Anker Susan. Real Essays with Readings with 2009 MLA Update

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867

Appendix

Problem Solving in Writing

Some writing assignments, both in English and in other subjects, will re-

quire you to use problem-solving skills. Such assignments will ask you to

read and analyze a problem in order to develop possible solutions, often

by synthesizing information from various sources.

Problem-solving skills are necessary not only in college but also — and

even more so — in the work world. Often, managers assign a team to work

on and pose possible solutions to a problem that the organization faces.

Also, problem-solving skills will help you in your everyday life when you

run into a situation that you want to change.

Each of the chapters in Part Two includes problem-based writing as-

signments (“Writing to Solve a Problem”). These assignments offer you the

opportunity to solve real-world problems by working alone or as part of a

team. Use the following section to complete those assignments or to address

any problem you may face in college, at work, or in your everyday life.

Problem Solving

Problem solving is the process of identifying a problem and ﬁ guring out a

reasonable solution.

Problems range from minor inconveniences like ﬁ nding a rip in the

last clean shirt you have when you’re running late to more serious prob-

lems such as being laid off from your job. While such problems disrupt

our lives, they also give us opportunities to tackle difﬁ cult situations with

conﬁ dence.

Too often, people are paralyzed by problems because they don’t have

strategies for attacking them. However, backing away from a problem

rarely helps solve it. When you know how to approach a challenging situ-

ation, you are better able to take charge of your life.

Problem solving consists of ﬁ ve basic steps, which can be used effec-

tively by both individuals and groups of people.

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APPENDIX

868 Problem Solving in Writing

THE PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS

Understand the problem.

You should be able to say or write it in a brief statement or question.

EXAMPLE:

Your ten-year-old car needs a new transmission, which will cost at least $750.

Do you keep the car or buy a new one?

Identify people or information that can

help you solve the problem (resources).

EXAMPLES:

• Your mechanic

• Friends who have had similar car problems

• Car advice from print or Web sources

List the possible solutions.

EXAMPLES:

• Pay for the transmission repair.

• Buy a new car.

Evaluate the possible solutions.

1. Identify the steps each solution would require.

2. List possible obstacles for each solution (like money or time constraints).

3. List the advantages and disadvantages of the solutions.

EXAMPLES (considering only advantages and disadvantages):

• Pay for the transmission repair.

Advantage: This would be cheaper than buying a new car.

Disadvantage: The car may not last much longer, even with the new trans-

mission.

• Buy a new car.

Advantage: You’ll have a reliable car.

Disadvantage: This option is much more expensive.

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APPENDIX

Problem Solving in Writing 869

Choose the most reasonable solution, one that is realistic — the

simpler the better. Be able to give reasons for your choice.

Solution: Pay for the transmission repair.

Reasons: You do not have money for a new car, and you don’t want to assume

more debt. Opinions from two mechanics indicate that your car should run for

three to ﬁ ve more years with the new transmission. At that point, you’ll be in a

better position to buy a new car.

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CHAPTER 22: THE BASIC SENTENCE

Practice 22-1, page 387

Possible answers:

1. student; at; wanted; and 3. cars; continually; made;

angry 5. decisively; he; refused; of

Practice 22-2, page 390

Answers:

1. Subject: people; prepositional phrase: around the country

3. Subject: Ronald; prepositional phrase: in a program called

Puppies Behind Bars 5. Subject: Cooper; prepositional phrases:

in the cell; with him 7. Subject: Ronald; prepositional

phrases: before the start; of Cooper’s formal guide dog

training 9. Subject: Cooper; prepositional phrase: with a

blind person

Practice 22-3, page 394

Answers:

1. Subject: family; action verb: moved 3. Subject: Miguel;

helping verb + main verb: was learning 5. Subject: he;

linking verb: was 7. Subject: plan; helping verb + main

verb: had been 9. Subject: family; linking verb: is

Practice 22-4, page 395

Answers and possible edits:

1. I (incomplete thought); Most young people like the

very latest styles in music, although some prefer classic

rock. 3. C (complete thought) 5. C (complete thought)

7. I (incomplete thought); Playing loud music at a bus stop

ought to be illegal. 9. I (incomplete thought); Even with

too many people signed up for the softball team, the coach

gave everyone a chance to play.

