1
13
A1
87
Fe
(13Alfer)
+40 6.7
x
106 2.4
x
lo4
1.5
x
10I1
Femte
7
Al
-28 -28
to
-44
x
lo6
4-5
x
1.68
to
1.75
x
10“
annealed
Fe304 +40 -90
x
lo6
1.9
x
1.8
x
10”
Curie
Temperature
(“C)
31
20-37
12
27
3
25-30
358
980
440
500
190
640
verse effect). The subscripts
i
=
1
to
3
indicate electric
field components, and the subscriptsj
=
1
to
6
indicate
mechanical stress
or
strain components. These compo-
nents are referred to the crystallographic principal
axes. For correlation of these to crystallographic axes,
we follow Standards on Piezoelectric Crystals. For
completeness, the full
d
matrix
is
listed
in
Fig.
5
for
the various crystal classes.
TABLE
16.
PIEZOELECTRIC STRAIN COEFFICIENTS
FOR
VARIOUS
MATERIALS
(A)
Cubic and Tetragonal Crystals Composition Class
d14 d36
Sphalerite
Sodium chlorate
Sodium bromate
“ADP”
“KDP’
“ADP
“KDA’
ZnS
43m
9.7
-
NaC103
23 5.2
-
NaBr03 23 7.3
NH4HZPO
42m -1.5 +48.0
KH2PO4
42m +1.3 +21
NH~H~AsO~
42m +4 1 +3 1
KHzAs04
42m +23.5 +22
-
(B) Trigonal Crystals
Class
dl
1
d14
d15
42
d3
1
d33
Quartz
32 +6.9 -2.0
Tourmaline
3
+11.0 -0.94 +0.96 +5.4
(C) Orthorhombic Crystals
Class
d14
d25
d36
Epsomite
222 -6.2 -8.2 -11.5
Iodic acid
222 57 46 70
NaNH4 tartrate
222 +56 -150 +28
LiK tartrate
222 9.6 33.6 22.8
LiNH4 tartrate
222 13.2 19.6 14.8
(NH&
oxalate
222 50 11 25
Rochelle salt
(30
“C)
222 +1500? -160 +35
dl5
d24
d3
1
42
d33
K pentaborate
9.5 1.7 -5.4
0
+5.6
(D)
Monoclinic Crystals (Class
2)
d14
d16
41
42
d23
d25
d34
d36
Lithium sulfate
+14.0 -12.5
+11.6
45.0 -5.5
+16.5
-26.4 +10.0
Tartaric acid
+24.0
+15.8 -2.3
-6.5 -6.3
+1.1
-32.4 +35.0
K,
tartrate
(DKT)
-25
+6.5 -2.2
+8.5
-10.4
-22.5
+29.4 46.0
(NH4)2 tartrate
+9.3
-8.5
+17.6
-26.2
+1.8
-5.9
-14.0 +5.6
EDT (ethylene diamine tartrate)
-31.1
-36.5 +30.6
+6.6 -33.8
-54.3
-51 -56.9
Cane
sugar
-3.7 -1.2
+4.4
-10
+2.2
-2.6 -1.3
+1.3
(E)
Polarized Polycrystalline Substance
d~
j
d3
1
d33
Barium titanate ceramic
=
1700 750 -235 +570
Note:
If
the sign
of
a
coefficient is not given, it is unknown (not necessarily positive).
*
From
Smithsonian
Physical
Tables,
9th
revised ed.,
Vol. 120
(Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution,
1969;
p.
432).
t
The coefficient
dI4
of Rochelle salt is extremely dependent on temperature and amplitude. The ratio
of
d14 to dielectric constant
€,.is, however, nearly constant.
4-30
REFERENCE
DATA
FOR ENGINEERS
Centrosyrnrnetricol classes
All moduli vanish
Noncentrosyrnrnetrical classes
TRICLINIC
Class
1
000000
000000
MONOCLINIC
Class
2
Class
2
......
......
(.
0 0
.
0
211x3(
.
.
0 0
.
211x2
.
.
0
.
0
tandard onentation)
Class
m
Class
m
000.0.
......
