Anker Susan. Real Essays with Readings with 2009 MLA Update
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 22 • The Basic Sentence 397
5. Subject-Verb-Direct Object (S-V-DO)
A direct object directly receives the action of the verb.
S V DO
It degrades ozone.
6. Subject-Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object
An indirect object does not directly receive the action of the verb.
S V IO DO
Biofuels offer us hope.
PRACTICE 5 IDENTIFYING BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS
In each of the following sentences, identify the basic sentence pattern by writ-
ing “S” above the subject, “V” above a verb, “LV” above a linking verb, “N”
above a noun, “ADJ” above an adjective, “ADV” above an adverb, “DO”
above a direct object, and “IO” above an indirect object.
S V IO DO
EXAMPLE: Dogs teach people manners.
1. Dogs teach.
2. Dogs are natural coaches.
3. Dogs appear submissive.
4. They teach people lessons.
5. They instruct unintentionally.
6. They clearly teach.
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EDITING ESSAYS
398 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
7. Dogs give owners valuable lessons.
8. Dogs greet owners excitedly.
9. Dogs respond promptly.
10. Dogs are extremely polite.
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing
EDITING REVIEW 1
Underline each subject, double-underline each verb, and correct the six
incomplete thoughts.
(1) It can be easier to help others than many people think. (2) For example,
donating hair. (3) Some people need donated hair in the form of wigs. (4)
Who uses these wigs? (5) Mostly, children with cancer or other diseases
that cause hair loss. (6) Donating is popular, especially with young girls.
(7) More and more frequently, though, men and boys are contributing
hair. (8) For example, one nonprofi t organization. (9) It receives up to
2,000 locks of hair every week. (10) Unfortunately, most of the donated
hair is unusable for this charity’s wigs. (11) Because the charity’s
guidelines are quite strict. (12) Rejecting hair that is gray, wet, moldy, too
short, or too processed. (13) It is able to sell some rejected hair to help
meet the group’s costs. (14) But continues to encourage donations. (15)
Obviously, contributors feel they are getting more than they are giving.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 22 • The Basic Sentence 399
EDITING REVIEW 2
Underline each subject, double-underline each verb, and correct the six
incomplete thoughts.
(1) New parents commonly dress their baby boys in blue. (2) And
their girls in pink. (3) Now, a recent study suggests that males actually do
prefer blue and females prefer pink. (4) Or at least a redder shade of blue.
(5) The study involved 208 men and women ages 20 to 26. (6) Who were
asked to quickly select their preferred color. (7) Choosing from about
1,000 colored rectangles on a computer screen. (8) Women and men
like blue. (9) According to the study. (10) However, women clearly
express a greater preference for the pinker end of the blue color spectrum.
(11) The researchers think that females may have developed a preference
for more reddish colors. (12) Which resemble riper fruit and healthier
faces.
EDITING REVIEW 3
In each blank, fi ll in a word that is the appropriate part of speech.
(1) Taking a peek a fellow passenger’s computer screen is OK to
do, right? (2) This is a serious question at a time when airplane fl ights
tightly packed laptop use is common. (3) What if the in
the next seat is watching an offensive movie headphones? (4)
A recent survey that 45 percent business travelers admit to
peeking at someone else’s laptop in a public place. (5) In many cases,
it is impossible to avoid getting a glimpse of a nearby screen.
(6) So, what is the etiquette for in-fl ight laptop use? (7) If you
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EDITING ESSAYS
400 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
are using laptop, bring headphones. (8) Do not watch
that are in poor taste. (9) If a neighbor seems interested, invite
to watch. (10) If you are sitting next to a laptop user, don’t peek.
(11) However, if the movie is watching looks interesting, it is
OK to ask to watch. (12) If the sound is high the content
offensive, tell the laptop user. (13) If that does not work, a fl ight
attendant for assistance.
EDITING REVIEW 4
In each sentence of the following paragraph, identify the basic sentence pat-
tern by writing “S” above the subject, “V” above a verb, “LV” above a linking
verb, “DO” above a direct object, and “IO” above an indirect object.
(1) It is afternoon. (2) At this hour, many people become drowsy. (3)
Most fi ght this “post-lunch dip.” (4) Some people nap. (5) Others give
themselves a coffee transfusion. (6) Some try exercise. (7) The cleverest,
however, use simple planning. (8) For these people, the “dip” is the time
for simple, non-creative tasks. (9) They give their brains a well-deserved
break. (10) Later in the afternoon, their energy returns. (11) At this
point, they resume more complex tasks. (12) Sometimes, the path of least
resistance is best.