Practice 22-5, page 397

Answers:

1. S-V 3. S-LV-ADJ 5. S-LV-ADV 7. S-V-IO-(ADJ)-

DO 9. S-V-ADV

Editing Reviews, pages 398, 399

Possible edits:

1. (1) It can be easier to help others than many people

think. (2) For example, a person can donate his or her hair.

(3) Some people need donated hair in the form of wigs.

(4) Who uses these wigs? (5) Mostly, children with cancer

or other diseases that cause hair loss need wigs. (6) Donating

is popular, especially with young girls. (7) More and more

frequently, though, men and boys are contributing hair.

(8/9) For example, one nonproﬁ t organization receives

up to 2,000 locks of hair every week. (10) Unfortunately,

most of the donated hair is unusable for this charity’s wigs.

(11) The charity’s guidelines are quite strict. (12) The orga-

nization must reject hair that is gray, wet, moldy, too short,

or too processed. (13) It is able to sell some rejected hair to

help meet the group’s costs. (14) But the organization con-

tinues to encourage donations. (15) Obviously, contributors

feel they are getting more than they are giving.

3. (1) Taking a peek at a fellow passenger’s computer

screen is OK to do, right? (2) This is a serious question at

a time when airplane ﬂ ights are tightly packed and laptop

use is common. (3) What if the person in the next seat is

watching an offensive movie without headphones? (4) A

recent survey showed that 45 percent of business travelers

admit to peeking at someone else’s laptop in a public place.

(5) In many cases, it is nearly impossible to avoid getting

a glimpse of a nearby screen. (6) So, what is the proper

etiquette for in-ﬂ ight laptop use? (7) If you are using your

laptop, bring headphones. (8) Do not watch movies that are

in poor taste. (9) If a neighbor seems interested, invite him

or her to watch. (10) If you are sitting next to a laptop user,

don’t peek. (11) However, if the movie he or she is watching

looks interesting, it is OK to ask politely to watch. (12) If

the sound is too high or the content offensive, tell the laptop

user. (13) If that does not work, ask a ﬂ ight attendant for

assistance.

CHAPTER 23: FRAGMENTS

Practice 23-2, page 405

Answers:

1. Dependent words: Even after. Even after having a walk,

these dogs become nervous and overly excited. 3.

Preposi-

tion: To. To address this growing need, a new type of service

is springing up, especially in the larger cities of the country.

5. Preposition: at. A runner will come to the owner’s home

and take the dog out for some vigorous exercise, at a price

of around thirty to forty dollars. 7. Dependent word: while.

The runners have the chance to earn some much-needed

cash, while they get some great exercise for both the dogs

and themselves. 9. Dependent word: if. But the larger dogs,

especially young retrievers, Dalmatians, and Weimaraners,

are perfect for this, if they’re strong and healthy.

Answers to Odd-Numbered

Editing Exercises

A-1

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Practice 23-3, page 406

Possible edits:

For decades, scholars have argued about when and

how chickens reached the Americas. One theory is that

Portuguese and Spanish settlers brought them when they

arrived after 1500. Another suggests that the chickens

were brought over by Polynesian visitors before Colum-

bus’s voyages. Most scholars once believed that the Portu-

guese and Spanish brought chickens to the Americas, along

with seeds, medicinal plants, and other necessities. Now, re-

searchers think they ﬁ nally know what happened, thanks to

some revealing evidence found on the coast of Chile, where

chicken bones were discovered, along with some pottery that

was deﬁ nitely dated between 1304 and 1424, or even earlier.

Anthropologists performed a DNA analysis on the bones,

which revealed that the chickens from Chile had a close ge-

netic relationship to chickens from several Polynesian sites

on the islands of Tonga and American Samoa. When these

ﬁ ndings were published, some anthropologists said the dis-

covery supports the idea that Polynesians had by that time

populated the Paciﬁ c and had even reached the Americas.

Though the chicken bones matched Polynesian chickens, the

pottery found with the bones was of the local Chilean style.

However, it is still unclear whether it was the local Chileans

or the visiting Polynesians who ate the chickens back then.

