Poole Ch.P., Jr. Handbook of Superconductivity
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
446 Chapter 9: Characteristic Parameters
Material
Table
9.3.
Energy gaps A o =
Eg/2
for various superconductors.
Tc (K) A(meV) Source
s,p
elements
A1 1.18 0.179
Cd 0.42 0.072
Zn 0.85 0.13
Ga 1.08 0.169
Am-Ga 8.56 1.66
Sn 3.72 0.593
In 3.41 0.541
T1 2.38 0.369
Pb 7.196 1.33
Am-Pb 7.2 1.442
Am-Hg 3.90 0.739
Hg (~ phase) 4.15 0.824
s,p
alloys and unusual phases
Tlo.9 Bio. 1 2.3 0.355
Pbo. 4Tlo. 6 4.6 0.805
Pbo. 6Tlo. 4 5.9 1.08
Pbo. 8 Tlo. 2 6.8 1.28
Pbo.9Bio. 1 7.65 1.539
Pbo.8Bio.2 7.95 1.610
Pbo.7Bio. 3 8.45 1.769
Pbo.65Bio.35 8.95 1.843
d-band elements
Re 1.70 0.263
Ta 4.49 0.720
V 5.40 0.814
Nb 9.25 1.55
d-band alloys and compounds
Nbo. 6Tio. 6 9.8 1.73
Nbo.8Zro. 2 11.0 1.94
NbN 14.0 2.56
VN 8.7 1.5
V3Si (A15) 17 2.78
Nb3Sn (A15) 18.3 3.39
Nb3Sn (A15) 17.5 3.30
Nb3A1 (A15) 16.4 3.04
Nb3Ge(A15 ) 23 4.16
Ternary compounds
ErRhaB 4 8.5 1.45
CUl.8Mo6S 8 12.5 2.3
PbMo6S 8 12 2.4
Heavy fermions
UBe13 0.80 0.145
UPt 3 0.44 0.075 a
CeCu2Si 2 0.630 0.080
URu2 Si 2 1 0.170
riband elements
Th 1.38 0.206
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Kihlstrom
et al.
(1985)
Zhao
et al.
(1984)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Wolf (1985)
Pobell (1981 )
Pobell (1981 )
Moreland
et al.
(1994)
De Wilde
et al.
(1994)
De Wilde
et al.
(1994)
De Wilde
et al.
(1994)
Wolf (1985)
(continued)
D. Superconducting Gap Parameters 447
Table 9.3.
(continued)
Material T c (K) A(meV) Source
La(~) 4.88 0.8 Wolf (1985)
La(dhcp) 4.95 0.8 Wolf (1985)
Organics
(BEDT-TTF)zCu(NCS)2 11 2.4 Bando
et al.
(1990)
/%(BEDT-TTF)2I 3 1.35 0.465 Nowak
et al.
(1987)
/%(BEDT-TTF)2IAuI 4.1 0.707 Nowak
et al.
(1987)
//-(BEDT-TTF)2AuI 2 3.8 2.6 Hawley
et al.
(1986)
Fullerenes
Rb3C60 29.4 4.6 Kiefl
et al.
(1993)
Oxide superconductors, noncuprate
Li0.9Mo6017 1.5 0.23 Ekino and Akimitsu (1992)
LiTi204 11 1.8 Ekino and Akimitsu (1992)
Bal_xPbxBiO 3 11 1.6 Ekino and Akimitsu (1992)
Bal_xKxBiO3 28 4.5 Huang
et al.
(1990)
Copper oxide superconductors
Ndz_xCexCu04 b
22 3.7 Huang
et al.
(1990)
Pr2_xThxCuO4 b 22 3.6 Zasadzinski
et al.
(1996)
Srl_xNdxCuO2 b'c
35 6.0 Zasadzinski
et al.
(1996)
Laz_xSrxCuO 4 36 7 Hasegawa
et al.
(1992)
YBa2Cu307 92 20 Hasegawa
et al.
(1992)
YBa 2 Cu 3 O7_ x 60 9 Hasegawa
et al.
