Benson М. The Philosophy of Leibniz
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260
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Index
Absolute
necessity
and
possibility.
See
Neces-
sity
and
possibility
Abstract
entities, purported
examples
of, 173
Ahstracta:
of
abstracta,
173;
not
things
but
terms
or
concepts,
171-72
Accidents
of
substances:
of
composite
sub-
stances,
197;
definition
of,
192n;
distin-
guished
from properties,
65; not to be hy-
postatized,
48;
individual
to
their
substances,
65,
196-97, 213, 221, 225,
226;
the
predicable
and
predicamenlal senses
of
the
term,
196,
211
Action
at a
distance, none
in the
actual world,
205
Actual world: best
of all
possible,
36,
69-71,
167; chosen
by
God,
36, 69;
defined,
71;
worst
of all
possible,
70n
Adams,
R.,
176n
Aesop,
19
Aggregates
of
substances:
as
bodies,
41,
204;
called substantiata,
48. See
also Bodies
Agostino,
F.
d', 77n
Aitia.
See
Causa;
Causes
Alexander
VIII (pope),
25
Alice
in
Wonderland,
4
Alvensleben,
C. A.
von,
132n
Analyses
(=
resolutions
=
reductions)
of
propositions,
112,
171n, 182, 210;
conjec-
tured,
176-77;
examples
of
L's, 179-80;
extrinsic
denominations
to
intrinsic,
222;
in-
finite
in the
case
of
contingent propositions,
108-17;
logical equivalence
of,
181,
216-
17;
reflexive,
180-81;
of
relational
to
non-
relational propositions,
215-18,
222
Analysis
situs,
235-39;
not the
ancestor
of to-
pology,
240
Angelelli,
I.,
130n, 132n
Angels,
191
Animals,
as
possessors
of
souls,
40,
191
Anton
of
Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel,
Duke,
27
Apperception,
definition
of,
41
Appetition, definition
of, 37
Aquinas,
Saint
Thomas,
119n, 123n
Archimedes,
64, 156
Aristotle,
7, 8, 47,
50n,
56,
84n, 94n,
117-
19,
123n, 132n, 158-59, 160n, 179n, 190-
92,
208,
211
Arnauld,
A.,
23, 75,
138, 146-47,
238
Arndt,
H.,
183n
Art
of
Discovery,
185-86
Art of
Reasoning,
184
Atoms,
155,
165
Attila
the
Hun,
92n
Attributes
(=
properties): contrasted with
predicates,
213;
do not
involve reference
to
time,
53,
88-89, 142;
nonexistcnts have
none,
99-100
Augustine,
Saint,
119n
Bayle,
P., 33, 162
Bennett,
J.,
13n
Berkeley,
G.,
199, 201,
203
Berlin Academy
of
Sciences,
L's
founding
of,
28-29
Bernoulli,
Jakob,
238
Best,
definition
of, 168
Best,
principle
of
the,
166-69;
applications
of,
169; related
to
scientific
method,
168
Binary
notation,
184n
Black,
M.,
135n
Blind
reasoning,
187n
Blumenfeld,
D.,
16n,
70n
Bodies,
204-8;
act
mechanically only,
205;
as
aggregates
of
monads,
204;
have
no
deter-
minate
shape,
205;
infinitely
divisible,
205;
"of"
monads,
198;
as
results
of
aggregates
of
monads,
204;
as
well-founded phenom-
ena,
41; as
whatever
are
perceived
con-
gruently,
232
Boehner,
P.,
172n
Boineburg,
Baron
J. C.
von, 19-20, 22-23,
28, 31
Bossuet,
J. B., 28
Boyle,
R.,
22, 188
Broad,
C.