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401
23
Fragments
Incomplete Sentences
Understand What Fragments Are
A sentence is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and expresses
a complete thought, independent of other sentences. A fragment is a
group of words that is missing a subject or a verb or that does not express
a complete thought.
SENTENCE I am going to a concert on Friday at Memorial Arena.
FRAGMENT I am going to a concert on Friday. At Memorial Arena.
[At Memorial Arena does not have a subject or a verb.]
Language Note: Remember that any idea that ends with a period
needs a subject and a verb to be complete. For a review of subjects
and verbs, see pages 388–94.
In the Real World, Why Is It Important
to Correct Fragments?
A fragment is one of the grammatical errors that people notice most, as
the following example shows.
SITUATION: A student responds to an ad for a work-study position at
the college.
■ IDEA JOURNAL
Without looking at
this chapter, how
would you defi ne a
fragment? How do
you fi nd a fragment in
your writing?
■ In the examples in
this chapter, subjects
are underlined once
and verbs are under-
lined twice.
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EDITING ESSAYS
402 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
RESPONSE: Alex Espinoza, the college professor who was profi led in
Chapter 12, made the following response after reading Carson’s letter.
If I had received this letter, I would not hire the writer. If Carson
doesn’t care about writing, why should I hire him? Bad writing is like
walking out the door in your pajamas, unshaven, unshowered, and
gross.
Find and Correct Fragments
To fi nd fragments in your own writing, look for the fi ve kinds of fragments
in this chapter.
When you fi nd a fragment, you can usually correct it in one of two
ways.
WAYS TO CORRECT FRAGMENTS
• Add what is missing (a subject, a verb, or both).
• Attach the fragment to the sentence before or after it.
PRACTICE 1 FINDING AND CORRECTING FRAGMENTS
Underline the three fragments in Carson Watson’s letter above.
Dear Professor Espinoza:
I am interested in the position for an assistant that I saw. On the
work-study Web site. I have attached a résumé for you to review.
That describes my experience. I would very much like to work for
you next semester. Helping with your writing and research. I type
very fast.
Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,
Carson Watson
Alex Espinoza
College Professor
(See Alex’s Profi le
of Success on
p. 191.)
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 23 • Fragments 403
Fragments That Start with Prepositions
Whenever a preposition starts what you think is a sentence, check for a
subject, a verb, and a complete thought. If any one of those is missing,
you have a fragment.
FRAGMENT The plane crashed into the house. With a deafening roar.
[With a deafening roar is a prepositional phrase that starts with the preposition
with and ends with the noun roar. The phrase has neither a subject nor a verb. It
is a fragment.]
FRAGMENT You should take the second left and head west. Toward
the highway.
[Toward the highway is a prepositional phrase that starts with the preposition
toward and ends with the noun highway. The phrase has neither a subject nor a
verb. It is a fragment.]
Remember, the subject of a sentence is never in a prepositional phrase (see
p. 389).
Correct a fragment that starts with a preposition by connecting the
fragment to the sentence either before or after it. If you connect a frag-
ment to the sentence after it, put a comma after the fragment to join it to
the sentence.
FRAGMENT The plane crashed into the house. From a height of eight
hundred feet.
CORRECTED The plane crashed into the house.
f
F
^
rom a height of eight
hundred feet.
CORRECTED From a height of eight hundred feet, the plane crashed
into the house.
Fragments That Start with Dependent Words
A dependent word is the fi rst word in a dependent clause, which does
not express a complete thought even though it has a subject and a verb.
Whenever a dependent word starts what you think is a sentence, look for
a subject, a verb, and, especially, a complete thought.
Some dependent words are subordinating conjunctions (after,
because, before, since, until, and so on).
FRAGMENT I completed an application. Because the apartment was
available.
■ For a list of
common prepositions,
see page 390.
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EDITING ESSAYS
404 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
[Because is a dependent word introducing the dependent clause because the apart-
ment was available. The clause has a subject, apartment, and a verb, was rented, but
it does not express a complete thought.]
CORRECTED I completed an application because the apartment was
available.