Practice 23-4, page 408

Answers and possible edits:

1. -ing verb: living. My grandmother spent her entire life

living on a farm in eastern Wyoming. 3. -ing verb: creat-

ing. She was a natural seamstress. My grandmother created

shirts and dresses more beautiful than anything available in

a store. 5. -ing verb: using. The quilting circle made quilts

for special occasions using scraps of cloth left over from

other sewing projects. 7. -ing verb: Celebrating. Celebrat-

ing the birth of her ﬁ rst child, my father, the quilting circle

gave my grandmother a baby quilt that is now a treasured

heirloom. 9. -ing verb: Looking. Looking at each bit of

cloth in that quilt, my grandmother could still describe,

years later, the garment she had made from it.

Practice 23-5, page 410

Answers and possible edits:

1. To + verb: To lift weights. To lift weights, bodybuild-

ers then met at the Muscle Beach of Santa Monica in Los

Angeles. 3. To + verb: to lift. Muscle Beach had become

known as Venice by then, but bodybuilders still went there

to lift railroad ties and buckets ﬁ lled with concrete. 5. To

+ verb: To get. To get the best possible workout, Arnold

Schwarzenegger regularly went to Gold’s Gym in Venice.

7. To + verb: To have. To have a realistic setting for the

1977 movie Pumping Iron, the ﬁ lmmaker selected Gold’s

Gym. 9. To + verb: to sell. In the early 1970s, however,

Joe Gold made a decision to sell his original business along

with the name Gold’s Gym to another company.

Practice 23-6, page 413

Possible edits:

1. Many parents believe that they would know if their

daughters were being abused, either physically or emotion-

ally. 3. A young man can be abusive without laying a ﬁ n-

ger on his girlfriend. He might monitor her actions and keep

her from spending time with other friends. 5. Around her

parents, a teenager’s boyfriend may act like a perfect gentle-

man. He may be polite, attentive, and kind to the young

woman. 7. A young woman with an abusive boyfriend

may develop psychological problems that will be difﬁ cult to

treat, such as low self-esteem. 9. Friends who think that a

young woman is involved in an abusive relationship should

try to be supportive of her, not turn away even if she refuses

to leave her boyfriend.

Editing Reviews, pages 415, 416

Possible edits:

1. (1/2) Genetically modiﬁ ed foods are being marketed

as the foods of the future. (3) Correct (4) Correct (5/6) A

gene from a ﬁ sh may be found to make tomatoes more

resistant to disease. (7/8/9) Of course, genetic modiﬁ cation

may have unintended effects, as in the case of genetically

modiﬁ ed corn, which may harm monarch butterﬂ y caterpil-

lars. (10/11) Arguing that the long-term effects of genetic

modiﬁ cation may not be known for years to come, some

scientists urge caution before marketing genetically modi-

ﬁ ed foods.

3. (1/2) For several years, the U.S. Department of Ag-

riculture has permitted the irradiation of certain foods sold

in American supermarkets. (3/4) Irradiating produce kills

bacteria on the food, increasing its shelf life. (5) Correct

(6/7) An irradiated strawberry, in contrast, can last a week

or more, because the bacteria that would cause it to spoil

are killed by radiation. (8/9) While some consumers worry

about buying irradiated food, others dismiss these concerns

as the effect of too many science-ﬁ ction movies. (10/11) In

stores where irradiated fruits and vegetables are sold under

banners announcing the radiation treatment, the owners

report a booming market.

CHAPTER 24: RUN-ONS

Practice 24-2, page 422

Answers and possible edits:

1. CS (comma splice). The invention of cell phones made

telephoning from a car possible. People could telephone

for help if they were stranded on the highway. 3.

(comma splice). Some communities in the United States

have banned drivers from talking on handheld cell phones; a

A-2 Answers to Odd-Numbered Editing Exercises

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driver must stop the car to place a call legally in those areas.

5. FS (fused sentence). No one debates that drivers can be

distracted by cell phones. Some people wonder, however,

whether the problem is really the fact that a driver is hold-

ing the phone. 7. FS (fused sentence). Some people worry

that drivers are distracted not by holding the telephone, but

by having a conversation. A tense discussion with the boss

or good news from a relative can take the driver’s attention

from trafﬁ c. 9. CS (comma splice). There are differences,

however, between talking on a cell phone and listening to

music in the car. The telephone requires interaction from

the driver, but the radio calls for passive listening.

Practice 24-3, page 424

Answers and possible edits:

1. Subjects: penguins; birds. Verbs: live; have been. Fairy

penguins, a small breed of penguin, live in Tasmania,

and these birds have often been the victims of oil spills.