D.,
85n,
204n,
216-17
Bucket experiment, Newton's,
235
Burch,
R.,
78n
Burkhardt,
H.,
56n,
57n,
60n,
116n
Burnet,
T.,
23n, 24n,
33, 68
Calculating machine,
L's,
22
Calculetnus,
184
Calculus,
the, 166;
L's
discovery
of, 23,
227;
L's
notation
for,
185
Carroll,
L., 4
Casimir
(king
of
Poland),
19
Cassirer,
E.,
78-79, 27n,
228n
Catelan,
Abbe,
162
Catholics,
L's
scheme
for reconciling
with
proteslants,
28,
183
Causa,
as
translation
of
aitia
and as
translated
by
"cause," 158-60
Causal interaction among
monads,
39-40,
206,
208
266
Index
Causes: Aristotle's four,
159;
confused with
reasons,
86n, 158-62;
as
involving
spati-
otemporal coordinates,
160;
related
to Why
questions,
159-62
Change,
L's
conception
of, 39
Charlotte
Felicitas,
Princess,
26
Chauvin,
S.,
219n
Cicero,
120n, 127n
Circle,
definition
of, 237
Clarke,
S.,
227-29
Clatterbaugh,
K., 65,
196, 197n
Coach wheel,
L's
design
for
better,
183
Compendia
loquendi,
10, 49,
171n, 172n,
174,
177-78
Complete
individual
concepts.
See
Concepts
Compossibility,
43-44;
75-76
Concepts: analysis
of, 60;
asymmetry
of
indi-
vidual
and
general.
87;
complete contrasted
with
full,
64n;
composed
by
conjunction
and
negation,
59;
containment relation among,
60,
87-89,
220;
formed
by
abstraction,
58;
general
and
complete
individual,
62-64;
God's,
64-65, 175-76;
inconsistent,
67-68,
234; needing contrasted with
including,
220;
as
parts
of
propositions,
61-62,
126;
simple
or
complex,
58;
as
sole occupants
of the
Region
of
Ideas,
176;
as
terms
of
proposi-
tions,
58. See
also Individual concepts
Concrete
terms,
170
Conde,
Prince
J.
de,
19
Confusion:
in
monadic perception,
200—202;
of
name
and
thing named,
124;
of
reasons
and
causes,
86n, 158-62;
of
sign, sense,
and
denotation,
50,
162;
of use and
men-
tion,
8, 210
Congruence,
236,
238
Conring,
H., 24
Containment
(=
inclusion).
See
Concepts
Contingency, root
of,
113
Contingent
truths.
See
Truths, necessary
and
contingent
Continuity,
principle
of,
146-49, 162-66;
al-
ternative
formulations
of,
163;
as an
element
of
scientific
method,
166n;
examples
of the
application
of,
163-65
Contradiction, principle
of. See
Identity
or
contradiction, principle
of
Conway, Countess Anne,
26n
Copula,
with time-parameter,
91
Counterparts,
146-48
Couturat,
L., 5,
57n, 99n,
112n,
152, 157,
162,
166, 172n
Curley,
E.,
143n
Dalgarno,
G.,
188
Daseal,
M.,
187n
Definileness
of
intention,
8
Definition:
real
and
nominal,
193n;
real
re-
quires
demonstration
of
consistency,
68
Democritus,
208
Denominations,
218-21;
are
properties,
218.
See
also Extrinsic denominations; Intrinsic
denominations
De
Quincey,
T., 25n
Des
Bosses,
B., 13,
197,
235
Descartes,
R., 23,
25n,
26, 42,
lOln,
164,
166,
201,
208
Determinism,
L's
version
of, 120
Difference
solo
numero,
132-33
Diodorus Cronos,
12;
confused hypothetical
necessity
and
possibility with absolute,
72,
119,
121
Disposilional properties,
246
Dispute
with
Newton,
232-35
Distance relation,
231,
235
Dominant monad,
42,
197;
and its
body,
198
Double world,
the, 144-46
Dutens,
L.,
35
Echeverria,
J.,
240n
Eckhard,
A.,
59
Eckhart,
J.
G.,
15, 25, 29,
31n,
32
Egyptian
plan,
21
Einstein,
A.,
235
Ens: always equivalent
to
possibile,
57;
ambi-
guity
of, 57, 86, 99
Erdmann,
J.,
35
Ernst August, Duke,
24
Essential,
L's
special sense
of, 90, 92,
113n,
143n
Essentialism,
43,
122, 143.
