Benson М. The Philosophy of Leibniz
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THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
LEIBNIZ
Bust
of
Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz
by
Johann
Gottfried
Schmidt (ca. 1788)
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
LEIBNIZ
Metaphysics
and
Language
Benson Mates
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
New
York Oxford
Oxford
University Press
Oxford
New
York
Toronto
Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi
Petaling
Jaya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo
Nairobi
Dar es
Salaam Cape Town
Melbourne Auckland
and
associated companies
in
Berlin Ibadan
Copyright
©
1986
by
Oxford University Press, Inc.
First published
in
1986
by
Oxford University Press, Inc.,
198
Madison Avenue,
New
York,
New
York 10016-4314
First issued
as an
Oxford
University
Press paperback, 1989
Oxford
is a
registered trademark
of
Oxford University Press
All
rights reserved.
No
part
of
this publication
may be
reproduced,
stored
in a
retrieval system,
or
transmitted,
in any
form
or by any
means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or
otherwise,
without
the
prior permission
of
Oxford University Press, Inc.
Library
of
Congress Cataloging
in
Publication Data
Mates, Benson, 1919-
The
Philosophy
of
Leibniz.
Bibliography:
p.
Includes
index.
1.
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Freiherr von,
1646-1716.
I.
Title.
B2598.M279
1985
110'.92'4
85-7249
ISBN
0-19-503696-4
ISBN
0-19-505946-8
(PBK)
6 8 10 9 7 5
Printed
in the
United
States
of
America
Acknowledgments
Like
many other workers
in the
vineyard
of
Leibnizian studies,
I am the
beneficiary
of the
kindness
and
assistance
of the
scholars
at the
Leibniz
Archive
in
Hanover
and the
Leibniz Research Center
in
Munster. They
are
unfailingly
helpful
to the
visitor, even though their time
is
more than
sufficiently
occupied with editorial
and
other duties.
In
particular,
I owe a
debt
of
gratitude
to
Albert Heinekamp, Heinz-Jurgen Hess, Heinrich
Schepers, Gerda Utermohlen,
and
Wilhelm
Totok
for
their advice
and
hospitality.
To
Professor Schepers
I owe
especial thanks
for
providing
me
with
the
items listed
in the
Bibliography
as
"Fasz.
1" and
"Fasz.
2," as
well
as
for
photocopies
of
many
of the
manuscripts.
And I am
also most
grateful
to
Fabrizio Mondadori,
who
sent
me a
photocopy
of the
rare
Jagodinski edition
of
the
Elementa (see Bibliography under
"Jag").
I
should
add
that
I
have
learned
a
great
deal—whether
it
shows
or
not—from
the
publications
of all
these scholars.
Many
of my
interpretive ideas have
been
stimulated
by, if not
borrowed
outright
from,
the
writings
of G. H. R.
Parkinson
and
Nicholas Rescher.
Hans Burkhardt's excellent
study
(see Bibliography under "Burk") covers
much
of the
same ground
as
this book;
its
reliability
and
thoroughness
are
such that
I
have
to be
relieved when,
as in
most instances,
it
agrees with what
I
say.
As
will
be
evident
in the
footnotes, there
are
many
other
authors
to
whom
I am
indebted
for
ideas
and
stimulation.
Two
less obvious debts, which
I
share with most serious students
of the
subject,
are to the
Leibniz
Bibliographie
(originally edited
by
Kurt Muller
and now
brought
up to
1980
in a
revised edition
by
Professor Heinekamp)
and
to L. E.
Loemker's
classic series
of
English translations.
Each
of
these
works
represents
a
huge amount
of
careful
scholarship,
and no
doubt
the
latter, more than
any
other single
factor,
is
responsible
for the
revival
of
Leibniz
studies
in
England
and
America. Additional English translations
by
vi
Acknowledgments
G. H. R.
Parkinson, Jonathan Bennett
and
Peter Remnant,
H. T.
Mason,
and
others
are
advancing
these
studies
further.
For
helpful
criticism
of
portions
of the
book
I owe
thanks
to
many
of
my
students, including especially Donald Rutherford
and Ali
Toraby-
Moghadam.
But
most
of all I am
obliged
to
Robert
Sleigh
and
Richard
Epstein,
who
read
the
entire
manuscript
and
offered
very
useful
comments
and
suggestions.
The
frontispiece, which pictures
a
bust
of
Leibniz
by
Johann Gottfried
Schmidt,
is
from
a
photograph
furnished
by
Professor Heinekamp
and the
Leibniz Archive.
Research
for
this book
was
greatly facilitated
by
grants
from
the
Ameri-
can
Council
of
Learned Societies
and the
National Science Foundation.
Berkeley,
California
B. M.
November 1985
Contents
Introduction
3
I.
Life
and
Works
14
1.
The
Early Years
(1646-72)
16
2.
Paris
(1672-76)
22
3.
In
Hanover, under Three Princes
23
4.
Works
33
II.
The
System
in
Outline
36
III. Propositions
and
Concepts
47
1.
The
Three
Regions
47
2.
Notation
51
3.
Propositions
52
4.
Concepts
58
IV.
Possible Worlds
69
1.
Possible Worlds
as
Sets
of
Concepts
69
2.
Puzzles about Mirroring
78
3.
A
Numerical Model
of the
Possible Worlds
80
viii
Contents
V.
Truth
84
1.
The
Predicate-in-Subject Principle
84
2.
Containment
87
3.
Truth Conditions
89
4.
Relativization
to
Possible Worlds
94
5.
Some Consequences
97
6.
Critique
102
VI.
Necessary
and
Contingent Truths
105
1.
Absolute Necessity
105
2.
Hypothetical Necessity
117
VII. Identity
in the
Actual World
122
1.
Two
Criteria
123
2.
Oblique Contexts
130
3.
The
Identity
of
Indiscernibles
132
VIII. Cross-World Identity
137
1.
Adam's Concept
138
2.
The
Double World
144
3.
Continuity
146
4.
Rigid Designators
149
IX.
"Two Great Principles"
and Two
Lesser Ones
152
1. The
Principle
of
Identity
or of
Contradiction
153
2. The
Principle
of
Sufficient
Reason
154
3.
The
Principle
of
Continuity
162
4. The
Principle
of the
Best
166
X.
Leibniz's Nominalism
and the
Lingua Philosophica
170
1.
That Only Individual Substances Exist
171
2.
Nominalistic Rephrasings
174
3.
Nominalism
and the
Reform
of
Language
178
4. The
Lingua Philosophica
183
Contents
XI.
Leibnizian Substances
189
1.
Substance, Simple
and
Complex
189
2.
Accident
195
3.
Perception
198
4.
Bodies
204
5.
Leibniz
on the
Mind-Body Problem
206
XII. Relations
and
Denominations
209
1. The
Principal Texts
210
2.
Terminology
211
3.
Sentences
and
Propositions; Predicates
and
Properties
213
4.
Reducibility
and
Dispensability
215
5.
Denominations
218
6.
Summary
221
7.
Some Additional Texts
222
XIII. Space
and
Time
227
1.
The
Controversy
with
Newton
227
2.
Analysis Situs
235
XIV.
Concluding Thoughts
241
Bibliography
254
Index
265
ix