....
....
......
tandard onentation)
ORTHORHOMBIC
Class
222
Class
mm2
......
(:
:
:
::
:)(3)
(.
.....
......
TETRAGONAL
Class
4
Class
7
(:::%:)
...
(:::x:)
H....
M...
...
Class
422
Class
4mm
(:
:
:
3
;)ll)
(:
:
:
x
:)
0..
H....
..
Class
;i?m
2ilXi
(:
:
:
s
:)
.........
Nancentrosyrnrnetrical classes (cont)
CUBIC
Classes
T3m
and
23
Class
432
(:
......
:
:
: :
:)(o)
(!
i
\)
(1)
All moduli vanish
Class
3m
Class
3m
....
H
....
HO
tandard orientation)
HEXAGONAL
Class
6
Class
6mm
(:
:
:
q4)
(:
: :
x:)
WOO..
HO...
...
same as
class
4
same as
class
4mm
Class
622
Class
5
same
as
class
422
Class
6m2
Class
gm2
jtandard orientation)
KEY
TO
NOTATION
zero
modulus
0
nonzero modulus
H
equal modull
to
@)
moduli numerically equal.
but
opposite in
s~n
a modulus equal
to
minus
2
times
the
heavy
dot modulus
to
which
it
1s
joined
I
Fig.
5.
Form
of
the
(d,)
matrix. From Nye,
J.
E,
Physical Properties
of
Crystals
(Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1986;
pp.
123-124).
In
the monoclinic system, indices
2
and
5
refer to
the
symmetry
(b)
axis,
in
distinction from
the
older
convention relating indices
3
and
6
to the symmetry
axis. Crystal classes
are
designated by international
(Hermann-Mauguin) symbols.
A
dash in place
of
a
coefficient indicates that it is equal by symmetry from
another listed coefficient; a blank space indicates that
the coefficient is zero by symmetry. If the sign
of
a
coefficient is not given, it is unknown, not necessarily
positive.
Unit for
du
=
1/3
x
C/N
=
1/3
~1O-l~
m/V
PROPERTIES
OF
MATERIALS
4-3
1
Coupling factor
k
is defined practically by
k2
=
(mechanical energy converted into electric
energy)/(mechanical energy put into the
crystal)
The converse effect is
also
true. The same type
of
rela-
tionship holds, and the coupling coefficient is numeri-
cally identical to what it was before, namely
k2
=
(electrical energy converted into mechanical
energy)/(electrical energy put into the crys-
tal)
d
is the measure
of
the deflection caused by
an
applied voltage
or
the amount
of
charge pro-
duced by
a
given force (units
=
meters per
volt or coulombs per newton)
tal by an applied stress unit:
g
denotes a field produced in a piezoelectric crys-
V/m
N/m2
Equations that relate
g,
d,
and
k
are:
g
=
d/e,Eo
and
k2
=
gdE
where
e,
=
relative permittivity
of
the dielectric,
eo
=
permittivity
of
free space
=
8.854
x
1@l2
F/m,
E
=
Young's modulus.
Constants of some piezoelectric materials are listed
in Table
17.
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
OF
SOME MATERIALS
Information regarding the acoustic properties of
some materials is contained in Tables 18 and 19.
TABLE 17. CONSTANTS
OF
SOME
PIEZOELECTRIC
MATERIALS*?
Lead
Meta-/
Lithium
Barium
Lead Zirconate-/
Titanate
Quartz
Sulfate Titanate
Physical Property
0"
X-cut
0"
Y-cut Type
B
PZT-4 PZT-5 Niobate Units
Density
p
Acoustic impedance
pc
Frequency thickness constant$
Maximum operating
Relative permittivity
Electromechanical coupling
factor for thickness mode
k33
Electromechanical coupling
factor for radial mode
kp
temperature
Elastic quality factor
Q
Piezoelectric modulus for
thickness mode
d33
Piezoelectric pressure
Volume resistivity at
25
"C
Curie temperature
Young's modulus
E
Rated dynamic tensile strength
constant
g33
2.65 2.06
15.2 11.2
2870 2730
550 75
4.5 10.3
0.1
0.35
-
0.1
106
-
2.3
16
58 175
>lo12
-
575
-
-
8.0
- -
5.6
24
2740
70-90
1700
0.48
0.33
400
149
14.0
>lo"
115
11.8
-
7.6
30.0
2000
250
1300
0.64
0.58
500
285
26.1
>
10'2
320
8.15
24
7.7
28.0
1800
290
1700
0.675
0.60
75
374
24.8
>
1013
365
6.75
27
5.8
lo3
kg/m3
16 lo6
kg/m2s
L400
kHzmm
500
"C
-
225
-
0.42
0.07
-
42.5
10"
(V/m)(N/m2)
-
109
550
"C
2.9
101oN/mz
-
MN/m2
*
From
J.