See
also Superes-
sentialism
Essential
proposition.
See
Propositions
Este, house
of,
24-25
Euclid,
156n,
171
Euclidean algorithm,
109,
110
Euler,
L.,
240
Evil,
problem
of,
45-46
Existence: better than nonexistence,
45; as a
property
(or
predicate),
75,
101;
and
sub-
sistence,
177-78.
See
also
Reality
Existens.
See Ens
Existential
proposition.
See
Proposition
Expression:
and
apparent
causation,
206;
defi-
nition
of,
37-39;
examples
of, 38; law of,
186-87;
as
"mirroring,"
76
External world: Berkeley's elimination
of,
199;
knowledge
of,
203,
231
Extrinsic
denominations,
135n, 216;
definition
of,
218;
as
relational
properties,
219.
See
also Denominations; Purely
extrinsic
de-
nominations
Feldman,
F.,
124n
Fishing machine,
L's
design
of,
15
Fitch,
G.,
76n
Foucher,
S.,
32, 203
Frederick
the
Great,
26
Freedom:
compatible
with hypothetical neces-
Index
267
sity,
119;
compatible with
the
necessity
of
choosing
the
best,
167n;
definition
of,
119
Frege,
G., 12,
59n,
62,
123n,
128
Freudenthal,
H.,
238n,
240n
Fried,
D.,
99n,
115n,
143n
George
I
(king
of
England),
23, 29
Gerhardt,
C., 35
God: capacities
of,
176;
central importance
of
in
L's
metaphysics,
244-46;
conceives
everything
with
perfect
clarity,
43;
eternal
and
unchanging,
49;
existence proved from
the
principle
of
Sufficient
Reason,
155;
ex-
ists
by
necessity,
36; as a
monad,
36,
191;
outside
the
possible worlds,
78;
principal
at-
tributes
of, 36,
120;
wills antecedently
the
good
and
consequently
the
best,
45
Goodman,
N.,
173n
Graeven,
H.,
30n
Grassman,
H.,
240
Grelling,
K.,
136n
Grounding
of
relations,
44
Guhrauer,
G.,
19
Hacking,
I.,
75n
Haecceitas,
67
Hansch,
M., 204
Harmony,
preestablished,
39-40, 206,
208
Harz mines,
24n,
183
Heap argument,
149
Heimsoeth,
H.,
78-79
Heinekamp,
A.,
48n
Heraclitus,
42
Hercules,
43
Herrenhausen,
garden
of, 31,
132,
214
Hess, H.-J.,
22n
Hessen-Rheinfels, Count
E.
von,
138
Hewetson,
C.,
31
Hintikka,
J.,
2l6n,
219n
Hippocrates,
42
History
of the
house
of
Brunswick,
L's
work
on,
24-27
Hobbes,
T., 21, 68,
93n, 172-73
Hoijer,
H.,
249n
Hooke,
R., 22
Huggard,
E.
M.,
75n
Hume,
D.,
70n,
203
Humpty-Dumpty,
13,
102
Hunter,
G.,
143n
Huygens,
C.,
22-23, 235-36,
238
Hypothetical
necessity
and
possibility,
46,
101,
117-21;
both coincide with
the
contin-
gent,
119-21;
defined,
118;
involving fal-
lacy,
117-18;
the
hypothetically
necessary
"inclines
without
necessitating,"
119.
See
also Truths, necessary
and
contingent
Ideas: clear
and
obscure, distinct
and
con-
fused,
49n;
contrasted with thoughts,
175;
are
dispositional
properties,
49-50,
175;
are
in
God's mind,
48-49;
include concepts,
propositions, attributes, relations,
and
terms,
48;
region
of, 48,
176
Identity:
in
actual world,
122-36;
convertibil-
ity
criterion
for, 123, 128-29;
cross-world.