(1992)
BizSr2CuO 6 10 3.5 Hasegawa
et al.
(1992)
BizSrzCaCu208 95 38 Miyakawa
et al.
(1998)
BizSr2CaCuzOg+x a 86 28 Hasegawa
et al.
(1992)
BizSr2CaCuzO8+x d 62 18 Miyakawa
et al.
(1998)
Bi2SrzCazCu3010 105 33 Hasegawa
et al.
(1992)
TlzBazCuO 6 90 22 Zasadzinski
et al.
(1996)
TlzBazCaCu208 114 30 Hasegawa
et al.
(1992)
HgBazCuO 4 94 24 Hasegawa
et al.
(1992)
HgBazCuO 4 97 33 Wei
et al.
(1996)
HgBa2CaCu206 124 50 Wei
et al.
(1996)
HgBazCazCu308 135 75 Wei
et al.
(1996)
a Not s-wave; may have gap nodes, b Electron-doped. c Infinite-layer compound, a Overdoped.
evidence is more toward a conventional, s-wave, symmetric gap that is isotropic
in momentum space. All noncuprate superconductors measured to date appear to
be s-wave, with the possible exception of the heavy fermion compound UPt3,
which displays evidence of gap nodes.
Table 9.3 lists the energy gaps A 0 for various superconductors.
References for Section D
H. Bando, S. Kashiwaya, H. Tokumoto, H. Anzai, N. Kinoshita, and K. Kajimura,
J. Vac. Sci. TechnoL
A 8 (1), 479 (1990).
448 Chapter
9:
Characteristic Parameters
Y. De Wilde, J. Heil, A. G. M. Jansen, P. Wyder, R. Deltour, W. Assmus, A. Menovsky, W. Sun, and L.
Taillerfer,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
72, 2278 (1994).
T. Ekino and J. Akimitsu, in
Studies of High Temperature Superconductors, VoL 9
(Anant Narlikar Ed.)
Nova Science, 1992.
T. Hasegawa, H. Ikuta, and K. Kitazawa, in
Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors
III,
(D. M. Ginsberg Ed.) World Scientific, Singapore, 1992.
M. E. Hawley, K. E. Gray, B. D. Terris, H. H. Wang, K. D. Carlson and Jack M. Williams,
Phys. Rev.
Lett.,
57, 629 (1986).
Q. Huang, J. E Zasadzinski, N. Tralshawala, K. E. Gray, D. G. Hinks, J. L.Peng and R. L. Greene,
Nature
347, 369 (1990).
R. E Kiefl, W. A. MacFarlane, K. H. Chow, S. Dunsiger, T. L. Duty, T. M. S. Johnston, J. W. Scneider, J.
Sonier, L. Brard, R. M. Strongin, J. E. Fischer, and A. B. Smith
III, Phys. Rev. Lett.,
70, 3987 (1993).
K. E. Kihlstrom, R.W. Simon, and S.A. Wolf, in
Materials and Mechanisms of Superconductivity
(K. A.
Gschneidner, Jr. and Edward L. Wolf Eds.) North Holland, Amsterdam, 1985.
N. Miyakawa, P. Guptasarma, J. E Zasadzinski, D. G. Hinks, K. E. Gray,
Phys. Rev. Lett.,
80, 157
(1998).
J. Moreland, A. E Clark, R. J. Soulen, Jr., and J. L. Smith,
Physica B
194-196, 1727 (1994).
A. Nowack, U. Poppe, M. Weger, D. Schweitzer, and H. Schwenk, Z
Phys. B- Condensed Matter
68, 41
(1987).
E Pobell, in
Ternary Superconductors
(G. K. Shenoy, B. D. Dunlap and E Y. Fradin, Eds.) North
Holland, New York, 1981.
J. Y. T. Wei, C. C. Tsuei, P. J. M. van Bentum, Q. Xiong, C. W. Chu, and M. K. Wu,
Phys. Rev. B
57
3650 (1998).
E. L. Wolf,
Principles of Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy.
(Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1985).
