Poole Ch.P., Jr. Handbook of Superconductivity
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Handbook of
Su percon d u ctivity
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Handbook of
Superconductivity
Charles P. Poole, Jr.
Department of Physics and Institute of Superconductivity
University of South Carolina
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PRESS
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Contents
Contributors
................................................. ix
Preface ...................................................... xi
Introduction
by Charles P. Poole, Jr. .....................................
A. Introduction ..........................................
B.
C.
D.
E.
1
1
Definition of a Superconductor ........................... 2
Form and Content of Handbook .......................... 3
Several Miscellaneous Tables ............................ 3
Glossary of Terms ..................................... 11
References ........................................... 27
Q
Properties of the Normal Metallic State
by Charles P Poole, Jr. .....................................
29
A. Introduction .......................................... 29
B. Conduction Electron Transport ........................... 30
C. Frequency Dependent Electrical Conductivity ............... 33
D. Brillouin Zones ....................................... 34
E. Fermi Surface ......................................... 36
E Electromagnetic Fields .................................. 39
References ........................................... 40
0
Superconducting State
by Charles P Poole, Jr. .....................................
43
A. Introduction .......................................... 43
B. Persistant Current and Surface Resistance .................. 44
C. Fields inside Superconductor ............................. 45
D. Temperature Dependencies .............................. 47
E. Critical Magnetic Field Slope ............................ 51
References ........................................... 52
vi Contents
0
11
11
0
Models and Theories
by Charles P. Poole, Jr. ....................................
ao
B.
C.
D.
E.
E
G.
H.
I.
53
Introduction .......................................... 53
London Equations ..................................... 54
Ginzburg-Landau Theory ............................... 55
Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer Theory ....................... 58
Mechanisms for Cooper Pairing .......................... 60
Critical State Models .................................. 61
Bean Model .......................................... 62
Reversed Critical States and Hysteresis .................... 64
Hubbard Models and Band Structure ...................... 66
References ........................................... 69
Superconductor Types
by Charles P Poole, Jr., Paul C. Canfield, and Arthur P. Ramirez ..
A. Introduction ..........................................
Bo
C.
D.
E.
E
G.
H.
I.
J.
71
72
Elements and Alloys ................................... 72
Description of Data Tables .............................. 79
Classical Compounds .................................. 80
Perovskites ........................................... 85
Heavy Electron Systems ................................ 87
Borocarbides ......................................... 92
Fullerenes ........................................... 96
Charge Transfer Organics ............................... 105
Crystal Chemistry ..................................... 107
References ........................................... 108
Crystal Structures of Classical Superconductors
by Roman Gladyshevsta'i and Karin Cenzual
................... 109
ao
B.
C.
D.
E.
E
G.
H.
I.
J.
Introduction ..........................................
110
Elements ............................................ 120
Intermetallic Compounds ............................... 126
Interstitial Carbides, Nitrides, Oxides, and Hydrides ......... 142
Borides, Carbides, and Borocarbides with Nonmetal Polymers. 146
Chalcogenides ........................................ 157
Heavy-Electron Compounds ............................. 164
Organic Compounds ................................... 165
Crystallographic Data Sets .............................. 170
Tabulated Data ....................................... 173
References ........................................... 236
Cuprates
by Charles P. Poole, Jr. and Frank J. Owens ...................
251
A. Introduction .......................................... 251
Contents
vii
B. Multislab Structure ..................................... 252
C. Aligned and Body-Centered Types ........................ 257
D. Role of the Binding Slab ................................ 262
E. Particular Cuprate Superconductors ....................... 262
E Infinite-Layer and Related Phases ......................... 265
References ........................................... 265
Q
Crystal Structures of High-Tr Superconducting Cuprates
by Roman Gladyshevskii and Philippe Galez ....................
267
A. Introduction .......................................... 268
B. Perovskite-Type Structures ............................... 269
C. Atom Layers and Stacking Rules ......................... 271
D. High-Tc Superconductor Family Tree ...................... 278
E. Symmetry ............................................ 285
E Ideal and Real Cation Coordinations ...................... 293
G. Chemical Families ..................................... 297
H. Crystallographic Data Sets ............................... 305
I. Conclusions .......................................... 413
Acknowledgement ..................................... 413
References ........................................... 413
0
Characteristic Parameters
by Charles P. Poole, Jr., John E Zasadzinski, Roberta K. Zasadzinski,
and Philip B. Allen ........................................
433
A. Introduction .......................................... 434
B. Relationships Between Parameters ........................ 434
C. Coherence Lengths and Penetration Depths ................. 438
D. Superconducting Gap Parameters ......................... 445
E. Critical Magnetic Fields ................................. 448
E Critical Currents ....................................... 473
G. Electron-Phonon Coupling Constants ...................... 478
10.
Thermal
Properties
by Ctirad Uher, Charles P Poole, Jr., and Alan B. Kaiser .........
491
A. Introduction .......................................... 492
B. Specific Heat ......................................... 492
C. Thermal Conductivity .................................. 497
D. Thermoelectric and Thermomagnetic Effects ................ 510
11.
Electrical Properties
by Charles P Poole, Jr. .....................................
535
A. Introduction .......................................... 535
B. Hall Effect ........................................... 536
viii
Contents
12.
13.
14.
C. Tunneling ........................................... 537
D. Josephson Effect ...................................... 541
E. Magnetic Field and Size Effects ......................... 544
E Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) ..... 545
References ........................................... 546
Magnetic Properties
by Charles P. Poole, Jr. ....................................
547
A. Introduction .......................................... 547
B. Internal Fields and Magnetization ........................ 548
C. Critical Fields ........................................ 550
D. Vortices ............................................. 553
E. Vortex Anisotropies ................................... 554
E Individual Vortex Motion ............................... 556
G. Transport Current in a Magnetic Field .................... 559
H. Magnetic Phase Diagram ............................... 560
I. Ellipsoids in Magnetic Fields ............................ 561
J. Intermediate State of Type I Superconductor ............... 562
K. Ac Susceptibility ...................................... 566
References ........................................... 567
Mechanical
Properties
by Ronald G. Munro .......................................
569
A. Introduction .......................................... 570
B. Elastic Properties ..................................... 570
C. Strength ............................................. 576
D. Hardness ............................................ 601
E. Toughness ........................................... 610
E Conclusion .......................................... 614
Acknowledgement ..................................... 619
References ........................................... 619
Phase Diagrams
by Winnie Wong-Ng .......................................
625
A. Introduction .......................................... 626
B. General Discussion and Scope ........................... 627
C. Experimental Methods ................................. 631
D. Representative Phase Diagrams .......................... 634
E. Summary and Future Need .............................. 677
References ........................................... 683
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions
begin.
Philip B. Allen (478),
Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of
New York, Stony Brook, NY
Paul C. Canfield (92),
Department of Physics and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State
University, Ames, Iowa
Karin Cenzual (109),
DOpartement de Chimie MinOrale, Analytique et AppliquOe,
UniversitO de Genkve, Switzerland
Philippe Galez (267),
Laboratoire d'Instrumentation et de MatOriaux d'Annecy,
UniversitO de Savoie, Annecy, France
Roman Gladyshevskii
(109,
267),
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, L'viv State
University, Ukraine
Alan B. Kaiser (510),
Physics Department, Victoria University, Wellington, New
Zealand
Ronald G. Munro (569),
Ceramics Division, National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
Frank J. Owens (251),
Army Armament Research, Engineering and Development
Center, Picatinny, New Jersey, and Department of Physics, Hunter College,
City University of New York, New York
Charles E Poole Jr. (1),
Department of Physics and Institute of Superconductivity,
University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
ix