137-51;
equivalence
of two
criteria
for,
123,
129;
exceptions
to
salva
veritate
crite-
rion
for,
130-32;
of
objects
does
not
imply
identity
of
concepts,
128;
through
time,
141-42;
salva
veritate criterion
for, 123,
128-29
Identity
of
indiscernibles, principle
of,
10-11,
132-36,
165, 247;
derived from attributes
of
God, 245;
in
dispute with Newton,
233;
possible
triviality
of,
135-36, 214.
See
also
Difference
solo
numero
Identity
or
contradiction, principle
of,
153-54;
Couturat's
interpretation
of,
154;
equiva-
lence
of
alternative formulations
of,
153-54;
in
relation
to
definition
of
necessary
truth,
154
Inclusion
(=
containment).
See
Concepts
Indifference
of
equilibrium,
202
Indiscernibility
of
identicals,
134
Individual
concepts: compossibility
of,
75-76;
determine
the
corresponding
individual,
75;
involve
a
time parameter,
74; and
proper
names,
66-67.
See
also Concepts
Individuation,
principle
of,
7,
17,
122n,
144,
251-53.
See
also Identity
Inesse,
61,
84n
Innocent
XI
(pope),
25
Intrinsic
denominations,
135n;
definition
of,
218.
See
also Denominations
Inventions,
L's,
15, 23
Ishiguro,
H.,
66-67, 74n, 124-25, 127n,
213n
Jaeger,
W., 7
Jaquelot,
1.,
71
Johann
Friedrich, Duke,
22-24
Joke,
L's
philosophy
as a, 40n
Jolley,
N.,
145n
Joseph,
H. W. B.,
78-79,
80n
Jungius,
J.,
60n, 179n, 196n, 211-12
Kabitz,
W.,
199n
Kalinowski,
G.,
107n
Kangro,
H.,
21
In
Kauppi,
R.,
56n, 107n, 124n,
131n
Ker,
John,
30
Khatchadourian,
H.,
132n
Kielmannsegg,
Countess,
26n
Kneale,
W.,
213n
Knecht,
H.,
126n
Knowledge
of
external world,
203,
231
Krause,
W.,
30
Kripke,
S.,
137, 151n,
252n
Kulstad,
M.,
38n, 219n
268
Index
Kiimmeth,
A.,
131
Kunigundc,
Countess,
25
Language:
and
metaphysics,
247-50;
as
pic-
turing
reality,
178
Languages,
artificial,
179,
188
Languages,
natural, defects
and
proposed
re-
form
of,
178-79
Latin: regimentation
of,
182;
without inflec-
tion,
179
Law:
L's
proposals
for the
teaching
of, 19; L's
study
of,
18
Lazy
sophism,
120
Leibniz, Anna,
17,
31
Leibniz,
Catherina,
16
Leibniz, Friedrich,
16
Leibniz Archive (Hanover),
3
Leibniz-Haus,
32
Leibnizian metaphysical principles:
not an ax-
iom
system,
4: as
unverifiable,
242-44
Leibni?.
Research Center
(Miinster),
3
Leibniz-Tempel,
31
Leibniz's
Law.
See
Identity,
salva
veritate
cri-
terion
for
Lewis,
D.,
141n,
146n
L'Hospital,
M., 238
Librarian,
L as, 27
Lingua
Franca,
188
Lingua
Philosophica,
the, 183-88;
and the Art
of
Discovery,
185;
and the Art of
Reason-
ing,
184;
other advantages
of,
186-87
Lingua
Zerga,
188
Living being,
definition
of, 42
Locke,
J., 31,
34n, 42-43,
68,
144, 199,
201
Loffler,
S., 17, 31
Logic,
L's,
viewed
as
following from
his
me-
taphysics,
5
London,
L's first
visit
to, 22
Lothringen, Prince
K.
von, 19-20
Lorenz,
K.,
132n, 133n
Lotze,
H.,
78-79
Louis
XIV
(king
of
France),
21
Louis, Saint,
22
Lovejoy,
A. O.,
147n
McCullough,
L.,
219n
Mach,
E.,
166n
McTaggart,
J.,
219n
Maher,
P.,
64n,
H2n,
113n
Malebranche,
N. dc, 23,
162-63
Martin,
G.,
170n
Masham,
Lady
Damaris,
34n,
205n,
208
Mathematics: advantages
of
notation
of,
183-
85;
L's
study
of, 18,
22-23
Mathieu,
V.,
20()n
Matson,
W., 194
Medical care,
L's
proposals
for
improvement
of,
15, 29, 183
Meijering,
T., 86
Metaphysical
evil.