J. E Zasadzinski, L. Ozyuzer, Z. Yusof, J. Chen, K. E. Gray, R. Mogilevsky, D. G. Hinks, J. L. Cobb, and
J. T. Market, in
Spectroscopic Studies of High T c Cuprates,
(I. Bozovic, D. van der Marel Eds.) SPIE,
Bellingham, 1996.
B. R. Zhao, B. R. Zhao, L. Chen, H. L. Luo, M. D. Jack, and D. R Mullin,
Phys. Rev. B
29, 6198 (1984).
Critical Magnetic Fields
There are various ways to determine the lower and upper critical magnetic fields,
Bcl and Bc2 , respectively, and Table 9.4 lists measured values for many super-
conductors. Also listed in the table are values of the two negative slopes
dBcl
(22a)
e'c~ = dr
Bfc2 --
dBc2
(22b)
dT'
evaluated at the transition temperature T- T c. Measured values of the upper
critical field slope B~c2 from Eq. (22b) are often in the neighborhood of the Pauli
coefficient 1.83 of Eq. (3),
B'c2 ~-1.83
T/K.
(23)
Table 9.4.
Lower (Bcl , mT), and upper (Bc2 , T) critical magnetic fields for various superconductors. Values for the critical temperature T c and the critical field derivatives at T c,
namely --B'cl -- dBcl/dT and -BZc2 = dBcz/dT , are also given. Elements that superconduct only at high pressure, after irradiation, or as thin films are not listed.
References are identified by first author and year. D/P denotes average of values tabulated in Donnelly (1989) and Poole et al. (1995).
Material T c Bcl Bc2 --B'cl -B'c2 Comments Reference
(K) (mT) (T) (mT/K) (T/K)
4~
4~
Ir 0.11 1.6
Hf 0.13 1.3
Ti 0.40 5.6
Ru 0.49 6.9
Cd 0.52 2.8
Zr 0.61 4.7
Os 0.66 7.0
Zn 0.85 5.4
Ga 1.08 5.8
A1 1.18 10.5
Th 1.38 16
W 1.5 0.115
Re 1.7 20
T1 2.38 17.8
In 3.41 22.5
Sn 3.72 30.5
fl-Hg 3.9 33.9
c~-Hg 4.15 41
Ta 4.47 83
c~-La 4.88 80
V 5.40 141
5.35 140
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B e
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B e
Type ! superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B e
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I rf measured; value is B e
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type ! superconductor; value is B c
Type ! superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B c
Type I superconductor; value is B c
D/P
D/P
D/P
D/P
D/P
D/P
D/P
D/P
D/P
Delin (1996)
D/P
D/P
D/P
D/P
Bruynseraede (1971 ),
Delin (1996)
Delin (1996)
D/P
D/P
D/P
D/P
D/P
D~iumer (1982)
(continued)
4a,
t.a
Table 9.4.