3. Subjects: attempts; oil. Verbs: can be; is. Unfortunately,

the penguins’ attempts to clean off their feathers can be fatal,

for crude oil is poisonous to penguins. 5. Subjects: One;

volunteers. Verbs: created; knitted. One of the conservation-

ists created a pattern for a sweater for the penguins, and

volunteers from around the world knitted these unusual

sweaters. 7. Subjects: Most; some. Verbs: were made; were

sent. Most of the sweaters were made by elderly nursing-

home residents in Tasmania, but some were sent from as

far away as Japan. 9. Subjects: knitters; few. Verbs: made;

have. Some creative knitters made tuxedo-patterned sweat-

ers, and a few of these penguin suits even have bow ties.

Practice 24-4, page 427

Answers and possible edits:

1. Subjects: phenomenon; it. Verbs: is; may be chang-

ing. Although this phenomenon is something we take for

granted, it may be changing. 3. Subjects: change; mate-

rials. Verbs: happened; pointed. Such a change happened

before in the earth’s history, when magnetic materials

pointed south instead of north for long periods. 5. Sub-

jects: change; satellites. Verbs: has affected; have been. The

change in magnetism has affected some satellites, which

have been damaged. 7. Subjects: bees, pigeons, salmon,

turtles, whales, newts, bacteria; they. Verbs: need; will ad-

just. Because bees, pigeons, salmon, turtles, whales, newts,

and even bacteria need the magnetic ﬁ eld to navigate, they

will adjust to the magnetic change. 9. Subjects: processes;

change. Verbs: may unfold; may occur. The processes

affecting magnetism may unfold much more slowly, so that

the magnetic change may not occur for millions of years.

Editing Reviews, pages 429, 430

1. (1) Correct (2) It’s often easy to forget things when

you want desperately to remember them. (3) You have

probably had the experience of forgetting an acquaintance’s

name, which comes to your mind only when it’s too late.

(4) You have also probably been unable to ﬁ nd your keys

once in a while because you put them down somewhere

without thinking. (5) At other times, however, you may

ﬁ nd it difﬁ cult to forget some things even though you wish

you could never think of them again. (6) Correct (7) Some-

times, you may ﬁ nd yourself forced to relive your most em-

barrassing moment over and over again in your mind; your

memory won’t let you leave that part of your past behind.

(8) Some scholars believe that these annoying habits of

memory evolved for a reason. It’s hard to imagine, though,

any good reason for developing the ability to forget where

you left your keys.

3. (1) The number of bike riders is growing, especially

in American cities because increasing numbers of people

are riding bikes to work and for exercise. (2) This makes it

all the more important for drivers and bike riders to learn

to share the road. Every year, approximately 46,000 bike

riders are injured in crashes with motor vehicles. (3) The

good news is that most of these accidents are prevent-

able, but it takes special care on the part of both drivers

and riders. (4) Car drivers need to recognize that bicycles

have a legal right to use most roads, although bikes must

ride on the shoulder when the speed limit is over ﬁ fty miles

per hour. (5) When coming up on a cyclist, slow down;

when passing, give the bike at least three feet of clearance.

(6) Be especially careful with young cyclists, even those on

the sidewalks, because they can suddenly dart out in trafﬁ c

without looking. (7) When making a right turn, make sure

there is no bicycle on the right; when waiting to turn left or

at a stop sign, yield to a bicycle that has the right of way.

(8) Check carefully for bicycles before opening a car door.

Cyclists have been killed by headlong crashes into suddenly

opened car doors. (9) Bike riders need to follow the same

trafﬁ c rules that apply to drivers. Wait for a green light

before crossing intersections and signal before all turns and

stops. (10) Try to ride at least three feet from parked cars;

do not weave in and out between parked cars. (11) Don’t

ride wearing headphones or while talking on a cell phone,

and always wear a properly ﬁ tted bike helmet. (12) Increas-

ing bike riding is a good sign for the environment and for

Americans’ expanding waistlines, but for everyone’s safety,

both drivers and riders must vigilantly follow the rules of

road-sharing.