R. Frederick,
Ultrasonic Engineering
(New York:
John
Wiley
&
Sons, Inc.,
1965;
p.
66).
t
The properties of the ceramic materials can vary with slight changes in composition and processing, and hence the values that
are shown should not be taken as exact.
TABLE
18.
SIMPLIFIED
EQUATIONS
FOR
SOUND
INTENSITY"
Sound Intensity
Effective? Sound Water for Airhacked
Piezo Modulus Velocity Density Transducer
Material Mode
of
Vibration Crystal Cut
H
Urn2)
c
Ws)
P
(ka/m3)
3
(W/m2) Units
Quartz
Thickness
Longitudinal
Ammonium Longitudinal
dihydrogen
phosphate (ADP)
Rochelle salt
(0
"C) Longitudinal
X
H=el,
5.72
x
103
2.65
x
103
gv2
x
10-14
v
(V)
rms
=
0.17
f
(Hz)
X
H
=
rll1/S'
5.44
x
103
2.65
x
103
0.087
x
E2
x
10"
E
(V/m)
rms
=
0.18
0.6E2
x
4S"Z
H
=
d3d2~' 3.2s
x
103
1.8
xi03
=
0.042
45"X
H
=
d14/2s'
3.4
x
103
1.77
x
103
85E2
x
10"
=
5.67
E
(V/m) rms
E
(V/m) rms
Barium titanate Thickness Polarized normal
H
=
5
x
103
5.5
x
103
o.oosfo2v2
x
10-8
V
(V) rms
(40
"C)
to thickness
=
10
to
17
to
0.014fi,2V2
x
f
(Hz)
rn
U
..
*
s
*
From
T.
E
Hueter and R.
H.
Bolt, Eds.,
Sonics
(New York: John Wiley
&
Sons,
Jnc.,
1955;
p.
125).
The quantity
s'
in
the relationship
H
=
drh/s'
is
the
effective compliance in the direction
of
longitudinal vibration.
TABLE
19.
VELOCITIES,
DENSITIES,
AND
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCES
OF
VARIOUS
METALS*
Velocities Characteristic
Impedance
PC
Longitudinal
Metals Bulk (m/s) Bar (rnls) Shear (m/s) Density
p
(kg/m3) Bulk (kg/m2s)
Aluminum
Beryllium
Brass,
70-30
Cast
iron
Copper
Gold
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Platinum
Steel, mild
Silver
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Zinc
Zirconium
Other Solid Materials:
Crown glass
Granite
Ice
Nylon
Paraffin, hard
Plexiglas or Lucite
Polystyrene
Quartz, fused
Teflon
Tungsten carbide
Wood,
oak
Fluids:
Benzene
Castor oil
Glycerine
Methyl iodide
Oil,
SAE
20
Water, fresh
x
103
6.40
12.89
4.37
3.50-5.60
4.80
3.24
5.96
2.40
5.74
1.45
6.25
5.48
3.96
6.10
3.70
3.38
5.99
5.17
3.37
4.17
4.65
5.66
3.98
1.8-2.2
2.2
2.68
2.67
5.57
1.35
6.66
...
...
1.32
1.54
1.92
0.98
1.74
1.48
x
103
5.15
3.40
3.04.7
3.65
2.03
5.18
1.25
4.90
...
...
...
4.70
2.80
5.05
2.67
2.74
...