(continued)
Material
re
(K)
Bcl
(mT)
Bc2 -B1cl --Blc2
(T) (mT/K) (T/K)
Comments
Reference
fl-La
Tc
Mo
Pb
Nb
Cr0.7Re0.3
In, Pb doped
Nb, Mo doped
Nb, Jp doped
Nb, Ta doped
CTa
NbN
NbN
2.83
2.11
4.08
2.85
3.59
3.84
6.1
7.9
8.0
7.20
9.25
9.3
3.2
3.7
7.8
9.5
8.8
~10
16
15
16.3
16
16
16
16
900
640
1470
960
1370
980
110
141
75
80
158
198
248
30
49
60
173
22
~0.4
2
0.04
0.4
2
0.445
0.46
15
22-25
12
35
28
22
25
4.5
10% Cr-doped solid solution
10%
Mn-doped solid solution
10%
Nb-doped solid solution
10% Mo-doped solid solution
10%
Ta-doped solid solution
10% W-doped solid solution
10% W-doped solid solution
10% W-doped solid solution
rf measurement
10%
W-doped solid solution
Wire 10% W-doped solid solution
10%
W-doped solid solution
Cold-drawn wire
bcc ~ phase
Alloy
Alloy
Alloy
Alloy
NaC1 structure
NaC1 structure
Tape; see Jc table
Thin film; see Jc table
NbN on carbon fibers
Film measured at 1.3 K; see Jc table
Neutron irradiation
Bap p parallel to film plane
D~iumer (1982)
D~iumer (1982)
D~iumer (1982)
D~iumer (1982)
D~iumer (1982)
Diiumer (1982)
D/P
D/P
Koepke (1976)
Bruynseraede (1971 )
Delin (1996)
Ghamati (1985)
Delin (1996)
Roberts (1976)
Damaschke (1986)
Roberts (1976)
Roberts (1976)
Roberts (1976)
Roberts (1976)
Roberts (1976)
Donnelly (1989)
Suzuki (1989)
Boffa (1996)
Dietrich (1985)
Gavaler (1983)
Gregshammer (1988)
Suzuki (1992)
4~
t~
NbTi
PbBi
PbIn
Nb/NbZr multilayer
NbSe 2
Ti-Nb-Si alloy
Nb-Hf/Cu-Sn-Ga
Ino.92Pbo.08
Be32.sMosZr62.5
Be32.sNb2.sZr65
Be32.5NbsZr62.5
Be32.sNb7Zr60.5
Mo2RhzB
(M00.55 RUo.45)4P
NbCl_yNy
Hfg 2 Laves
(Hfo.5 Zro.5)V2 Laves
ZrV 2 Laves
V2 (HfZr) Laves
A10. 5 SnMo 5
S 6
Chevrel
Cu xMo 6 S 8 Chevrel
16
16
9.2
9.6
8.3
7
7.2
5.1
3.05
3.26
3.46
3.58
3.5
5.43
15-17
9.2
10.1
8.5
14.4
10
27
187
197
219
30
15
17-18
12
11.3
12
14
0.5
0.2
17.4
2
25
4.2
4.82
5.27
5.70
~7
4.7
21
> 20
21.7
28.3
16.5
22
28
56
Bap p perpendicular to film plane
Alloy
Polycrystalline, magnetostriction
NbTi/Cu wire 1.5 m long
Monofilament
Consult references
Ductile alloy
Multifilimentary
2.5 Amorphous alloy
2.63 Amorphous alloy, NMR
2.88 Amorphous alloy, NMR
2.90 Amorphous alloy, NMR
2.3 Ribbons approx. 17 pm x 150 pm
Value at 4 K
(Nb carbonitride) see Jc table
Measured at 4.2 K
Coating on carbon fibers; see Jc table
Measured at 4.2 K
Measured in pulsed fields at 2.0 K
2.3 Sputtered sample
Suzuki (1992)
Orlando (1991), Roberts (1976)
Radhakrishnan (1987)
Wyder (1995)
ten Haken (1994)
Chovanec (1973)
Hampshire (1998)
Delin (1996)
Delin (1996)
Kuwasawa (1990, 1996)
Roberts (1976)
Inoue (1980)
Ekin (1981 )
Bruynseraede (1971)
Goebbels (1981 )
Freyhardt (1980)
Freyhardt (1980), Goebbels (1981)
Freyhardt (1980), Goebbels (1981)
Z61tzer (1985)
Hfiussler (1996)
Dietrich (1983), Schmaderer
(1983)
Dietrich (1987)
Vonsovsky (1982)
Vonsovsky (1982)
Vonsovsky (1982)
Inoue (1985)
Inoue (1985)
Donnelly (1989)
Alterovitz (1978)
(continued)
q~
t,o
Table 9.4.