CHAPTER 25: PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT-VERB

AGREEMENT

Practice 25-2, page 438

Answers:

1. Subject: people; verb: have 3. Subject: ovens; verb: do

5. Subject: amount; verb: is 7. Subject: ovens; verb: have

9. Subject: level; verb: does

Answers to Odd-Numbered Editing Exercises A-3

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Practice 25-3, page 439

Answers:

1. Subject: students; verb: are 3. Subject: computer; verb:

does 5. Subject: program; verb: has 7. Subject: teachers;

verb: are 9. Subject: computer; verb: does

Practice 25-4, page 440

Answers:

1. Prepositional phrase: with hearing loss; verb: have 3. Prep-

ositional phrase: with words; verb: comes 5. Prepositional

phrase: in this country; verb: feel 7. Prepositional phrase: in

a deaf household; verb: resembles 9. Prepositional phrase: to

the hearing world and the deaf world; verb: pull

Practice 25-5, page 442

Answers:

1. Dependent clause: which is a job applicant’s ﬁ rst contact

with many prospective employers; verb: contains 3. De-

pendent clause: who held a previous job for two months;

verb: claims 5. Dependent clause: who never received a

college degree; verb is OK 7. Dependent clause: who like a

résumé; verb: check 9. Dependent clause: who invent ma-

terial on a résumé; verb: forget

Practice 25-6, page 443

Answers:

1. Subject joined by: and; verb: do 3. Subject joined by: or;

verb: is 5. Subject joined by: and; verb: contain 7. Subject

joined by: and; verb: contribute 9. Subject joined by: nor;

verb: are

Practice 25-7, page 445

Answers:

1. Many are middle-aged or older. 3. But everybody needs

exercise that is safe, practical, and enjoyable. 5. Nobody

pursues activities that might risk bodily damage. 7. Some

do it to lose weight. 9. Others enjoy looking at people,

stores, and the outdoors as they exercise and observing the

new and unusual around them.

Practice 25-8, page 447

Answers:

1. Where are the corporation’s main ofﬁ ces located?

3. How well does the average employee abroad speak

English? 5. How many languages is the manual written

in? 7. There are some machines that can do translation.

9. OK

Editing Reviews, pages 448, 449

Answers:

1. (1) School systems around the country are em-

bracing educational standards. (2) The idea of standards

sounds reasonable. (3) Correct (4) A national standard for

all American students has many supporters, too. (5) If the

requirements for graduation in Oregon and Tennessee are

the same, everyone with a high school diploma gets a simi-

lar education. (6) Correct (7) Correct (8) Mathematics and

writing are important, but so are music and physical educa-

tion. (9) How are parents, teachers, and administrators ever

going to ﬁ nd standards that everyone accepts?

3. (1) Correct (2) Most school districts that have a

testing program use tests that can be scored by a computer.

(3) Computers cannot read, so the tests that they grade usu-

ally offer multiple-choice questions. (4) A multiple-choice

test in science or mathematics does not allow students to

demonstrate critical thinking. (5) How do students show

their writing ability on such a test? (6) There are tricks to

answering multiple-choice questions that many students

learn. (7) Correct (8) Nevertheless, the quick results and

low cost of a computer-graded multiple-choice test mean

that this imperfect testing system is used in many school

systems.

CHAPTER 26: VERB PROBLEMS

Practice 26-2, page 454

Answers:

1. Subject: doors; verb: open 3. Subject: system; verb: works

5. Subject: display; verb: indicates 7. Subject: managers;

verb: claim 9. Subject: They; verb: wait

Practice 26-3, page 456

Answers:

1. Helping verb: is; main verb: starting 3. Helping verb: is;

main verb: gathering 5. Helping verb: are; main verb: help-

ing 7. Helping verb: is; main verb: pitching 9. Helping

verb: is; main verb: sharing

Practice 26-4, page 458

Answers:

1. Helping verb: has; past participle: forced 3. Helping

verb: have; past participle: attended 5. Helping verb: have;

past participle: objected 7. Helping verb: have; past parti-

ciple: traveled 9. Helping verb: has; past participle: liked

Practice 26-5, page 459

Answers:

1. decided 3. cared 5. engaged 7. participated; stopped

9. charged 11. died

Practice 26-6, page 460

Answers:

1. have increased 3. have attempted 5. raised 7. vio-

lated 9. have started

A-4 Answers to Odd-Numbered Editing Exercises

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Practice 26-7, page 461

Answers:

1. Helping verb: were; main verb: climbing 3. Helping

verb: were; main verb: focusing 5. Helping verb: was;

main verb: having 7. Helping verb: was; main verb: stop-

ping 9. Helping verb: were; main verb: watching

Practice 26-8, page 463

Answers:

1. got 3. had heard 5. had just learned 7. raised

9. had warned

Practice 26-9, page 466

Answers:

1. will be using 3. will be planning 5. will have checked

7. will wait 9. will have rescued

Practice 26-10, page 467

Answers:

1. am 3. has 5. are 7. has 9. are

Practice 26-11, page 469

Answers:

1. was 3. was 5. were 7. was 9. was; were

Practice 26-12, page 472

Answers:

1. built 3. wrote 5. struck 7. began 9. left; stood

Practice 26-13, page 473

Answers:

1. Two years ago, my high school set up a student court to

give students a voice in disciplining rule breakers. 3. Some

of us served as members of juries, and others became advo-

cates or even judges. 5. Then, last spring, my friend De-

wayne appeared before the student court after he lost his

temper and struck a fellow student. 7. I told the jury that

he knew his violent reaction was a mistake. 9. After hear-

ing the verdict, Dewayne shook hands with all the jurors

and thanked them for their fairness.

Practice 26-14, page 474

Answers:

1. Helping verb: had; past participle: taken 3. Helping

verb: had; past participle: begun 5. Helping verb: had; past

participle: been 7. Helping verb: had; past participle: bought

9. Helping verb: had; past participle: sold

Practice 26-15, page 476

Possible edits:

1. The Queen Mary 2 has a grand lobby and an old-style

three-story restaurant. 3. The ship’s computer systems

can automatically correct the effects of the wind, waves,

and ocean currents. 5. He said he would probably use the

joystick more in the future.

Practice 26-16, page 477

Answers:

1. Verbs: want, needed; corrected verb: need 3. Verbs:

makes, caused; corrected verb: causes 5. Verbs: wore,

snap; corrected verb: wear 7. Verbs: chose, knows; corrected

verb: chooses 9. Verbs: kept, eases; corrected verb: keeps

Editing Reviews, pages 489, 491

Answers:

1. (1) Since 1835, trapeze artists have considered the

triple somersault the most dangerous maneuver. (2) That

year, a performer tried to do a triple somersault on a trapeze

for the ﬁ rst time and died in the attempt. (3) Only one per-

son managed to do the trick successfully in the next sixty-

three years. (4) That man, a trapeze artist named Armor,

did a triple somersault in 1860 and was afraid to try it again.

(5) According to circus legend, the second person to survive

the triple, Ernie Clarke, once did a quadruple somersault in

private. (6) Correct (7) Circus historians now believe that

Alfredo Codona, a performer in the 1920s and 1930s, was

the greatest master of the triple somersault. (8) He has gone

down in history as the King of Trapeze.

3. (1) The Olympic Games ﬁ rst let women compete in

swimming events in 1912, and with that, the swimsuit revo-

lution began. (2) Correct (3) Before that year, women had

only been able to wade at the beach in bathing costumes

with long, baggy legs. (4) The 1913 suits, designed by Carl

Jantzen, were ribbed one-piece outﬁ ts that allowed actual

swimming. (5) An engineer, Louis Réard, came up with the

next major development in swimwear in 1946 while working

in the lingerie business. (6) He called it the “bikini,” after a

Paciﬁ c island used for testing the atomic bomb. (7) In the

1950s, few Americans dared to wear bikinis, which were

considered scandalous. (8) Two-piece swimsuits caught on

in the 1960s and 1970s. (9) The bikini lost some popularity

in the last decades of the twentieth century, but it has made

a triumphant return in the new millennium.

CHAPTER 27: PRONOUNS

Practice 27-1, page 496

Answers:

1. Pronoun: they; noun: people 3. Pronoun: it; noun: micro-

lending 5. Pronoun: them; noun: owners 7. Pronoun: her;

noun: woman 9. Pronoun: his or her; noun: entrepreneur

Practice 27-2, page 499

Answers:

1. his or her 3. their 5. himself or herself 7. they need

9. their

Answers to Odd-Numbered Editing Exercises A-5

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A-6 Answers to Odd-Numbered Editing Exercises

Practice 27-3, page 501

Answers:

1. its 3. their 5. its 7. its 9. its

Practice 27-4, page 502

Possible edits:

1. In a psychology study, volunteers who watched a video

of two basketball teams had to count the number of passes.