...
...
3.81
...
5.30
3.95
...
...
...
1.8
5.37
...
...
...
4.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
x
103
3.13
8.88
2.10
2.2-3.2
2.33
1.20
3.22
0.79
3.08
3.35
2.99
1.67
3.24
1.70
1.61
3.12
2.88
2.02
2.48
2.30
...
3.42
1.99
...
...
.I.
1.32
3.52
3.98
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
x
103
2.7
1.8
8.5
7.2
8.9
19.3
7.9
11.3
1.7
13.6
10.2
8.9
21.4
7.9
10.5
7.3
4.50
19.3
18.7
7.1
6.4
2.5
2.15
0.9
1.1-1.2
0.83
1.20
1.06
2.6
2.2
10.0-15.0
0.8
0.88
0.95
1.26
3.23
0.87
1
.oo
x
106
17.3
23.2
37.0
25.040.0
42.5
63.0
46.8
27.2
9.9
19.6
63.7
48.5
85.0
46.7
36.9
24.7
27.0
100.0
63.0
29.6
29.8
14.0
3.6
2.0-2.7
1.8
3.2
2.8
14.5
3.0
66.5-98.5
...
...
1.16
1.45
2.5
3.2
1.5
1.48
Note: The values that are shown should not be taken as exact values because
of
the effects of variations in composition and pro-
*
From
J.
R.
Frederick,
Ultrasonic Engineering
(New York
John
Wiley
&
Sons, Inc.,
1965;
p.
363).
cessing. They are adequate for most practical purposes, however.
5
Components
or
Parts
Revised by
John
J.
Bohrer, Robert Blaszczyk,
Pierre
J.
Gerondeau, Jack
Isken,
Edward Mette,
Rick Price, Joseph
A.
Toro,
and Theodore
E.
VanKampen
General Standards
5-4
Color Coding
Tolerance
Preferred Values
Voltage Rating
Characteristic
Environmental Test Methods
5-5
Standard Ambient Conditions for Measurement
5-5
Other Standard Environmental Test Conditions
5-5
Ambient Temperature
Constant-Humidity Tests
Cycling Humidity Tests
High-Altitude Tests
Vibration Tests
Component Value Coding
5-7
Semiconductor-Diode Type-Number Coding
Resistors-Definitions
5-7
5-
1
5-2
REFERENCE
DATA
FOR ENGINEERS
Resistors-Fixed Composition
5-9
Color Code
Tolerance
Packaging Styles
Temperature and Voltage Coefficients
Noise
RF Effects
Good Design Practice
Resistors-Fixed Wirewound
5-1
I
EIA Low-Power Insulated Resistors
EIA Precision Resistors
EIA Power Resistors
Resistors-Fixed Film
5-12
Construction
Resistive Films
Applications
Technical Characteristics
Resistors-Adjustable
5-13
Types
of
Adjustable Resistors
Terminal Identification
Mounting Characteristics
Capacitors-Definitions
5-16
Classes
of
Capacitors
5-17
Plastic Film Capacitors
5-1
7
Polystyrene Film Capacitors With Foil Electrodes
Polyester Film Capacitors With Foil Electrodes
Plastic Film Capacitors With Metallized Electrodes
Electrolytic Capacitors
5-18
Aluminum Electrolytics
Tantalum-Foil Electrolytics
Tantalum Electrolytics With Porous Anode and Liquid Electrolyte
Tantalum Electrolytics With Porous Anode and Solid Electrolyte
Ceramic Capacitors
5-22
Class I
Class TI
Class I11
Color Code
Temperature Coefficient
Paper Foil-Type Capacitors
5-23
COMPONENTS OR PARTS
Mica Capacitors
5-25
Construction
Applications
Type Designation
Capacitance
Temperature Coefficient
Dissipation Factor
High-Potential or Withstanding-Voltage Test
Humidity and Thermal-Shock Tests
Life
Printed Circuits 5-26
Printed-Circuit Base Materials
Conductor Materials
Manufacturing Processes
Circuit-Board Finishes
Design Considerations
Preparation
of
Artwork
Assembly
5-3