(continued)
Material
r~
(K)
Bcl
(mT)
Bc2 -ffcl -B~c2
(T) (mT/K) (T/K)
Comments
Reference
HoMo6S 8 Chevrel
LaMo6S 8 Chevrel
PbMo6.35 S 8 Chevrel
PbMo6S 8 Chevrel
PbMo6Se 8 Chevrel
Pbl_xGdxMo6S8 Chevrel
SnlVlo6 S 8 Chevrel
Mo3Si
Cr3Ir A15
Nb3A1A15
Nb3Ga A15
Nb3Ge A15
0.685
7
~6.5
12.6
13
3.8
15
14
11.8
7.2
0.75
17.8
18.7
17
15
15.7
20.2
23
21
20
3.4
16.8
0.32
8
5.4
54
55
~55
> 50
45
3.8
60
31
34
1.05
> 26.9
32.5
23.2
17-21
20.2
34.1
39
30
33
Monocrystal, magnetic transitions
at 0.75 and 0.70 K
Bir r -- 39T at 4.2K
Powder
Sputtered film, Bc2 estimated
Chevrel
Burlet (1987)
Sulkowski (1984)
Vonsovsky (1982)
Donnelly (1990)
Ramsbottom (1997)
Ali (1995), Hampshire (1998)
Cattani (1991)
Seeber (1989)
Alterovitz (1979)
Vonsovsky (1982)
Ali (1996)
2.1 ~c~65
Multifilimentary composite wire;
Bc2 = 26.9 T at 1.8 K and 24.6 T at 4.2 K
1.96 7.9 #m film
Vonsovsky (1982)
W'6rdenweber (1988)
Roberts (1976)
Fukuda (1997)
Donnelly (1989)
Wire, measured at 4.2 K Saito (1990a,b)
Multifilamentary wire Dew-Hughes (1981)
Powder metallurgy; see Jc table Watanabe (1990)
Donnelly (1989)
Donnelly (1989)
Nb3Ge layers on A1203 slices Fr6hlich (1989)
Be2 measurement at 4.2 K, sputtered films Suzuki (1992)
W6rdenweber (1986)
4~
t~
~-Nb0.74Ge0.26
Nb3Sn A15
Nb 3
Alo. 5 Gao. 5 A 15
Nb3 Alo.57Gao.23
(NbTa)3 Sn
Nb3(A1 , Si, Bi)
V 3Ga A 15
V 3Ge A 15
V3Si A15
Cu-Nb composite
CeCu 2
3.4
17.8
17.7
17
17.8
18
18.2
16
17.5
19
20.1
18
15
6.8
16
8.8
~0.17
45.6
35
55
5.46
24.7
17.4
20.8
23.4
21.4
27.8
24
28
33
23
42
26.5
31.5
19
24
31
44
26
21
23
~5
23
18
1.1
2.2
2.1
2.6
1.9
Amorphous film, B c = 42.4 mT
Prepared from Nb6Sns; see Jc table.
Tape measured at 4.2 K
Unalloyed wire
Alloyed wire
Wire
2 wt% Ti; see Jc table
Measured at 4.2 K, 4 at % Ta,
multifilamentary wires
104 filaments in bronze matrix
Film on sapphire
Film on sapphire, with 1.5 at. % Ga
Monocrystal
Wires with Ta, Ti and Ni + Zn additives;
see Jc table
Berghuis (1993)
Tachikawa (1996, 1997)
Kohno (1992)
Kohno (1992)
Saito (1992a,b)
Schaper (1987)
Foner (1987)
Rupp (1981)
Bormann (1985)
Bormann (1985)
Ghamati (1985)
Roberts (1976)
Hampshire (1998)
Drost (1985), see Suenaga (1984)
Measured at 4.2 K, with 1 to 1.5 at. % Ga Bormann (1985)
Bc2 -- Bc2(0)[1 -
(T/Tc) 2]
Finnemore (1983)
Superconducting layers Kozlenkova (1992)
Donnelly (1989)
Donnelly (1989)
Filamentary conductor Springer (1983)
Muller (1991), Schaper (1989)
Donnelly (1989)
Roberts (1976)
Roberts (1976)
Mueller (1992) For B along (100) direction at
1.5 K, de Haas van Alphen effect
Heavy electron, pressure to 8.3 GPa
Reddy (1986)
Vargoz (1997)
(continued)
4~
Table 9.4. (continued)
Material
re
(K)
Bcl
(mT)
Bc2
-Btcl -Btc2
(T) (mT/K) (T/K)
