
dz. Ǫ. ǩȈȓȈȉȈȕȖȊȈ, Ȇ. Ƿ. ǴȐȚȘȖȝȭȕȈ
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ɡɛɭɬɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬ-
ɜɚ  ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ  ɜɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ  ɬɨɜɚɪɭ  ɧɚ  ɪɢɧɨɤ,  ɣɨɝɨ  ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚ-
ɰɿɸ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɡɛɭɬɭ, ɿɧɧɨ-
ɜɚɰɿʀ  ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ  ɪɹɞɭ  ɡ  ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ  ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ
ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɿɡ  ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ  ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ,  ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ  ɬɚ  ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ
ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɢ ɡɛɭɬɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ.
Ⱦɥɹ  ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ  ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ  ɡɛɭɬɨɦ  ɧɟ-
ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ, 
ɳɨɛ  ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ  ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɥɚ  ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ  ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟ-
ɱɟɧɧɹ  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ  ɡɛɭɬɨɜɨɸ  ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɨɸ,  ɹɤɚ  ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ  ɫɿɦ
ɩɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ: ɩɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ; ɩɿɞɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɢɦ  ɪɢɧɤɨɦ; ɩɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɸ  ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɨɸ;  ɩɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ  ɰɿɧɨɜɨɸ  ɩɨ-
ɥɿɬɢɤɨɸ;  ɩɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ  ɡɛɭɬɨɜɢɦ  ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɨɦ;
ɩɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ  ɡɛɭɬɨɜɢɦ  ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ;  ɩɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɛɭɬɨɜɢɦɢ ɪɢɡɢɤɚɦɢ.
ɉɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ  ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ  ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ  ɠɢɬɬɽɜɢɦ  ɰɢɤɥɨɦ  ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ  ɣ  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɩɨɡɢɰɿɽɸ 
ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ.
ɉɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ  ɰɿɥɶɨɜɢɦ  ɪɢɧɤɨɦ  ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ  ɬɚɤɿ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ, ɹɤ STP-ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢ-
ɧɚɦɢ ɡ ɩɨɤɭɩɰɹɦɢ.
ɉɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ  ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɸ  ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɨɸ  ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ
ɫɿɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨʀ ɬɨ-
ɜɚɪɧɨʀ  ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ  ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ  ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ:  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɹɦɢ,  ɹɤɿɫɬɸ  ɿ  ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɿɫɬɸ  ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ,
ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɨɦ  ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ,  ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɸ  ɦɚɪɤɨɸ,  ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɨɸ,
ɠɢɬɬɽɜɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ.
ɉɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ 
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɨɜɨɸ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɨɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɡ  ɬɚɤɢɯ  ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ,  ɹɤ  ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɟ  ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ  ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɨɜɨɸ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɨɸ ɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɰɿ-
ɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ.
ɉɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɛɭɬɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɨɦ  ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ
ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɨ-
ɫɬɿ ɭ ɞɨɜɝɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɿɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
ɡɚɞɿɹɧɿ ɜɫɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɭ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ (ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ, ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɚ 
ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨ-
ɝɨ),  ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ  ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ  ɡɛɭɬɨɜɨɸ  ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ (ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ,  ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ  ɬɚ  ɚɭɞɢɬ  ɡɛɭɬɨɜɨʀ  ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ)  ɿ  ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɢ  ɡɛɭɬɨɜɨʀ  ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ (ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ  ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