See
Evil, problem
of
Metaphysics,
L's,
viewed
as
following from
his
logic,
5
Mind: always thinks,
43;
relation
to
body,
39-
42,
206-8.
See
also Spirits,
definition
of
Mines,
L's
scheme
for
pumping water
out of,
24n,
183
Miracles,
244
Mirroring:
and
expression,
37, 76; as
percep-
tion,
78; in the
physical world,
205-6; puz-
zles concerning,
78-80
Moliere,
22
Molina,
L.,
140n
Molyneaux,
W.,
34n
Monads:
can
have
a
position
in
phenomenal
space,
in a
derivative
sense,
232;
do not ex-
ist
in
space,
200, 228-29, 232; "have"
bodies,
198;
are not
parts
of
bodies,
204;
no
causal interaction among created,
206;
states
of,
78-83;
t-stages
of,
88-89.
See
also
Ap-
pctition,
definition
of;
Perceptions; Point
of
view,
of a
monad; Substances
Mondadori,
F.,
92n, 99n,
119n
Moral evil.
See
Evil, problem
of
Moral necessity,
121
Motion, entirely relative,
206,
227
Mugnai,
M.,
131n, 171n, 196n, 219n
Naess,
A.,
8
Nails,
L's
design
for
better,
15
Napoleon,
22
Narquois,
188
Nason,
J.,
219n
Necessary truths.
See
Truths,
necessary
and
contingent
Necessity
and
possibility: absolute distin-
guished from
infallibly
certain,
119n;
abso-
lute
and
hypothetical,
46,
105—21;
moral,
121;
physical,
121
Newton,
L,
23, 30,
121, 227, 232-33,
235
Neuburg,
Count
P. W.
von,
19
Nieraad,
J.,
76n
Nizolius,
M.,
20-21, 172, 174n
Nominal
definitions, unsatisfactory,
193n
Nominalism,
10, 18; L on
medieval,
172; L's,
170-83;
L's in
relation
to the
attributes
of
God,
49-50, 245-46;
recent sense
of, 170
Nominalist:
entitled
to use
abstract terms,
171;
L
calls himself,
171
Nominalistic
reductions,
174-78;
Nizolius's,
172n.
See
also Analyses
Nootka,
249
Notation:
L's use of for the
derivative,
185;
used
in
this book
for
quotation
and
quasi
quotation,
51-52
Number
words,
analysis
of,
175
Oberschelp,
A.,
185n
Oblique cases,
L's
proposal
to
eliminate,
61
Oblique contexts
and
substitutivity,
132
O'Briant,
W.,
16
Index
269
Occasionalism,
244
Ockham,
W., 56, 58, 172
Oldenburg,
H., 21, 188
Ovid,
19
Parabolas,
as
limiting cases
of
ellipses,
164
Parallelism, psychophysical,
201,
206
Paris,
L's
stay
in,
22-23
Parkinson,
G. H. R.,
50n, 134n, 135n, 157,
192n,
198n,
204n,
227n
Part-whole
relation,
61
Pascal,
B., 22
Pat/ig,
G.,
187n
Peirce,
C. S., 6,
132n
Pell,
J., 23
Pellisson-Fontanier,
P., 28
Perceptions:
confused,
197, 200-202;
distin-
guished
from
sensations,
201n;
are
expres-
sions,
78,
199;
are
monad states,
37; are
phenomena,
198;
unconscious
(=
petite),
165,
201-2;
veridical
and
nonveridical,
203.
See
also Dominant monad
Perfection
of
monads, proportional
to
distinct-
ness
of
perceptions,
169
Pertz,
G.
H.,
24
Pfaff,
C. M., 40n
Phenomena:
as
perceptions
of
monads.