Comments Reference
CeCu2Ge 2
CeCu2Si 2
UBel3
U0.97Tho.03Be13
UPt 3
Bal_xKxBi03
cubic
ReNi2B2C
YNi2B2C
K3 C60
K2CsC60
Rb3 C60
Rb2CsC60
Ba doped
C60
Ndl.82Ce0.18CuO4_6
YBa2Cu307_ 6
0.64
0.72
0.88
0.9
0.35
0.46
24
15.3
15.7
15
17.8
19.5
19
23
28.4
30.7
29.5
29.6
32.5
6.8
4.4
4.0
37
13
17
<0.5
15
12
2
1.5
10
~10
6
1.9
6
10.5
10.6
6
17
30
32
21
55
31
44
57
50
~3
35
180
340
Heavy electron, pressure of 101 kbar
Heavy electron, B - T phase diagram
Heavy electron, ~ ~ 100
31 Heavy electron, Be2 estimated from figs.
Heavy electron
Heavy electron
Heavy electron
Birr -- 24T at 0.4K
Thin film
Torque method
Single crystal, de Haas-van Alphen
See 42 table
1.4 Fullerene
2.8 Fullerene
Fullerene
Fullerene, x = 50
Fullerene
3.85 Fullerene
Fullerene, x = 60
2.15 Fullerene, BpL = 54
2.3 Fullerene
0.35 Fullerene
Single crystal film
At 77.3 K
At0K
Film, Be2(0 ) measured
Jaccaard (1992 )
Hunt (1990)
Mayer (1986)
Signore (1995)
Maple (1984)
Rauchschwalbe (1987)
Schenstr6m (1989)
Goll (1996)
Andreone (1997)
Goll (1997)
Heinecke (1995)
Cywinski (1994)
Baenitz (1994, 1995)
Foner (1992 )
Poole (1995)
Baenitz (1998)
Kraus (1996)
Fouer (1992)
Baenitz (1998)
Baenitz (1993)
Poole (1995)
Baenitz (1994, 1995)
Baenitz (1995)
Hams (1996), Ponomarev (1996)
Watanabe (1989)
Watanabe (1989)
Bykov (1995)
TmBa2Cu307_ 6
Bi2Srl.7CaCu208
Bi2 Sr2CaCu208
Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Olo
CuBazCa3 Cu40 x
Bil.6Pbo. 3 Teo. 1Sr 2 Ca 3
Cu 40y
T12 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 30y (T1-2223)
T1 ceramics
85
59
60
90
86
110
117
114
75
2.5
~55
105
68.5
200
59
15
98
55
36
58
201
103
2.2
0.35
1.49
6% Gd substituted for Y, monocrystal
Low value due to porosity
Pulsed fields up to 40 T
Thin film, measured at 4.2 K with B 2_ c
Sintered samples
Thermodynamic critical field
B c ~ [1 - (T/Tc)] 2 for T ~> 20 K
Gupta (1990)
Ferguson (1988)
Kapustin (1994)
Basovich (1992)
Collocott (1988)
van Bentum (1989)
Ziese (1994)
Films by MOCVD, Bc2 measured at 77K; Matsuno (1991, 1992)
activ, energy
U(B)--
1.98eV at 21 T
Bc2(T ) = Bc2(0)(1 - t2)/(1 + t 2)
Single crystal; see 42 table
Polycrystal, Be2 value at 65 K
Bir r = 9.5 T at 70 K
Bir r = 3.7T at 77K
Bint ~ 213011 -
(T/Tc)] 5"91
Composition is nominal
Birr = 22.0 T for
Bllab
plane
B~r = 0.89 T for
B Iab
plane
Pulsed magnetic field
Donglu (1988)
Donglu (1988)
Golosovsky (1994)
Moshchalkov (1990)
Collocott (1988)
Ries (1992), Welp (1989a)
Li (1988)
Iyo (1997)
Vlakhov (1994)
Nabatame (1992)
Kapustin (1992)