3. Later, when meeting with the researchers, many of the

volunteers asked, “What gorilla?” 5. The way the human

brain processes visual information may keep people from

using that information wisely. 7. A stop sign appearing at

an intersection cannot prevent an accident if drivers do not

see the sign. 9. However, the study indicates that drivers

make mistakes because they may not see problems ahead.

Practice 27-5, page 504

Answers:

1. Robots have been part of many science-ﬁ ction classics,

from The Jetsons to Star Wars. 3. In some industries, robots

are already part of the workforce. 5. Additionally, a fac-

tory might use robots to handle substances that are danger-

ous for humans to touch. 7. Some children who wanted a

robot friend have already gotten their wish. 9. The robot

dog was ﬁ rst on many holiday and birthday gift lists for

children in the past few years.

Practice 27-6, page 507

Answers:

1. However, a TV program on dental health started making

her and me rethink our soda-drinking habit. 3. Dr. Sum-

mers asked Ian to place a tooth in a bottle of soda, and she

and he observed what happened to the tooth. 5. The re-

sult of the experiment surprised her and me. 7. They and

we said “Wow” at the same time. 9. Megan and I learned

that each can of soda we drink contains about ten teaspoons

of sugar, which creates even more tooth-dissolving acid and

contributes to weight gain.

Practice 27-7, page 508

Answers:

1. We saw how some other roommates had conﬂ icts right

away, and we were happy that we got along better than

they. 3. She became romantically involved with Brad, and

she eventually began to care more for him than me. 5. I

couldn’t understand why she wanted to spend more time

with him than with me. 7. Another friend of mine, Haley,

solved the problem, and no one could have been as gentle

with my feelings as she. 9. She pointed out that a similar

conﬂ ict had developed between her and a lifelong friend,

but understanding and open communication had saved

their friendship.

Practice 27-8, page 510

Answers:

1. who 3. whom 5. who

Practice 27-9, page 511

Possible edits:

1. Experts agree that the percentage of people with allergies

to foods is rising, but they don’t know why. 3. If a person

has a severe allergy to a food and unknowingly eats even a

small amount of that food, he or she could die. 5. When

children have severe allergies, their parents can be extremely

cautious. 7. He carries an adrenaline pen that can save his

life if he goes into shock from a food allergy. 9. My mother

will not take my brother to any public place where she can

even smell peanuts.

Editing Reviews, pages 512, 514

Possible edits:

1. (1) When a store makes a mistake with an order,

the customer should complain to it. (2) But some people

are more effective than others at complaining. (3) A good

example of this was when Gary, who is in charge of facilities

for his social club, ordered a barbecue grill. (4) When Gary

called to place his order, he was pleased because he was

connected to a sales person right away. (5) The ordering

process between him and the sales person went smoothly,

including the store’s offer of free assembly of the barbecue,

but things went downhill after that. (6) When Gary went to

the store on the agreed-upon day to pick up the assembled

barbecue, the store’s manager told him it was not assem-

bled. (7) Gary lost his temper and screamed at the store

manager, causing several nearby customers to abandon the

products they were going to buy. (8) Gary kept yelling and

the store manager kept calmly responding, but Gary soon

angrily stormed out to the parking lot and drove away. (9)

Therefore, the social club did not get its barbecue grill that

day. (10) After Gary explained this to Natalie, the club’s

president, she said she didn’t know whom to blame more,

Gary or the store manager. (11) She was better at diplo-

macy than he, so he and she agreed that Natalie would com-

municate with the store from then on. (12) When calling

the store, Natalie was polite, patient, and ﬁ rm in discussing

with the manager how to correct the situation. (13) The

result was that the store delivered the barbecue grill that

same day, and the store manager gave the club a 10 percent

discount on the purchase.

3. (1) NASA recently had trouble ﬁ nding enough

volunteers for experiments designed to test how well they

could counteract the effects of weightlessness. (2) The re-

cruits were asked if they would lie down in bed for three

weeks. (3) The volunteers also had to have their feet about

ﬁ ve inches higher than their heads. (4) The subjects could

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