[The dependent clause is attached to the sentence before it.]
CORRECTED Because the apartment was available, I completed an
application.
[The dependent clause is in front of the sentence. Note that when the dependent
clause comes at the beginning of the sentence, it needs a comma after it.]
Common Dependent Words
after if what(ever)
although since when(ever)
as so that where
because that whether
before though which(ever)
even though unless while
how until who/whose
Some dependent words are relative pronouns (who, whose, which).
When a word group starts with who, whose, or which, it is not a complete
sentence unless it is a question.
FRAGMENT I visited my friend John. Whose brother is an astronaut.
[Whose is a relative pronoun starting a word group, so it is a fragment. If this
phrase ended with a question mark (“Whose brother is an astronaut?”), it would
be correct, but the writer is not asking a question.]
CORRECTED I visited my friend John, whose brother is an astronaut.
Language Note: For help with forming questions, see Chapters 26
and 33.
■ For more practice
with correcting
fragments, visit
Exercise Central at
bedfordstmartins
.com/realessays.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 23 • Fragments 405
PRACTICE 2 CORRECTING FRAGMENTS THAT START
WITH PREPOSITIONS OR DEPENDENT WORDS
In the following items, circle any prepositions or dependent words starting a
fragment. Then, correct the fragments by connecting them to the previous or
next sentence.
walk, while
EXAMPLE: Most dogs are content to have a daily walk. While some
dogs need more.
^
1. Even after having a walk. These dogs become nervous and overly excited.
2. This, of course, greatly upsets the dogs’ owners. Who have to deal with
the messes that these agitated dogs leave around the home.
3. To address this growing need. A new type of service is springing up, es-
pecially in the larger cities of the country.
4. Because walking doesn’t offer enough exercise for these high-spirited
dogs. This new service provides someone to run with the dogs.
5. A runner will come to the owner’s home and take the dog out for some
vigorous exercise. At a price of around thirty to forty dollars.
6. Many of the runners are marathoners. With a large number also being
actors, singers, writers, and students.
7. The runners have the chance to earn some much-needed cash. While they
get some great exercise for both the dogs and themselves.
8. Some dogs, such as English bulldogs, are not good candidates for this
service. Since they are not built for running.
9. But the larger dogs, especially young retrievers, Dalmatians, and Wei-
maraners, are perfect for this. If they’re strong and healthy.
10. Many dog owners who use this service say it has solved a huge problem
for them. With their exhausted dogs eagerly packing away their dinners
and then lying down for the entire night.
■ For answers to
odd-numbered
practice exercises,
see pages A-1–A-19 at
the back of the book.
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EDITING ESSAYS
406 Part Four • The Four Most Serious Errors
PRACTICE 3 CORRECTING FRAGMENTS THAT START
WITH PREPOSITIONS OR DEPENDENT WORDS
Read the following paragraph, and circle the ten fragments that start with
prepositions or dependent words. Then, correct the fragments.
For decades, scholars have argued. About when and how chick-
ens reached the Americas. One theory is that Portuguese and Spanish
settlers brought them. When they arrived after 1500. Another suggests
that the chickens were brought over by Polynesian visitors before Colum-
bus’s voyages. Most scholars once believed that Portuguese and Spanish
brought chickens to the Americas. Along with seeds, medicinal plants,
and other necessities. Now, researchers think they fi nally know what hap-
pened. Thanks to some revealing evidence found on the coast of Chile,
where chicken bones were discovered. Along with some pottery that was
defi nitely dated between 1304 and 1424, or even earlier. Anthropologists
performed a DNA analysis on the bones. Which revealed that the chick-
ens from Chile had a close genetic relationship to chickens from several
Polynesian sites. On the islands of Tonga and American Samoa. When
these fi ndings were published. Some anthropologists said the discovery
supports the idea that Polynesians had by that time populated the Pacifi c
and had even reached the Americas. Though the chicken bones matched
Polynesian chickens. The pottery found with the bones was of the local
Chilean style. However, it is still unclear whether it was the local Chileans
or the visiting Polynesians. Who ate the chickens back then.
Fragments That Start with -ing Verb Forms
An -ing verb form (also called a gerund) is the form of a verb that ends
in -ing: walking, writing, swimming. Unless it has a helping verb (was walk-
ing, was writing, was swimming), it can’t be a complete verb in a sentence.
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