198;
real
and
imaginary,
203;
well founded,
41,
198
Phenomenalism,
in
Berkeley
and L,
199,
206
Physical
evil.
See
Evil,
problem
of
Placcius,
V.,
27, 238
Place,
definition
of, 229
Plane,
definition
of, 237
Plants,
viewed
as
having relatively confused
perceptions,
191
Plato,
49n, 155n, 158, 159n,
160n,
168n,
191,
195n, 208,
215
Plotinus,
123n
Point
of
view,
of a
monad,
200,
229
Points,
not
parts
of
lines,
61
Poland, election
of
king
of, 19
Pomponne,
A. de, 21, 31
Poser,
H.,
75n,
116n
Possibile:
always equivalent
to
ens,
57;
ambi-
guity
of, 57
Possibility:
absolute,
72;
hypothetical,
72
Possible
Adams,
138-39
Possible objects:
all
"strive
for
existence,"
16n,
44,
73n, 77n;
eliminable
in
favor
of
individual
concepts,
73;
subjects
of
scientific
knowledge,
173
Possible worlds,
71—83;
as
disjoint,
44, 71,
137;
as
equivalence
classes,
44, 78; God
stands outside
of, 78; as
infinite
sets
of
compossible concepts,
43-44, 71-78, 137;
infinitely
many,
36, 69; as
maximal,
44,
75-77;
numerical model
of,
80-83;
as
stip-
ulated,
not
discovered,
137,
252
Possible worlds semantics: applicable only
to
existential
propositions,
116;
as
related
to
counterfactuals,
137,
140
Power
saw,
L's
design
for,
15
Predicate-in-subject principle,
10, 44,
84-87,
128,
157;
apparent
exceptions
to, 94, 96;
consequences
for
theology,
98; and
indepen-
dence
of
monads,
85-86;
and
individual
concepts,
85;
possible justification
for,
102-
4. See
also
Inesse
Predicates,
contrasted
with
properties,
213,
250
Proper names:
and
individual concepts,
66-67;
nondenoting,
74
Property.
See
Attributes
Propositions:
adding
a
time parameter
to, 91;
analysis
of,
111-12;
contrasted with
sen-
tences,
213;
definition
of,
52-53;
essential
and
existential,
9,
55-57;
identical,
112;
necessary
and
contingent,
44;
primi,
se-
cundi,
and
tertii adjecti,
54;
reduplicative,
131n;
reflexive,
180;
simple
and
complex,
54;
singular
and
general,
55;
truth condi-
tions
for, 89-97.
See
also Truths, necessary
and
contingent
Protestants,
L's
scheme
for
reconciling with
catholics,
28, 183
Purely
extrinsic denominations:
definition
of,
219;
L's
dictum that there
are no,
219,
225-26.
See
also Denominations
Pythagoras,
43
Qualities:
as the
fundamenta
of
relations,
215;
primary
and
secondary,
199
Quine,
W.
V.,
43,
52n, 59n, 124n, 143,
170n,
173
Rabinowitz,
W.
G.,
7
Rainbow,
as
well-founded phenomenon,
198-
99,
204n
Rainhold,
J. and
W.,
28
Reality,
consisting exclusively
of
individual
substances,
36, 47,
171-73
Reasons: contrasted with
causes,
158-62;
re-
lated
to Why
questions,
159-60
Reductions.
See
Analyses
Reduplicative
propositions,
13In
Reflection,
40
Reflexive
propositions,
127, 130-31, 180,
188;
as
analyses,
181
Relational
properties,
210, 219;
as
extrinsic
denominations,
219
Relations,
209-26;
of
comparison
or
concur-
rence,
223;
of
comparison
or
connection,
224; founded
on a
fundament from
the
cate-
gory
of
Quality,
210, 214-15;
grounded
in
attributes
of the
relata,
44;
ideae
imaginar-
iae, 209n; only
entia
ralionis,
209;
relevant
texts
concerning,
210-211,
222-26;
several
senses
of
term
for L,
211
Relativity,
of
motion, space,
and
time,
206